BUILDING CLIMATE CHANGE

RESILIENCE IN SEMARANG

2nd World Congress on Cities and AdaptationAsian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN)

SEMARANG CITY’S

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

SeaLow Land

& Coastal Hilly Top Hill/

Upstream

• Semarang City is

the capital city of

Central Java

Province.

• Semarang consist

in 16 districts and

177 sub-districts

• Located in 06°50’ –

07010’ S and

109035’ - 110°50’ E

• Semarang area is

373.7 km2

LOCATION AND

ADMINISTRATION

OF SEMARANG

• % of poverty: 26,4 % (2009)

• Life expectancy: 69 years (men), 73 years (women)

• Income per Capita : US $2,372 (2010)

% of GDP Semarang City

SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT

retired

transportatio

n

entrepreneu

r

fisherma

n

farmer

Army & civil

servant

trader

farm

worker

others

Industrial

labour

construction

worker

POPULATION & LAND USELand Use Area (Ha) %

Settlement 12,355.96 33.06

Dry Field (non-irrigated

agricultural land)

12,024.56 32.18

Rice Field 4,360.88 11.67

Plantation 873.48 2.34

Mining 137.31 0.37

Industry 1,023.03 2.74

Transportation 483.14 1.29

Forest 1,377.21 3.69

Public Space 413.80 1.11

Fish Pond 1,775.00 4.75

Others 2,545.63 6.81

Total 37,370.00 100.00

Population

number is 1.5

million

(2010) with

population

growth 1.5%

per year

0.9 % natural

growth, 0,6 %

migration

POPULATION

AND ACTIVITIES

DISTRIBUTION

Low density

Medium density

High density

Very high density

population density

CBD

AIRPORT

TRAIN STATION

INDUSTRY

BUS STATION

PORT

INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY

History of Semarang Shoreline

Sedimentation and the formation of alluvial plains

below Semarang started in 10th century

HISTORY OF

SEMARANG’S

SHORE LINE

cm/year

LAND

SUBSIDENCE

ELEVATION COMPARISON 2003 - 20082003 2008

WATER SCARCITY

SUPPLY-DEMAND

Good PDAM service

Low PDAM service

Medium PDAM service

Pipe system which is

managed by a state-

owned company

(PDAM) get water

resources from:

• River

• Spring

• Groundwater

Non-pipe system

which is managed by

community get

water resources:

• Groundwater

• Spring

Industries, hotels,

port and others

commercial building

get water resources

from :

• PDAM service

• Groundwater

WATER SERVICES

MAIN ISSUES RELATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

DROUGHT

LAND SLIDES

COASTAL EROTION

FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION

CLIMATETRENDS AND PROJECTIONS

TEMPERATURE TREND AND PROJECTION

2000 2025 2050 2100

SRESA2 (oC) 0.2 0.7 1.2 2.9

Range (oC) 0.15-0.25 0.5-0.9 0.8-1.6 2.0-4.1

SRESB1 (oC) 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.9

Range (oC) 0.15-0.25 0.3-0.7 0.7-1.6 1.2-2.27

Trends of seasonal mean temperature in Semarang city

(110.25E-110.51E, 7.12S-6.95S) extracted from CRU TS2.0

dataset

Legend:

SRESA2 Scenario A2 – ‘Business as usual’

SRESB1 Scenario B1 – Reduced use of resources and

clean technology

(Dec, Jan, Feb) (Mar, Apr, May)

(Sep, Oct, Nov)(Jun, Jul, Aug)

• Rainfall increased in its intensity on the wet season

(Sept, Oct, Nov and Dec, Jan, Feb) and decrease in dry

season (Mar, Apr, May)

• In wet season, the frequency of rainfall day will shorter

but the intensity will higher.

Trends of seasonal rainfall in Semarang city (110.25E-

110.51E, 7.12S-6.95S) extracted from CRU TS2.0 dataset

(Dec, Jan, Feb) (Mar, Apr, May)

(Sep, Oct, Nov)(Jun, Jul, Aug)

RAINFALL TREND & PROJECTION

2000 2025 2050 2100

SRESA2 (cm) 2 10 21 60

Range (cm) 0 – 4 4 – 20 9 – 41 15 – 112

SRESB1 (cm) 2 10 21 48

Range (cm) 0 – 4 4 – 22 9 – 42 18 – 86

2.9 km 3.2 km

1.7 km

Covered Area of Flooding and tidal Inundation :

± 86 km2 (23%),

The number of household in flood prone area is

60.000

SEA LEVEL RISE TREND & PROJECTION

CLIMATE CHANGE

VULNERABILITIES

Baseline

Baseline

Scenario A2 2025 Scenario A2 2050

Scenario B1 2025 Scenario B1 2050

Low

Medium to Low

Medium

Medium to High

High

Very HighVery Low

CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-DISTRICT BASED ON LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE RISK

