building automation system (final2ndsem)

1RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Chapter I

BACKGROUND AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

In a world where resources are getting scarce and protecting the

environment is becoming more important, efficient use of energy is a key value

for our society. Worldwide, buildings consume large amount of energy for

electricity, exceeding any other asset. To reach sustainable energy consumption

levels, it is essential that intelligent and effective building management system

should be employed. Generally, building management system is an independent

control system installed on buildings that controls and monitors its mechanical

and electrical equipment. A building management system (BMS) is the core of a

building automation system (BAS) which includes connectivity of the various

components and systems such as heating, ventilating and air conditioning

(HVAC), fire safety systems, and lighting controls. This study examines the

potential of Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT) of

having a building automation system represented via its miniature.

Every building is different but energy consumption within all buildings varies

and fluctuates which should be managed in a unique manner. Intelligent


Building Automation System (BAS) is a potent solution for this matter for it

stabilizes energy consumption and maximizes efficiency. BAS makes buildings

become intelligent and helps to increase safety and energy efficiency. “Building

automation for the Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology” is a

study of applying the ideas of building management system to DICT.

In our study, the building is controlled by a PLC which is dependent on the

information transmitted by the sensors and responds in the way it is

programmed. The signals from the sensors, such as motion sensor and smoke

detector, are the inputs to the PLC; and actions on the building, such as lighting

and alarm, are the outputs of the system. Access card and time based control

are also included in the system.

Today, building automation is widely applied to most buildings and even to

some houses around the world. This study intends to propose the application of

building automation to the Department of Instrumentation and Control

Technology (DICT) so that the said department, as well as Rizal Technological

University, would not be left behind as far as the uprising automated facilities

around the world is concerned. Also, the DICT will have an energy management

system which will benefit the building by efficiently controlling its lighting, air

conditioning and fire safety system. Furthermore problems like failure of turning


off lights and air-condition units of people leaving the rooms are solved in an

automatic way. Hence, this study can offer a wide range of solution in handling

efficient use of energy and safety for the Department of Instrumentation and

Control Technology and Rizal Technological University.

Objectives of the Study

A. General Objective

To design a miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 of Rizal

Technological University with a reliable building automation system.

B. Specific Objectives

1.) To design and install all the components of the building automation system in

the miniature namely: (1) Light Dependent Resistor Sensor; (2) Programmable

Logic Controller (S7 300); (3) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (Simatic

WinCC Explorer 7.2) (4) Other Components (Electrical and Emergency Lights,

Electrical Motors, and Alarm).

2.) To construct a representation of actual moving people inside the miniature

specifically vibrating robot and light emitting diode.


3.) To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) in the

system to monitor and control the different rooms remotely.

4.) To apply a time-based control in the building automation system.

5.) To test if the miniature is working based on its desired function.

6.) To create a system design for actual implementation of the miniature.

Significance of the Study

The study proposes the implementation of advance building facilities in the

Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT).

For the DICT. It will have a network of automated components that would

control its wide range of building operations like lighting, air-condition units, fire

safety system, special access control and energy management system. Not only

the DICT but also Rizal Technological University (RTU) can save on its utility

cost through managing the air conditioning and lighting systems.

For the Students, Professors and Other Occupants of the Rooms.

Automatic on and off of lights and air-condition units both provide efficient use of

energy and create a more convenient atmosphere while inside the department.

The automation system ensures the operational performance of the facility as


well as the comfort and safety of building for people inside it. Likewise,

automatic activation of sprinklers in case of fire prevents bigger problems and

increases safety for the said occupants.

For Building Administrators. The building automation systems will not only

conduct building functions but also compile data to help them determine ways to

further cut costs and increase the efficiency, comfort and safety of the buildings.

For the Students and Future Researchers. The study shall indicate a different

application of automation in our world. This study can make students of

Instrumentation and Control realize that PLC programming is not only applicable

in industrial processes and trainers but also in other applications.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study concentrated on determining the advances of applying the ideas

of building automation in the DICT. A miniature represents a down-scale of half

of the Administration Building (AB) 4th floor, specifically rooms 401, 405 and 407.

Since air condition units and projectors cannot fit inside the miniature, these are

represented by fans and electrical lights respectively. Manual push buttons

outside the miniature represent the activation of projector and appearance of

room occupants. Light dependent resistors that served as sensors was also


installed outside the miniature to represent the pulsing of counter and

generation of access card.

Inside the room AB-407 of the miniature, sensors specifically, light dependent

resistor, were installed in every cubicle. A number electrical motors were also

installed to represent the change of temperature inside the miniature. Lastly,

human representation is certainly impossible inside the miniature; nevertheless,

light emitting diodes were used to represent individual students and vibrating

robot to represent the moving bodies (i.e. Professor).

The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Simatic S7-300 CPU 313C,

controls both the electrical components of the building namely lights, electrical

motor fans, alarms and the mechanical components like doors. Time-based

control was also implemented in the system to ensure security around the

building. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), WinCC version

7.2, for data gathering and remote monitoring and control is integrated to the

system.


Definition of Terms/Variables

Building Automation System is a centralized network of hardware and

software that monitors and controls the mechanical and electrical equipment of

a building such as lights, air-condition units, power systems, fire systems and

security systems.

Line Tracking Robot is basically a machine designed to follow a path

determined by the user. The path may be a straight or a curved line.

Miniature is a copy or model that represents something in a greatly reduced

size.

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures

infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. All objects with a

temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.

Light Dependent Resistor / Photosensor is an electronic component that

detects the presence of visible light, infrared transmission (IR), and/or ultraviolet

(UV) energy. Most photosensors consist of semiconductor having a property

called photoconductivity , in which the electrical conductance varies depending

on the intensity of radiation striking the material.


PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer control

system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes

decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) refers to an industrial

computer system that monitors and controls a process that gathers and analyze

real time data.

