Salmonella Titers of Lorikeets

Christine T. Bui, MBAAdvisor: Dr. Meredith Clancy

April 22, 2015San Diego Zoo Safari Park

Recap of Salmonella outbreak

Outbreak Protocol Immunology Review Titers

Preparation Testing and Interpretation

Future monitoring

Overview

Outbreak Timeline: Oct 4 – Oct 20, 2014

Offending Pathogen: Salmonella ser. Typhimurium

Lorikeet Statistics: Total # birds in L.L on Oct 1st = 71 birds No Clinical Signs = 56 birds Symptomatic but survived = 7 birds (+/- 3

birds) Died/Euthanized = 8 birds

Outbreak Recap

Outbreak Protocol

If Salmonella spp. confirmed in single bird Test 20% of flock Consider batch samples for

PCR & Enterics Panel Monitor flock

If S. Typhimurium is genotyped & 3-5 sick birds Close exhibit Split Lorikeets into

groups and quarantine MDB diagnostics &

treatment pending lab results

Sample environment and food prep areas

• Testing 10-15% of population monthly• Hygiene/Husbandry protocols

Immune System

Innate Adaptive

Humoral Cell-mediated

Immunology Review

Vaccines!

Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

antibody

Vaccines!

Used to determine

Exposure to antigen Strength of immune response If a booster vaccination is needed If a previous vaccine helped the immune system against the antigen

Abnormal results Autoimmune disease Failure of vaccine Immune deficiency Viral infection

Titers

Obtain pre-vaccination blood sample Vaccination Booster in 2-3weeks Obtain post-vaccination blood sample in 2-3 weeks

Preparing for Titers

Titer Testing

Image reference: Kimball, John. Kimball’s Biology Pages

Initial Salmonella Titers

negative 1:10 1:20 1:40 1: 80 1: 160 1: 320 1: 640 1: 12800

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Number of Lorikeets vs. Initial Salmonella Titers

Initial Salmonella Titer Values

Nu

mb

er o

f Lor

ikee

ts

Sample collection date: 11 Dec ‘14- 25 Feb ‘15

Salmonella Titers

813257

813260

813262

813265

814050

813267

812286

813030

812324

813284

813283

812299

813281

812326

813260

813262

813274

812272

813266

813015

812289

813271

8122850

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Initial TiterTiter at vxn

Lorikeet ID

Log

10

Salmonella Titers

813112 813258 814209 812306 813032 812307 813269 813031 8122710

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Initial TiterTiter at vxn

Lorikeet ID

Log

10

Future Projections

Effective Vaccine Program Ineffective Vaccine Program

nega-tive

1:10 1:20 1:40 1: 80 1: 160 1: 320 1: 640 1: 12800

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Titer Values

Nu

mb

er o

f Lor

ikee

ts

nega-tive

1:10 1:20 1:40 1: 80 1: 160 1: 320 1: 640 1: 12800

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Titer Values

Nu

mb

er o

f Lor

ikee

ts

Obtain blood sample from 10% of flock every 1-2

months to follow titers Booster every 6 months

Unless titers suggest otherwise Fecal PCR for any sick bird

Future monitoring

Recap of Salmonella outbreak

Outbreak Protocol Immunology Review Titers

Preparation Testing and Interpretation

Future monitoring

Summary

Abdolvahab, Farzan and Robert M. Friendship. “A clinical field trial to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination in controlling Salmonella infection and the association of Salmonella-shedding and weight gain in pigs.” Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2010. 74:258-263 

“Autogenous vaccines”. Hygieia Biological Laboratories 2014 http://www.hygieialabs.com/autogenous.html 

Boseret, Geraldine, L. Bertrand, JG Mainil, E Thiry, and C Saegerman. Zoonoses in pet birds: review and perspectives” Journal of Veterinary Research 2013, 44 (1):36-53 

Gast, RK and CW Beard. “Serological detection of experimental Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens” . Avian Diseases. 1990 Jul-Sep;34(3):721-8. 