ACTIVITY IMPACT

Fishpond 2,889 ha

Farming 902 ha

Settlement 10,425 houses

Infrastructure 2,27 km

Impact of flood and SLR

ACTIVITY IMPACT

Mangrove US $ 81,000

Fishpond US $ 12,500

Farming US $ 3,2 million

Settlement US $ 23 million

Infrastructure US $ 0,5 million

Economic Loss (IDR)/year

FLOODING AND TIDAL INUNDATION HAZARDS

ACTIVITIES AND INFRASTUCTURE AFFECTED BY FLOOD AND TIDAL INUNDATION

Railway

TRANSPORTATION

Airport Bus Station Port

Rice Field

ECONOMIC

Fish Pond Fisheries Industry

Road

INFRASTRUCTURE

Settlement Water

DROUGHT HAZARDS

EROSION

HAZARDS

SEMARANG DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

• Kali Banger Polder (River Banger Pond Retention)

– will reduce the pressure of floods in the Northern and Eastern Region of

Semarang, supported by Dutch government. (Will be operational in 2014)

• Jatibarang Reservoir and Dam

– will control the flood in western region of Semarang and to increase the

supply of water, supported by JICA. (Will be operational in 2014)

• Sea Embankment

– to prevent flooding and seawater inundation a dike is proposed for the

northern part of city. (This project is still under discussion)

IMPORTANT PLANNING INITIATIVES

Jatibarang Reservoir and

Dam

(JBIC Project Loan 2010 -

2014) River Bangar Pond Retention

(Propose to Central Government

- DED by Witteveen+Bos-

Netherland)

IMPORTANT PLANNING INITIATIVES

CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION

PLANNING

(ACCCRN Method’s)

Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network

(ACCCRN)

• Semarang was selected as one of two Indonesian cities to participate in the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) funded by the Rockefeller Foundation

The objectives of ACCCRN are to– To experiment, test and

demonstrate a range of actions to build resilience to climate change impacts in cities

– To build a base of climate change resilience lessons learned, failures, and successes that can be replicated

– To build capacity of cities to plan, finance, coordinate, and implement climate change resilience strategies

ACCCRN Phases & Methodology

Sha

red

Le

arn

ing

Dia

log

ue

sSh

are

d L

ea

rnin

g D

ialo

gu

es

Engagement

Shared Learning

Multiple stakeholders

Engagement

Shared Learning

Multiple stakeholders

Vu

lne

rab

ility

Ass

ess

me

nt

Vu

lne

rab

ility

Ass

ess

me

nt

Climate context and impact

Vulnerable groups and sectors

Climate context and impact

Vulnerable groups and sectors

Sect

or

Stu

die

s /

Pilo

t P

roje

cts

Sect

or

Stu

die

s /

Pilo

t P

roje

cts

Detailed study of major issues

Experience with small scale activities

Detailed study of major issues

Experience with small scale activities

Cit

y R

esi

lien

ce P

lan

nin

gC

ity

Re

silie

nce

Pla

nn

ing

Develop strategy for action

Select priorities

Assemble complementary activities

Develop strategy for action

Select priorities

Assemble complementary activities

SEQUENCE OF KEY CLIMATE RESILIENCE PLANNING ACTIVITIES

SHARED LEARNING DIALOGUE

Pre

sen

tati

on

s Topic: Overview of climate change and implications for Semarang

Topic: Learning from Semarang’s experience with disasters

Qu

est

ion

s a

nd

an

swe

rs Buzz sessions

Brief questions of clarification

Pri

ori

tize

ha

zard

s Groups develop Hazard Matrix:

•Identify hazards:

•For each hazard identify:

•Most vulnerable districts

•Most vulnerable sectors

•Other problems

•Issues which may worsen impacts

•Prioritize hazards

Gro

up

dis

cuss

ion How are people

currently adapting to climate impacts?

Improvements needed for future?

Ple

na

ry Summary of outcomes

Participants included: Relevant city government agencies, provincial government agencies, local universities and NGOs, private sector, Chambers of Commerce and professional associations

Presenters included:•Ministry of Environment (National government)

•Climate change expert (CCROM)

•City Environmental Board/ Development Planning Board

•Local city planner

•Local NGO activist

local platforms for shared learning among stakeholders fromdifferent groups within cities (government, university, NGOs, private sector, other civil society groups) and external resource people (national and international).

Key to success:

Good facilitation

Shared Learning Dialog in Semarang

• Vulnerability Mapping

• Climate Analysis (current

and future climate

variability)

• Impact of extreme climate

events and initial assessment

of climate vulnerability

• Governance and

institutional analysis

• Stakeholder Analysis

• Assessment Program

• Most vulnerable

neighbourhoods

• Participatory mapping

• Adaptive capacity

identification

Climate Wide

Analysis Governance Community Based

Vulnerability

Assessment

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Pilot Project

1. Adaptation to Drought and Landslide in Sukorejo Sub

District � landslide and drought

2. Community Based Micro Finance Program for Sanitation

in Kemijen sub Distrct� flood and tidal flood

3. Coastal Community adaptation in Tugurejo sub District --)

Coastal erosion

4. Adaptation to landslide and windstorm in Tandang sub

District � landslide and windstorm

Sector StudiesEvaluation of Drainage Master Plan To Respond Climate Change in Semarang

• sector studies are in-depth studies of city-level climate resilience issues identified through prior SLDs and Vulnerability Assessments. They are intended to improve understanding of urban systems interactions (cf. Urban Systems) in order to better inform Resilience Planning decisions (cf. Resilience Strategies).