Smoke Detector is a fire-protection device that automatically detects and gives

a warning of the presence of smoke.


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents facts from other researches and studies that gave

significant relevance to the present study cited from different books, internet and

other references. Some of this is the case study “Energy Conservation and

Efficiency in Shanghai Office Building” conducted by a company named

Advantech in China using their Building Energy Management System (BEMS).

Advantech’s BEMS combines two major devices namely the Direct Digital

Controller which delivers various I/O’s to satisfy versatile requirements in each

floor and the Energy Data Concentrator which is in charge of data collection

from water and power meter. Another is the documentation book entitled

“Motion Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control with Remote Monitoring

System” studied by a group of DICT students using motion and light sensor.

http://www.advantech.com/industrial-automation/CaseStudies/%7BE699A7E4-D3F1-4662-83F6-6B58799B2EF/“Motion-Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control With Remote Monitoring System For DICT AB-401”

Today, buildings are becoming more and more advanced and the demands on

building services are increasing. With rising energy cost, increased security

concerns and the needed productivity for more comfortable work environments,

building automation have become more than norm rather than the exemption. It is

http://www.advantech.com/industrial-automation/CaseStudies/%7BE699A7E4-D3F1-4662-83F6-6B58799B2EF/


expected for a building to provide conditions for a number of services with high

security, energy efficiency and convenience. For a several building that composed

of critical requirements (i.e. temperature), such as hospitals and calibration

laboratories, the services provided are even more advanced and must be

convenient. To control and monitor several building services in an efficient way, a

more or less advanced building automation system is required. Some advantages

using an advanced building automation system are:

1.) Monitoring of several systems from one place;

2.) Sharing of alarms;

3.) Interaction for more efficient control strategies; and

4.) Remote service and etc.

Building Automation Systems (BAS) provides automatic control of the

conditions of indoor environments. It is management system that consists of

computerized, interlinked, networks of hardware and software which monitor

and control the mechanical and lighting systems in commercial, industrial, and

institutional facilities. The core promises of BAS are to keep the building climate

within a specified range, provide lighting based on occupancy schedules, and

monitor system performance. It grants higher energy efficiency, lower operating

and maintenance costs, better indoor air quality, better occupant comfort and


more convenient work environment for productivity through its automatic control

system.

Automation control widely employed in many technological and biological

systems to perform operations not feasible for a man because of the necessity

of processing a large amount of data in a limited time. It is the creation and

application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of

products and services. It is also used to increase the productivity of labor and

the quality and accuracy of regulation and to free men from controlling system

that operate under conditions which are relatively inaccessible or hazardous to

health.

RELATED STUDIES OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Some previous research and study that were found related to the present

study are indicated below.

Table 1. Related research to the present study.

TITLE OF THE STUDY

RESEARCHER PURPOSE OF STUDY

Energy Conservation and

Efficiency in a Shanghai Office

Building(January, 2012)

AdvanceTechChina

Smart building, cost-effective and energy efficiency

Motion-Detected Lightning and Air- Automatic


Conditioning Control with Remote

Monitoring System(S.Y. 2012-2013)

DICT Students (batch-2013)

control of lights, projector

and air-condition units

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Building Automation Systems (BAS) more often than are also voiced as

Building Management Systems (BMS). Some people define BAS as applying

only to mechanical/electrical systems and BMS to further include fire prevention

and communications networks such as remote cameras and speakers.

Whatever name is used, centralized management of lighting, heating, ventilating

and air-conditioning, fire detection and alarm, communications, and security

systems is now commonly available to and used by building managers and

facilities.

Building Automation Systems are composed of an array of mechanical and

electrical equipment in a building or on a campus. The devices are connected to

a control station, usually a computer, where system oversight can be

accomplished by an operator who is trained in its use. A tethered or wireless

network connects the control station to the equipment control devices. Overall

system conditions are displayed graphically on computer screens. Common

graphic data will include: equipment that is on or off, temperatures within room,

and alarm indicators.


http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/facilities-ops-maintenance/building-automation-systems

AIR-CONDITIONING ANALYSIS

Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) control can be designed

and implemented using centralized and decentralized systems. Characteristics

of the said systems are distinguished and evaluated in Table 2.

Table 2: Centralized HVAC System vs. Localized AC System

Centralized System Decentralized System

Structural Design/Costs

For Central systems, the building structure should be designed to take the weight of equipment.

Suitable vibration control must be considered.

Adequate load bearing beams and columns must be available for lifting and shifting of such equipment.

The decentralized systems are smaller in size and are less bulky.

Costs are lower due to less assembly of component ducting etc. However interference to the front is high.

Building Management Systems

Central systems are amenable to centralized energy management systems. If properly managed these can help in optimal utilization of the air conditioning plant and can reduce building energy consumption besides providing effective indoor temperature and humidity control.

Decentralized system units cannot be easily connected together to permit centralized energy management operations.

Decentralized systems can be integrated to BMS with respect to

http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/facilities-ops-maintenance/building-automation-systems


on-off functions.

Engineering Costs

Central chilled water systems incur around 4 to 5% of the capital costs towards engineering efforts.

• A central plant equipment, ducting, piping layouts and control schemes are much more complex.

• Layout finalization is time consuming and requires close interaction with architect, interior layouts, electrical and structural disciplines.

• The system selection must precede the final architectural design of the building.

Engineering costs, skills, time and risk factors for designing and installing decentralized floor-by-floor system are usually lower than those for a central system for the following reasons:

•Load calculations and corresponding equipment selections are less critical. The multiple numbers of modular units will provide built in safety cum flexibility into the design.

• Since the units are factory built standard equipment, the quantum of work to be carried out at site is much less as compared to central system.