Henochowicz, Stuart. “Antibody Titers” Maryland. 9 April 2015http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003333.htm 

House, JK, MM Ontiveros, NM Blackmer, EL Dueger, JB Fitchhorn, GR McArthur, and BP Smith. “Evaluation of an autogenous Salmonella bacterin and a modified live Salmonella serotype Choleraesuis vaccine on a commercial dairy farm.” American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001. Dec 62(12):1897-1902. 

Kehoe, Spencer. “Outbreak Protocol- Lorikeet Landing”. San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Oct 2014. 

Mastroeni, P, JA Chabalgoity, SJ Dunstan, DJ Maskell, and G Dougan. “Salmonella: Immune Responses and Vaccines”. The Veterinary Journal 2000. 161:132–164 

McDonough, Patrick L, RH Jacobson, JF Timoney, A Mutalib, DC Kradel, Y Chang, S Shin, DH Lein, S Trock, K Wheeler. “Interpretations of Antibody Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis gm Flagellin in Poultry Flocks Are Enhanced by a Kinetics-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1998 Jul; 5(4): 550–555.

McDonough, Patrick L and Sue Stehman. “Usefulness of Vaccination and Vaccine for Control of Salmonellosis”. New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program. pp1-4

References

McGuirk, Sheila and Simon Peek. “Salmonellosis in Cattle: a Review”. American Association of Bovine Practitioners. 36 th Annual Conference Proceedings. Ohio Sept 2003

Parham, Peter. The Immune System. Garland Science. 3rd Ed 2009.

Randall, LP, DJ Eaves, SW Cooles, V Ricci, A Buckley, MJ Woodward, and LJV Piddock. “Fluoroquinolone treatment of experimental Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 infections in chickens selects for both gyrA mutations and changes in efflux pump gene expression.” J. Antimicrob. Chemother. August 2005. 56(2): 297-306.

Randall, LP, SW Cooles, NC Coldham, KS Stapleton, LJV Piddock, MJ Woodward. “Modification of Enrofloxacin treatment regimens for poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 to minimize selection of resistance.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. December 2006. 50(12):4030-4037

Sareyyuopglu, B, AC Ok, Z Cantekin, AH Yardimci, M Akan, and A Akcay. “Polymerase chain reaction detection of Salmonella spp in fecal samples of pet birds.” Avian Diseases. Mar 2008. 52(1):163-167

Sheela, Ruby R, U Babu, J Mu, S Elankumaran, DA Bautista, RB Raybourne, RA Heckert, W Song. “Immune Responses against Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Infection in Virally Immunosuppressed Chickens.” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. July 2003. 10(4): 670-679. 

Smith KE, F Anderson , C Medus, F Leano, and J Adams. “Outbreaks of Salmonellosis at elementary schools associated with dissection of owl pellets.” Vector Zoon Dis 2005. 5:133–136.

 Tran, Thi QL, S Quessy, A Letellier, A Desrosiers, M Boulianne. “Immune response following vaccination against Salmonella Enteritidis using 2 commercial bacterins in laying hens.” Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. July 2010. 74 (3): 185-192

  “Vaccine Titer Monitoring” Michigan State University. Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health. Jan 2015.

http://www.animalhealth.msu.edu/ClientEducation/MKTG.CARD.VIROLOGY.001.PDF

Ward, MP, JC Ramer, J Poudfoot, MM Garner, C Juan-Salles, and CC Wu. “Outbreak of Salmonellosis in a Zoologic Collection of Lorikeets and Lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.)“ Avian Diseases 47(2): 493-498

References Continued

Questions?

THANK YOUAll Hospital Techs & Keepers & Lab folk, Docs, Collection Managers, Animal Care Team,

and the many wonderful people and animals I’ve met along the way!

Oh yeah!

Who is this girl?