Covered area by drainse system

ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP OF CLIMATE

RESILIENCE PLANNING ACTIVITIES

• A City Team consisting of city government agencies, local NGOs and local academia and established by a Mayoral decree

• Champions from the Development Planning Board and Environmental Agency providing leadership

• A City Resilience Strategy (CRS) Working Group (a sub-unit of the City Team)responsible for developing the CRS

Pre

pa

rati

on

Pre

pa

rati

on Bridging

perception gapbetween the CityWorking Groupand City Team on CRS

Coordination with the Mid-term City Development Plan (RPJM)

Bridging perception gapbetween the CityWorking Groupand City Team on CRS

Coordination with the Mid-term City Development Plan (RPJM)

Bra

inst

orm

ing

Bra

inst

orm

ing Development of

climate and city development scenarios

Formulation of adaptation strategies and actions

Development of climate and city development scenarios

Formulation of adaptation strategies and actions

Pri

ori

tiza

tio

nP

rio

riti

zati

on Workshop with

the target group and experts

Prioritization

Workshop with the target group and experts

Prioritization

Fin

aliz

ati

on

Fin

aliz

ati

on Writing the

document

Preparation of the draft proposal

Writing the document

Preparation of the draft proposal

CITY RESILIENCE STRATEGY (CRS)

A roadmap to prepare the city for dealing with the worse scenario which may arise from climate change.

SECTOR STUDIES

Vulnerable

Assessment

Climate Scenario

Risk Analysis

Low capacity,

High vulnerability

Vulnerable

Sub-Districts

Drought Flood Inundation Abrasion

Review of City

Drainage System

Master Plan

Valuation of

Flood Impact

Impact of community

Livelihoods in Coastal

Tugurejo

Land Slide

in Tandang

Drought in

Sukorejo

Sanitation

Micro-finance

in Kemijen

Urban

Scenario

Abrasion

in Tugurejo

Coping CC impact

CC impact Studies

City Master Plan

Coastal Master Plan

Drainage Master Plan

Land slide

Disasters exacerbated by climate change

PILOT PROJECT

Long & Middle Term

Development Plan

CITY PLAN DOCUMENT

CIT

Y R

ES

ILIE

NC

E S

TR

AT

EG

Y

KEY ELEMENTS OF CRS

RELATIONSHIP OF CRS WITH OTHER PLANNING

DOCUMENTS

City Resilience

Strategy

Mid Term Plan

2010 - 2015

Spatial Planning 2011 - 2030

Long Term Development Plan

2005-2025

Mitigation Scenarios

Vulnerability Assessment (ACCCRN)

Sector Studies (ACCCRN)

Shared Learning Dialogues (ACCCRN)

1. Climate impact &

vulenerability

2. Proposed resilience

action

3. Priority activities

4. Funding strategy

A. Context:

• Access to clean water is limited and

worsens during flood

• Large part of population not served by

Government water supply (PDAM)

• Situation will get worse with increasing

population and climate change

• Additional benefits of reducing run-off and

flood

CRS – FIRST INTERVENTION:

RAINWATER HARVESTING

B. Progress:

• Data collection and gap analysis complete

• Pilot areas identified

• Rainwater harvest system options being

assessed

• Detailed design underway

• Key issues:

• identification and assessment of

benefits such as health

• need for purification for water

treatment to be determined

• design to meet community needs

• monitoring and evaluation

CRS – FIRST INTERVENTION:

RAINWATER HARVESTING

Challanges

• Limited resources

• Climate change issues are

new � develop

understanding among city

stakeholders

• Tendency of considering

physical infrastructure actions

as priorities

• Mechanism of funding for

climate change adaptation

from the national level is still

unclear

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Opportunities

• Integrating CRS with existing

planning documents and

process

• Introducing SLD into the

existing participatory planning

mechanism

• Attracting international

investments

• Gathering knowledge from demonstration

projects

• Identification, assessment and

communication of benefits

• Building additional capacity in cities and

communities

• Ongoing sources of funding including

opportunities for revenue generation and

private sector involvement

• Strengthen networks to learn from other

cities

OPPORTUNITIES REPLICATION

THANK YOU

Contact Details:

Anna L. Brown

The Rockefeller Foundation

Asia Regional Office

21st Floor, UBC 2 Building

591 Sukhumvit 33, Wattana

Bangkok 10110, Thailand

Tel: +66(0)2.262.0091-5 x22

Email: abrown@rockfound.org