Maintenance Cost

The breakdown, repair, replacement and maintenance cost of central plants can be expensive and time consuming. However, the frequency of such breakdown is quite low. These systems require routine inspection and planned checks. Daily operation also adds to the running cost, as trained operators are

The decentralized system repair cost per breakdown is normally low. With the emergence of reliable hermetic and scroll compressors, their maintenance expenditure has shown remarkable improvements and is less time consuming and simple.


required.

Maintenance costs are difficult to predict since they can vary widely depending on the type of system, the owner's perception of what is needed, the proximity of skilled labor and the labor rates in the area. A recent survey of office buildings indicated a median cost of $0.24 per sq. ft. per year.

Roof mounted packaged units typically have maintenance costs of 11% or higher than a central plant system serving the same building.

Operating Costs

The modern centrifugal machine is capable of operating at a power consumption of 0.50 - 0.60 kW per ton. In addition to the above, centrifugal machines are now available with variable speed drives (VSD), which enables machines to operate at off design conditions at 0.40, 0.30 and even at 0.20 kW/ton. This leads to an unprecedented energy saving. Note: For all air-conditioning systems a vast majority of operating hours are spent at off design conditions. Therefore it is important select machines which the best off design performance.

The power consumption of Decentralized compact units can vary from 1.0 kW per ton to 1.3 kW per ton. The type of compressors used in these machines is either hermetic reciprocating type or scroll. The part load efficiency of such units is lower than their full load efficiency.

Cooling efficiency for air conditioners, splits, package units and heat pumps is indicated by a SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) rating. In general, the higher the SEER rating, the less electricity the unit will use to cool the space. The government-mandated minimum efficiency standards for units installed in new homes at 10.0


SEER. Air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured today have SEER ratings that range from 10.0 to about 17.

Air Distribution System

• High pressure loss in the distribution system.

• High area requirements for air distribution system.

• High efficiency of fans.

Small static pressure of fans and low efficiency of fans.

Decentralized systems air distribution is not as good as ducted systems.

Condensate Removal

Condensate removal is easily achieved in central systems since the cooling coil (evaporator) is located remotely in air handling unit room.

Condensate disposal is cumbersome and sometimes difficult especially in multiple unit installation.

Heat Rejection Options

Central air conditioning systems expel heat by air or water cooling.

Most decentralized systems use air-cooled condensers to expel heat.

They have to be generally kept very close to the evaporator units and for smaller sized equipment; the length should be 30 to 40 feet whereas for larger systems it may go up to 3 to 4 times this figure.


The paucity of good quality soft

water makes it imperative to opt for

air cooled systems

Usage Patterns

Centralized systems are preferred where the usage time is high and consistent.

Decentralized or individual systems are preferred where the air conditioning requirements are low or intermittent. Such systems offer high flexibility in meeting the requirement of different working hours and special design conditions

http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf

FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a modular industrial computer

control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes

decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.

Almost any manufacture line or process can be greatly improved using this type

of control system. However, the major benefit of using a PLC is the ability to

change and replicate the operation or process while collecting and

communicating fundamental information.

http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf


Communication Protocol

A Communication Protocol is a language by which two devices communicate

and exchange data. These devices are microprocessor-based products, such as

an input/output board, rooftop unit controller or a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU),

personal desktop computer or even central enterprise servers.

The data exchange usually happens over some physical wire such as on a

twisted pair RS485 or Ethernet CAT5 cable. It can also happen wirelessly over

Wi-Fi network. In order for two people to have a meaningful exchange they need

to speak the same language and have a medium to communicate. Both devices

have to know the data structure in order to facilitate the exchange of data.

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) has three basic

functions namely monitoring, control and user interface functions. The

monitoring function collects data and sends it back to the central computer. The

control function gathers data from monitoring sensors processes it and send

control signals back to the equipment according to a prescribed software

program. The user interface is often a large control room where individuals can

monitor SCADA input and output responses in real time.


APPLICATION:

A large-scale application of a SCADA system is a nuclear power plant where

thousands of sensors monitor mission-critical and safety-critical systems. The

computer system collects data from the sensors, processes updates and makes

computer-controlled adjustments to equipment as required to maintain

operational and safety parameters. In addition to the automatic controls,

employees staff a large control room where they monitor the entire system

around the clock.

Air Conditioning Unit (ACU)

Also known as a room air conditioner, an appliance that cools a single room

rather than an entire home or business. The unit consists of a long, spiral coil

shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along

with a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic. This approach has

evolved over the years because it is low-cost, and also because it normally

results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise

outside the house).


Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity is

higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there is no difference between

a split-system and a window air conditioner.


Figure 1. Diagram of a Window Type Air Condition Unit

Photo Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor)

Usually light sensor are used for security or safety device. These types of

devices often work by shining a beam of light from one sensor to another. If the

light is interrupted, an output may or may not trigger. When light falls on this

sensor it changes to electrical energy. As for example a street light has a light

sensor on its top. The light sensor works in the night and the day. Let's say it's

daytime. There is a lot of light coming into the sensor so the electricity is turned

off. At the end of the day as it gets dark, the amount of light energy coming in to


the light sensor decreases, and that means the electrical current is turned on to

light the lamp. So the sensor controls the electrical supply.

Vibrating Robot

The vibrating robot is one of the self-operating robots that moves by means

of vibration on the certain area. The choice of vibrating motor is certainly cruicial

for this robot because this application depends upon the said motor. Here we

are using two sensors for path detection purpose namely proximity sensor and

IR sensor.

The proximity sensor used for path detection and IR sensor used for

obstacle detection. These sensors mounted at front end of the robot. The

microcontroller is an intelligent device which must be installed in the robot. The

whole circuit is controlled by the microcontroller.

Access card

FUNCTION:

The most common method is to store a serial number that identifies a person

or object and perhaps other information on a microchip that is attached to an

antenna (the chip and the antenna together are called an transponder or an

tag). The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a


reader. The reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the tag into

digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can make use

of it.

