building connstruction understanding construction part two tom bartsch.ppt

7/29/2019 Building Connstruction Understanding Construction Part Two Tom Bartsch.ppt

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In New York State, building construction, heatingplants, HVAC, etc., are regulated by the following;

The Building Code

The Existing Building Code

The Fire Code

The Fuel and Gas Code

The Mechanical Code

The Plumbing Code

The Residential Code

The Energy Conservation Code

Codes


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also Reference Standards (NFPA, ANSI, ASME, etc..)

Additionally, we also have to comply with;

NYS approved more restrictive local codes (i.e.,

county, town, city, village)

These codes provide minimum requirements.As with all codes, there are exceptions, such as, the

NYS Building Code does not apply to detached one-and

two-family dwellings and multiple single-family dwelling

(townhouses) not more than three stories in height with

separate means of egress. These buildings fall under the

Residential Code of New York State.


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To alert you to potential construction hazards,

To enable a safe and effective fire attack,

By knowing basic building construction types, we

can approximate how fire will spread and allow us

to extinguish it quickly,

The building is your enemy know your enemy

Francis L. Brannigan.


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There are TWO basic types of construction: It either

burns (combustible) or it does not burn

(noncombustible)

All buildings in the US are constructed by one of the

fiveconstruction categories;

Type 1 - Fire ResistiveLeastCombustible

Type 2 - Non-Combustible

Type 3 - Ordinary

Type 4 - Heavy Timber

Type 5 - Wood FrameMostCombustible

Fourof the five types have subgroups A & B.


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Means Protected;

all structural members have an additional fire

rated coating or cover by means of sheetrock,

spray on, or other approved method,

the additional fire rated coating or cover

extends the fire resistance of the structural

members by at least 1 hour.


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Means Unprotected;

all structural members have no additional fire

rated coating or cover,

exposed members are only fire resistant

according to their natural ability, characteristics,

and fire rating.


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STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND

HAZARDS


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Type 3- (A) (protected)Ordinary(ISO Class 2)

(#211, NFPA 5000 Building & Safety Code)

structural frame, columns, etc. - 1 hour rating

exterior bearing walls2 hour rated

interior bearing walls1 hour rated floor construction, beams and joists1 hour rated

roof construction, beams and joists1 hour rated2010 New York State Building Code


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Type 3- (B) (unprotected)Ordinary(ISO Class 2)

(#200, NFPA 5000 Building & Safety Code)

structural frame, columns, etc. - 0 hour rating

exterior bearing walls2 hour rated

interior bearing walls0 hour rated floor construction, beams and joists0 hour rated

roof construction, beams and joists0 hour rated2010 New York State Building Code


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predominate and common construction type,

also know as brick and joist structure, (commonterms Main Street, USA or Downtown, USA and

Taxpayer exterior load bearing walls are of masonry andsome or all other structural components arecombustible (wood),

masonry walls can be brick, stone, or concreteblock and terra cotta block in some older buildings,

interior structural members almost all wood,

wood used has smaller dimensions than Type IV.

TYPE 3 - Ordinary

Characteristics;


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normally used for larger, sometimes multi-story,

commercial or multi-family structures,

has also been used for one and two family

buildings,

if floor and roof construction and their supportsand all openings through floors (stairwells) are

enclosed with one-hour fire resistive materials, the

construction is classified as Protected,

generally built no higher than 6 to 8 stories, most

are 2 to 4 stories high,

typically wall thickness range from 6 to 30,

Type 3 Construction


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rarely protected by a sprinkler system, many have been remodeled and altered,

roof often similar to floor construction,

hazards reduced by using fire-stops, unstable under fire conditions,

highly damageable buildings,

primary fire hazard - fire and smoke spread through

concealed spaces, fire loadconstruction materials and contents,

TYPE 3 - Ordinary


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typically will have two load-bearing walls (long

walls) and two curtain walls (short walls).

Type 3 Construction


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Residential Type 3 building

One &Two

Family


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Type 3 Multiple Residence


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Type 3 Commercial and Residential


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Two story commercial Type 3 building


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TYPE 3 - Ordinary

Type 3 buildings have been constructed in twodistinct types;

Olderlate 19th and early 20th century and,

Newer.

Older buildings;

tongue and grove floor boards,

solid lumber joists and rafters ( can be 3 x 10),

columns could be added for additional support

room size limited by span of supporting element,


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TYPE 3 - Ordinary

floor joists commonly have a fire cut on each

end to keep floor joists from pushing the wall

down,

1 to 1 wooden planks commonly used in

the roof assembly.


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TYPE 3 - Ordinary

Newer buildings;

flooring may consist of plywood, oriented

strand board (OSB),

laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel

strand lumber (PSL), supported by lightweight wooden trusses, and wooden I-

beams,

these supports are more likely to collapse

sooner than larger solid lumber joists,

roof construction using lightweight materials.