APPLICATION:

Asset tracking, People tracking, Document tracking, Government Library,

and Healthcare.

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter defines the methods used to conduct the study. This also

explains how the essential data and information were obtained, presented and

evaluated. Principles and conditions of this study are also discussed in this

section.

System Design


The Building Automation System for DICT is made up of three levels namely

the field level, automation level and management level (see Figure 2).

Movement inside the miniature is enacted by vibrating robot and light

emitting diodes and detected by the light dependent resistor. Directly connected

push buttons and light dependent resistors enabled the counting of people

inside each rooms to predict efficient and convenient ventilation and lighting. On

the other hand, movement inside the room in actual implementation is detected

by photo detector sensor. Photo detector is a sensor that measures infrared

radiated by the human bodies and other objects in its field of view.


Time-based control is applied in the system. There will be no output

component such as lights will turn on unless the registered class time is met.

Moreover, special access control is also applied in the system through the

access card. Once an access card is triggered, the output components will now

be able to turn on even if it is not yet the class time. Dimming of lights is also a

part of the building automation system. Whenever a projector is turned on

manually, lights inside that room will dim automatically. Furthermore, integration

of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is also applied in the


system. This is installed in the DICT office (AB-407) for remote monitoring,

control and data gathering of authorized people.

Figure 2. System Architecture


Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System

Materials

This was organized in order to design and apply building automation system

for the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-405, and AB-407 (DICT) of Rizal

Technological University. The lists of materials, including their descriptions, that

are installed in the designed system are provided.

A. Control Panel Components

1. 2pc. of Circuit Breaker

a. Operating Voltage: 240Vac

b. Operating Current: 4A and 2A

2. Power Supply

a. 24Vdc

3. Programmable Logic Controller

a. s7 300 (CPU 313C)

b. 24Vdc Supply

4. I/O modules


a. 24 channels digital input

b. 24 channels digital output

5. Terminal Blocks

a. 61 pcs.

i. 26 pcs. for Digital Input

ii. 26 pcs. for Digital Output

iii. 4 pcs. for 220Vac Supply (L1 and L2)

iv. 10 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc Common

6. End Plate

a. 10mm by 70mm

b. 7 pcs.

7. Stopper (10 pcs)

8. 24VDC relay (40pcs.)

9. Wire Duct

a. 3000mm x 35mm x40mm (LxWxH)

10. Din rail (3 meters)

a. 7.5mm x 35mm (WxD)

b. Aluminum


11. Cable Gland (4 pcs.)

12. AWG wire (100 meters)

a. #27AWG

B. PLC Input Devices

1. Push buttons (41 pcs.)

2. Sensors

a. Passive Infrared Sensor (3 pcs.)

i. 4.5Vdc power supply

ii. Laser sensing technology

iii. 7 meter sensing range

iv. 24Vdc output signal

b. Limit Switch (6 pcs)

i. 5 VDC power supply

ii. 15mm maximum detecting distance

iii. Operating Temperature: -25 to 70 ºC

C. PLC Output Devices

1. Electrical Motor

a. Air Conditioning Unit (7 pcs)



ii. 3 pcs. for AB-401 and 2 pcs. each for AB-405 and AB-407

2. Gear Motor (3pcs.)

a. 1pc. Each for room


3. Electrical Lights (22 pcs.)

a. 9 pcs. for AB-401, 7 pcs. for AB-405, and 6 pcs. for AB-405

b. 3.2 to 3.7Vdc supply

c. 1Watt

d. Light Emitting Diode

D. Vibrating Robot

1. Infrared sensor pack GP2S04 (2 pcs.)

2. MCU: ATtiny45 microcontroller (1 pc.)

3. SMD LED (size: 805)

4. 100 ohm resistor (size: 805)

5. 3Volt cell phone coin-vibrator D10mm W2mm (2 pcs.)

6. 1pc. 3.6 Volt Lit-Pol battery(Bluetooth hands free battery)

7. 2pcs. of Small size pin-header(male and female)


Methods

Control Panel

Based on Figure 4, a base plate of 592 millimeter by 400 millimeter by 200

millimetre(lxwxh) was installed. Single terminal blocks were used. There were 4

terminal blocks allotted for 220Vac supply for the Programmable Logic

Controller (2 terminal blocks each for line 1 and line 2) and 10 terminal blocks

for 24Vac Supply (5 pcs for each 24Vdc and 0Vdc). In the second rail of the

panel, 10 stoppers were used to hold the terminal blocks (2 stopper for the

circuit breaker, 2 pcs. for 220Vac supply, 2 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc, and 4 pcs.

for digital input and digital output terminal blocks). The number of terminal

blocks for digital input and digital output are dependent on the number of each

module channels. It was proportional to the number of addresses. There is a

total of 26 digital input and 21 digital output that were used in the panel. There


are a total of 61 terminal blocks that were made up of 26 digital input, 21 digital

output, 4 pieces for 220Vac, and 10 pcs for 24Vdc and 0Vdc.

Photo Sensor

The photo sensor itself has two slots in it. Each slot was made of a special

material that is sensitive to infrared light. When the sensor is idle, both slots

detect the same amount of infrared light, the ambient amount radiated from the

room or walls or outdoors. Once the moving object enters the motion range of

the photo sensor, it first intercepts one half of the photo sensor, which causes a

positive differential change between the two halves, then it will send a signal to

the controller and trigger the air condition units and the lights. When the moving

object leaves the sensing area, the sensor will return to its initial state (normally

open contact), whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change.

These changes in pulses will be detected by the sensor.

Three photo sensors were installed in the three cubicle in the room AB 407

and ensured its wide sensing range. Each of the three sensors triggered a

specific set of air condition unit and lights. When the moving object passed the

photo sensor, it trigger the set of air condition unit and lights.

If the object leaves the cubicle, the photo sensor will disable the lights and

air-conditioning unit.

Figure 4. 24VDC supply


Converting AC signal to DC signal

This study used a Direct Current signal (24Vdc) as an input for the

Programmable Logic Controller, Motion sensor. Thus, conversion of Alternating

Current (220Vac) to Direct Current (24Vdc) were used.

The 24Volts direct current power supply has an input of 220Volts alternating

current, which has three terminals, and produces 24Volts direct current. The two

terminals of 220Volts alternating current is also called the Line1 and Line2 while

the 3rd terminal is the ground. The four terminals on the output of the 24Vdc

supply have the positive and negative direct current. The positive terminal (M+)


was connected to the positive connection of the component’s supply while the

negative terminal (L-) was connected to the negative side connection of the

component’s supply.

On the Programmable Logic Controller, the positive and negative terminal of

the 24Vdc were connected to the positive and negative side of the PLC

respectively. The output of the Programmable Logic Controller would energize a

specific component (e.g. Light), which is connected to the coil of the relay and

changes its state.

Integrating Programmable Logic Controller

Programmable logic controller (CPU 313C) with 26 digital input and 24 digital

output are used to control the components inside the miniature (e.g. lights, fan,

electrical motor and projector). The passive infrared sensor, proximity sensor,

and smoke detector installed would send a signal to the programmable logic

controller. The programmable logic controller responds in accordance to the

program that was downloaded. It may turn on or turn off the lights and motors to

vary the temperature. The control taken by the PLC was time-based and

automatic, which made it smart. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition


(SCADA) is integrated to the Programmable Logic Controller (CPU 313C). Step

7 V5.5 was the software that was used for the PLC.

Integrating Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA)

The graphical user interface of the building automation system which

monitors and controls the different electrical and mechanical components in the

field level remotely. Hardware in the field level such as limit switches gathers

and feeds data into the computer where the SCADA software was installed.

Real time data collection from the different rooms enabled the computer to

process this data and display it in a timely manner graphically.

The graphics designed were based on how the actual miniature looks like.

The SCADA also records all events in the miniature and log them into a file

stored in the computer. Building administrators or other authorized person can

open and print this file for weekly/monthly reports. Moreover, the SCADA

displays warning when conditions in any of the different rooms become

precarious by generating alarm events. The software used for the SCADA is

WinCC 7.2 without an OPC server.

Access card


The transmitter was installed in the special identification card held by the

professors of the DICT. These cards allow the holder to have a special access

in any room at any time. The specific use of the card was to override the

automated system for the professor to manually open the doors and gain access

inside the desired room and open manually the air conditioning units and lights.

Photo Sensor

There were photo sensors installed towards the projector in AB-401 and AB-

405. The purpose of this light sensor was to detect the projector if it is turned on

or not. If it is turned on, the light sensor triggered the dim lights to turn on and

interlocked the electrical lights to turn off. If the projector is turned off, the light

sensor will trigger the electrical lights and dim lights to go back to its initial state.

Testing the Output Devices

There were twenty-two electrical lights and seven air conditioning unit (ACU)

installed in the miniature. For safety actions, doors are locked for certain period.

In case of power failure, doors will unlock as its fail position because the PLC

will run out of power. However in actual implementation it is recommended to

include UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) in the system. These output


devices will respond based on the signals coming from the input devices and the

way they are programmed in the PLC.

Electrical Motor

A total of 8 electrical motors were installed in the three room: three electrical

motors for the air-conditionung units of AB-401 and two electrical motors for the

air-conditioning units of rooms AB-405 and AB-407. The electrical motor for the

air conditioning units were on and off motor to represent the automatic variation

of ACU in each room. Each ACU turns on based on the number of people inside

the room.

Manual Override Control

Almost all automatic devices have manual overrides for maintenance, back-

up, emergency and bypass of automatic function in case of failure. In much the

same way manual switches were installed in the miniature to manually operate

its automatic components when desired. These switches were connected to all

lights, sprinklers and air-conditioning units in each room so that they are able to

be controlled manually. These manual switches are usually ignored unless the

automated system fails, the system is under maintenance or it is personally

controlled by the occupants.


Miniature Design

Figure 5 shows the design of the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and

AB-405 including the push buttons and control panel. The actual size of the

prototype is 37x27x39 in. (LxWxH). The dimensions of the three rooms are as

follows:


Figure 5. Prototype of the miniature

a. AB-401

14x8x6 in. (LxWxH)

b. AB-407

16x10x6 in. (LxWxH)

c. AB-405

13x8x6 in. (LxWxH)

Principles and Conditions

1. Rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 were scaled down to a miniature which

shows the proposed building automation system.

2. Each room has their own lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.


3. Vibrating robots and light emitting diodes represented the actual moving

people inside the miniature.

4. LED lights and electrical motors represent the actual lighting and air-

conditioning respectively.

5. For the security of each room, time-based control was strictly implemented in

the system.

6. Room AB-401 has eleven LED lights (nine for lighting and two for emergency

light), and five electrical motors (two for sprinklers and three for air-condition

units).

7. Room AB-407 has eight LED lights (six for lighting and two for emergency

light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two for sprinklers).

8. Room AB-405 has nine LED lights (seven for lighting and two for emergency

light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two for sprinklers).

9. Photo sensor was installed in each room to detect if the projector is turned on.

If this sensor is triggered, lights in the room will dim.

10. Two light dependent resistors were installed in rooms AB-401 and AB-405 to

count the number of people inside the room.


11. Whenever an LED is activated on a specific area, only the lights on that

designated area turns on. Moreover, all lights will turn on if all areas in that room

are occupied.

12. Electric motors (air-condition units) will turn on depending on the number of

people inside the room (see Table 3).

13. Activation of access card and projector is manually done via triggering of

light dependent resistor and switch respectively.

14. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.