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Stability of masonry walls, Stability of interior column, girder and beam

system,

Void spaces,

Excessive fire loads, dead loads (HVAC, Solar Arrays)

Bow string truss roof,

Alterations can have an effect on the building,

The largest concealed space is the Cockloft, an

open space for fire and smoke spread,

Braced Wall Spreaders- dangerwall can be out

of alignment.


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Solar Arrays andHVAC Units


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Braced

Walls

A basic sign that a wall is in distress

Braces of unprotected steel or cable will fail at fire

temperatures


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Arrows mark locations where star-shaped anchor plates were

located on the west-side of the theater building that was

adjacent to the fire building. The anchor plates appear to have

been attached to the ends of the heavy timber roof trusses

supporting the roof and also to some of the second-floor joists.

NIOSH F2011-15


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Photo shows star-shaped anchor plates located on the D-

side wall in the area that collapsed. NIOSH F2011-15


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Photo shows star-shaped anchor

plate attached to end of floor joist.

Photo shows star-shapedanchor plate attached to end

of heavy timber roof truss.


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Type 3 Bowstring truss

roof


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Collapse scene as viewed from building rear

facing building front. Note portion of bowstring

truss leaning against wall at right side of photo.

(Photo courtesy of fire department) NIOSH F2010-38


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Photo shows the wall that supported western end of the bowstring truss roof.

The two arrows indicate the truss-end pockets in the brick masonry wall at

the top of the brick pilasters where the ends of the two bowstring trusses

rested. The roof was supported in the middle by the two bowstring trusses

while the north and south ends were supported by the front and rear non-load

bearing walls. The line indicates the approximate curvature of the roof. (NIOSHphoto F2010-38)


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NIOSH F2009-21 Photo


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STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

AND HAZARDS


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Type 4 - Heavy Timber(ISO Class 2)

(#2HH, NFPA 5000 Building & Safety Code)

structural frame, columns, etc.heavy timber

exterior bearing walls1 hour heavy timber

interior bearing walls2 hour rated floor construction, beams and joistsheavy timber

roof construction, beams and joistsheavy timber2010 New York State Building Code


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Characteristics; heavy timber construction is one of the oldest

types of buildings used in this country,

heavy timber buildings were originally designed

and used as multi-story industrial or storageoccupancies,

fire resistance is attained by placing limitations

of minimum sizes on wood structural membersand minimum thickness and composition of wood

floors and roofs,


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will have four bearing exterior walls,

construction includes columns not less than 8

thick in any dimension,

beams and girders not less than 6 x 10,

roof framing is not less than 6 wide x 8 depth,

floors and roofs have thicker than normal

construction consisting of varying layers of

materials that build up to a deck of 3 thick to 4wide,

arches and trusses not less than 8 thick in any

dimension.


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usage of approved fastenings and adhesives,

lumber may be sawn or laminated,

usually found in very old mills, factories, and

warehouse, and in older churches,

exterior walls are noncombustible,

interior structures made of solid or laminated

wood with no concealed spaces, does not have plaster walls & ceilings covering

interior framework,

TYPE 4 - Heavy Timber


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wood has large dimensions, much heavier, more

difficult to ignite, can withstand fire for longer time

frames,

primary fire hazard - combustible contents ofstructural members,

does not fail early in a fire,

because of massive amount of combustible

materials there will be serious heat given off and may

pose exposure protection problems,

TYPE 4 - Heavy Timber


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Heavy Timber Frame building


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Heavy Timber

columns, beams

& girders


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Masonry walls


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Large open spaces, lack of

hidden voids


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Heavy fire loading,

Combustible finishes and furnishings,

Wooden floors/ceilings and coverings,

Large open spaces,

Unprotected openings


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Heavy content loading; combustibles stored in high piles next to each

other,

usually found in commercial and storage facilities,

this may override sprinkler system and provide

access problems,

proper inspection and enforcement effective in

these types of facilities.


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Combustible furnishings/finishes;

contribute to fire spread and smoke production.

Wooden floors and ceilings;

contribute to fire loading,

prolonged exposure may result in collapse,


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Large open spaces;

contributes to spread,

warehouses, churches, large atriums, commonattics, and theaters.

Unprotected openings;

floor openings for stairwells, freight elevators or

conveyor devices


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SIZEUPread a building to identify important

factors;

class of building construction,

resistance to fire, heat to critical structural

members,

renovations that may have created void areas,

movement of heat, smoke and fire within thebuilding,

Summary


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areas around utility services should be suspected

as areas where fire can spread,

many older buildings have new plumbing and

electrical systems installed,

knowledge of potential building concerns can be

attained by performing inspections during new

construction or in existing buildings, Lastly, information my be available through your

local fire inspector and/or building department.

Summary


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Prepared by Thomas Bartsch

Chief Fire Inspector (ret)

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building connstruction understanding construction part two tom bartsch.ppt

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