15. Power failure, which is intentionally executed by the group, causes the

emergency lights to turn on.

16. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the miniature.

17. Events inside the miniature can be viewed in SCADA’s computer screen.

System Operation

AB-401 and AB-405

The system will start when occupants enter the room. Rooms are available

five minutes before the registered class schedule or using access card of

authorized person.


Within the five minutes time allotment before the registered class time, dim

lights will turn on if one or more occupants is/are inside the room. These dim

lights for the five minutes time allowance will no longer turn on if the room is

occupied via access card but it can be activated manually.

All electrical lights will turn on and the dim lights will turn off when the

registered class time arrives. The number of air-condition unit that will turn on

depends on the number of people inside the room (see Table 3).

After two minutes if the system detects that nobody is occupying a certain

area, electrical lights designated on that area will turn off.

If the projector is turned on, dim lights will turn on and the electrical lights will

turn off.

Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.

If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on.

AB-407

The system will start when somebody enters the room.

Access card is required when going inside the room. This card is no longer

needed when going outside the said room.

Lights in the hallway will turn on once a person comes inside and will turn off

when nobody is inside.


If one or more person enters a cubicle, lights and air-condition unit

designated on that cubicle will turn on. These lights and air-condition units will

turn off within five minutes after the occupant/s left the cubicle.

Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.

If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on and the door will

unlock.

The presence of three person in actual is represented by one plunger inside

the miniature. Each number of energized plungers will have an equivalent

number of an air conditioning unit, which is represented by an on and off motor

as shown in the Table 3.

Table 3. Condition of ACU for AB-401 and AB-405

Number of People

(miniature)

Number of People (actual)

Number of Equivalent

ACU1-3 1 to 15 1

4-6 16 to 30 2

7 or more > 30 3

If the number of energized LED inside the miniature was greater than or

equal to one (1) or suddenly decreases from six (6) to one (1) or all of the LED


were de-energized, the number of air conditioning unit will turn on and turn off

according to the number of people inside. The system will give 10 minutes

allotment before the air conditioning unit will turn off.

The number of LED that will activate inside the miniature were determined by

the push button, which are connected in-line to the digital input module.

The push button connected in-line with each of the LED will trigger an output

corresponding on the status of these LEDs

The number of energized LED will count as one (1) and will be added to the

total number of the energized LED.

The number of de-energized LED will be subtracted to the total number of

the energized LED.

Principles and Condition on Actual Implementation

1. All rooms have individual lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.

2. Class schedules will be registered in the SCADA by an authorized person. If it

is not yet the class time, doors are locked. If it is already the class time, doors in

each room will unlock automatically.

3. Access card will enable authorized person to unlock the rooms anytime.


4. Sensors that will be installed in each room are the following:

Photo Detectors and Light Sensors

Proximity switches

5. Two proximity switches will be installed in the door of each room to count the

number of people inside.

6. Lights and air-condition units will not work unless the photo detector and the

counter are triggered.

7. When an area is occupied, lights designated on that area will turn on.

8. The number of air-condition units that will turn on will depend on the number of

people inside the room (see table 3). These air-condition units will turn on with a

default setpoint of 18 °C but can be manually adjusted if desired.

9. Photo sensor will detect if the projector is turned on. If this sensor detects ligt

from the projector, dim lights will automatically turn on.

10. Emergency lights will turn on when power failure happens.

11. Doors are locked for certain period based on the time-based control.

12. Doors will unlock when the power failure occurs.


13. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.

14. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the building.

15. Event inside each room can be viewed in SCADA’s computer screen.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter expounds the finding during the testing of building automation

system in the miniature. The implementation of the proposed automated building

system in the miniature of AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407 has successfully satisfied

the requirements of an actual automated building system.

Objective 1: To design and install all the components of the building

automation system in the miniature.


The miniature exactly represents the actual rooms AB-401, AB-405 and AB-

407. It portrays objects and facilities inside each room like tables, chairs,

windows, cubicles, hallway and etc. Components installed effectively represents

the facilities for each room namely the lighting system (including the dim lights),

air-conditioning system and alarm system.

The sensors light dependent resistor and smoke detector works well as it

were placed in an appropriate positions. Light dependent resistors were installed

in the cubicles of AB-407, in the middle of the prototype that represents counting

of passage of people in the door of any room and beside the white board of

rooms AB-401 and AB-405 along the pathway of the light of the projector. In that

case the sensor monitors the on and off state of the projector.


Figure 6. Miniature of AB-401


The programmable logic controller S7-300 was installed in the control panel

beneath the miniature together with its digital input and digital output modules.

Also, supplementary components specifically terminal blocks, step down

transformers and relays were installed in the panel. Step down transformers and

relays were installed because the voltage supply of the miniature devices, e.g.

sensors, lights and electrical motors, were less than 24 VDC. The conditions of

all components installed in the control panel was tested. The results are shown in

Table 4.

Table 4. Conditions of Control Panel Components

Control Panel Components Remarks

1. Circuit Breaker Working Properly

2. TransformerOutput

5V 5.0V Output

9V 8.95V Output

12V 12.0V Output

3. Power Supply 24.1V Output

4. S7-300 CPU 313C Working Properly

5. DI Module Working Properly

6. DO Module Working Properly

7. Relays Working Properly

8. Terminal Blocks Working Properly

9. Cable Duct Spacious


Figure 9. Main Control Panel


Figure 10. Marshalling Panel

Objective 2: To construct a representation of actual moving people inside

the miniature specifically line tracking robot and light emitting diode.

Vibrating robot was placed inside the AB-407 which represents the presence

and motion of people inside the room. The robot triggered the light dependent

resistor when it enter the cubicle and activated the lighting and air-conditioning

system based on the logic of the program.

The presence of students in the rooms AB-401 and AB-407 were represented

by light emitting diodes installed in each table. The number of lights and air-

conditioning unit that will turn on was based on the corresponding number of

activated light emitting diodes.

Objective 3: To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) in the system to monitor and control the different rooms

remotely.

One of the aims of the system was to establish a remote control and

monitoring system, and the Simatic WinCC version 7.2 made this possible.

Actions of the input and output devices were programmed in the PLC where the

SCADA was dependent in data gathering. The SCADA is used to monitor


events happening inside each rooms and is capable of controlling output

devices such as lights, air-conditioning units and doors.

The graphics created in SCADA was designed to look like the actual

representation of the rooms. The aim of this graphics is to show what, where

and when the facilities are activated and to indicate the present condition of the

installed devices. If the light graphics in the SCADA screen, which looks like the

lights in the miniature, lit, it means the actual light in that specific room is

activated. The open and close state of the miniature doors are also indicated in

the SCADA screen. The SCADA also monitors the on-off state of the projectors

and doors of each room.

Objective 4: To apply a time-based control in the building automation

system.

Time-based control was effectively applied in the system that fitted with the

school’s class schedules. Rooms are locked when it is not yet the class time.

Rooms are unlocked and available for use when the exact class schedule

arrives. After the class schedule, all devices inside the room turns off

automatically.

The time-based function of the system can be bypassed using the access

card or manually opening it in the SCADA which is installed in AB-407.


Objective 5: To test if the miniature is working based on its desired

function.

Miniature Component Testing

Series of testing were made to make sure that all installed components such

as sensors, push buttons, light emitting diodes, gear motors and beacon will work

properly and to check if the components are wired into the PLC module

according to its designated address.

Testing of Automatic Doors

Constructing an automatic miniature door was another challenging task. This

was made possible by using gear motors that fit inside the miniature. These

motors were designed to rotate 90° clockwise and counter-clockwise that acted

the opening and closing of each door. Reversing the rotation of these motors

were done by altering the positive and negative power supply connection through

relay. By slowing down its rotation and disconnecting the supply at a certain

amount of time, it satisfies the right angle for safety in demonstration purposes.

Testing of Lights


Light emitting diodes as lightings are event-based activated. Push buttons

activates the light emitting diodes that indicates the presence and location of

students. When these elements are determined, lights turn on.

The dim lights are either activated five minutes before the programmed class

time or the projector is activated. A push button is used to trigger the

representation of the projector which was placed in front of the miniature model.

The miniature was running at normal operation when the push button for

projector was activated. As a result, the lightings was turned off and the dim

lights turned on.

Emergency lights were installed in case of power interruption or brown-out.

These emergency lights activates manually. The miniature was supplied by

power to activate its components and this power was intentionally cut. As a

result, the emergency lights were automatically activated.

Testing of Electrical Motors

Gear motors were used to represent air-conditioning units. This component

was tested using automatic sequence and using manual override switches.

These devices were found to be working well as long as it is supplied by the right

voltage rating. Air-conditioning units are idled or inactive while doors remained


close unless conditions and schedule are met and access cards and manual

overrides are used.

Testing of the Programmed System Operation

The time-based system programmed determines when a room is available

and so its facility for automatic activation. This is possible using S7-300 controller

time-based control. The rooms were designed to be inaccessible for unscheduled

times for energy efficiency and security reasons.

To test the system operation, the group programmed the time when the class

was supposed to take place. The miniature was running in a normal condition

with all doors closed and facilities inactivated since the programmed class hours

was not yet met.

When the schedule was met, the automated miniature door moved at 90 deg.

and the dim lights were activated. An indication that the scheduled class hours

has started.

Testing of Automatic Response of Lights and Air-conditioning Units

Energy efficiency means using it only when needed. An intelligent building

knows the need of its occupant without being excessive in using the energy.


Building management system does not only reduce human effort, it also assess

human from using the right amount of energy to be consumed.

If implemented, the number of air-conditioning units to be triggered inside

room will depend on the number of students present inside it. In actual

implementation, this can be done using proximity sensors which will be used as a

counter.

The building energy efficiency of automated buildings in comparison with non-

automated building can be demonstrated using the miniature built by the group.

Illustrations are provided to document how room areas are lighted up according

to predetermined location of students. A tabulated activation of air-conditioning

units according to number of students is also provided in Table 5.

Table 5. Response of Electrical Motors

ROOMS NUMBER OF STUDENTSACTIVATED ELECTRICAL

MOTORSACU1 ACU2 ACU3

AB-4011-3 1 0 04-6 1 1 07-8 1 1 1

AB-4051-3 1 04-6 1 1

AB-407Cubilce 1 1 0Cubicle 2 1 0

Conference Room 1 1


Testing of Switches for Manual Override

The purpose of the installed manual system is to provide the control which is

not inside the programmed sequence. The manual switches were also used to

diagnose facilities that are not functioning. This will also serve as back-up system

in case the automatic system fails.

The manual switches are provided to control the facilities of the AB-401, AB-

405, and AB-407 miniature rooms. Different manual switches are assigned to

turn on and off the light emitting diodes for lightings and dim lights, to activate the

electrical motors that represents the air-conditioning units and to open and close

the doors. Table 6 shows the response of the output devices when controlled

manually.

Table 6. Manual Control

Rooms Miniature Facilities Remarks

AB-401Lightings and Dim Lights Working Properly

Door Working Properly

Air-conditioning units Working Properly

AB-405Lightings and Dim Lights Working Properly



AB-407Lightings Working Properly




Objective 6: To create a system design for actual implementation of the

miniature.

The only sensor that was changed in the design for the actual

implementation of the miniature was the light dependent resistor. Instead of

using light dependent resistor, photo detector sensor shall be used because

photo detector sensor is more suitable for the detection of body movements in

bigger atmosphere. Light dependent resistor can still be used for the detection

of projector and counting of people entering or leaving the room. Time-based

control will also be strictly applied in the system of actual implementation.

Additional component, specifically UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) shall be

installed to provide back-up power so that security will still be definite in case of

power loss. The designs for actual implementation are shown in Figures 6-8.


Figure 11. Actual Room Design of AB-401


Figure 12. Actual Room Design of AB-405

Figure 13.

Actual

Room

Design of

AB-407

Upon the testing of components, some miniature representations of actual

devices had issues and yield delimitations in this study. Thus other

representations that would fit in the miniature were.

Implementation of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system

HVAC system application is not limited to buildings that needs continuous

operation but its application exceeds the requirements of the proposed structure.


The proposed structure is a school where facilities are operated by schedule,

which means continuous operation is not necessary. HVAC system may only

cause disadvantage like energy and cost inefficiency. Building automation

ensures energy efficiency, security and room convenience. Therefore, this

project reconsidered few options to satisfy a comfortable place without being

inefficient in terms of energy use and costs.

Instead of using HVAC for ventilation, window-type air-conditioning units were

used which are initially installed in the actual rooms. In the miniature, these were

represented by electrical motors as said in chapter 3.

Energy Conservation With Building Automation System

The group came up in comparing the summation of energy consumption of

having BAS or Building Automation System and the common or normal power

consumption of the different rooms. Based on the computation, Building

Automation System can reduce the energy consumption of the building. It

lessens the consumption up to almost 30% for an hour. This system also

minimizes the occupants interface from turning on and off of the air-conditioning

units and lights. The following computation that the group did is the proof that

Building Automation System is really helpful and efficient for the building


integration. The computation of energy consumption of air-conditioning units

(ACU) and lights are shown in Tables 7-10.

Table 7. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU Without Building Automation System

AIR CONDITIONIN

G UNIT

TIME USAGE

POWER RATING

COMPUTATIONTOTAL

CONSUMPTION

UNIT 1-3 1hr 1491.4watts(1491.4*1 / 1000)

(3)4.4742kWh

Table 8. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU With Building Automation System

AIR CONDITIO

NING UNIT

TIME USAGE

POWER RATING

COMPUTATIONOF TOTAL

CONSUMPTION

TOTAL CONSUMP-

TION

ENERGY SAVE

UNIT 1 1hr 1491.4watts (1.4914kW) (1h)

+ (2.9828kW) (0.83h)

+ (4.4742kW) (0.58h)

3.596412 kWh

20%UNIT 2 50mins 2982.8watts

UNIT 3 35mins 4474.2watts

Table 9. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights Without Building Automation System

LIGHTINGSTIME

USAGEPOWER RATING

COMPUTATIONTOTAL

CONSUMPTION39 unit 1hr 5watts [(5)(1) / 1000](39) 0.195kWh

Table 10. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights With Building Automation SystemLIGHTINGS PER AREA

TIME USAG

E

POWER RATING

COMPUTATIONOF TOTAL

CONSUMPTION

CONSUMP-

TION PER

TOTAL CONSUMP

-TION

ENERGY

SAVE


AREAAREA 1 1hr 20watts (0.02Kw)(1hr) 0.02KwH

0.07364KwH

40%

AREA 250minutes

40watts(0.04Kw)(0.83hr)

0.0332KwH

AREA 335minutes

60watts(0.06Kw) (0.58hr)

0.0348KwH

AREA 425minutes

80watts(0.08Kw)(0.418hr)

0.0334KwH

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the testing, the resolve raised

problems and for recommendation suggestions for further analysis.


SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The purpose of this study, which is to create a miniature representation

for advanced automated facilities in RTU room AB-401, AB-405, and

AB-407, was fulfilled and was proven to provide a fixed and assured

security, comfort and energy efficiency in the building.

It also aim to have a fixed and assured security, comfort and energy

efficiency in the building.

There are several topics needed to be considered in this particular

study. The air-conditioning and lighting condition and the most

important is the Building Automation System (BAS).

The control system that is used in this project is PLC Simatic S7-300

CPU 313C and SCADA Simatic WinCC version 7.2.

It makes human and machine interaction less and easier.

The light dependent resistor or photo sensor installed in each room

were used to determine the exact the number of lights and air-

conditioning units that will turn on depending on the number of

occupancy represented by light emitting diodes and vibrating robot.

This sensor is also used to monitor the on and off state of the

projector.


The project has its scope and delimitation wherein the miniature is

designed for DICT rooms AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407, which focused

on the advancement of the automation system in the specific facilities

of the DICT.

The light emitting diode that represents the number of students inside

the rooms will be operated by manual switched installed outside the

miniature.

The prototype needs to be tested if the function will work according to

its tasks.

This project help not only the DICT but also the entire school if it will be

implemented. It can provide huge reduction in the energy consumption

of the school. It can aslo give the students, professors and other

employees security and room convenience.

CONCLUSION

After series of studies and testings, the group came up with a conclusion that

the purpose on this project is feasible in actual for the solution of the energy

efficiency, security and comfort of the students, professors, and other employees

not only in the entire floor but also for the entire building. By the use of the

improved technologies, the aim of the project is possible to be implemented with


an almost zero percent of risks in the particular area. The project design is

practically made for less human intervention and higher productivity not only for

the DICT but also for the whole school facilities. Through testings and different

studies, the problems that were raised were eventually solved by the

researchers.

RECOMMENDATION

For futher improvement of the proposed proejct the following points are

recommended:

For more efficient and easy monitoring of the system HMI or Human Machine

interface may be installed for widely installation of the project.

The future researcher may improve the occupancy indicator with a real

automated moving object.

For additional security, install third party system like fire safety system which

may include smoke detector, alarm and fire sprinkler.

The system may also be enlarged and implemented in an actual

demonstration so the other purpose of the miniature can be appreciated and

seen.

building automation system (final2ndsem)

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