buad 306 chapter 5 - capacity planning chapter 8 – location planning (cost volume only)
TRANSCRIPT
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BUAD 306
Chapter 5 - Capacity Planning
Chapter 8 – Location Planning (Cost Volume ONLY)
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Daily Capacity “There’s only so many hours in a day…” “I can’t take it anymore” “If I eat one more piece, I am going to
explode”
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Capacity Planning
The upper limit or ceiling on the load that an operating unit can handle.
Establishes the overall level of productive resources for a firm.
Enables managers to quantify production capabilities for a firm and make plans accordingly.
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What to Ask?
The basic questions in capacity handling are:What kind of capacity is needed?
(resources/facility)How much is needed? (add to existing
or build new?)When is it needed?
WHO / WHAT / WHERE / WHEN / WHY
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Importance of Capacity Decisions
Should meet future demand Affects operating costs Determines initial cost Involves long-term commitment
(requires lots of $$$) Affects competitiveness
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Definitions
Design CapacityMaximum obtainable output
Effective CapacityMaximum capacity given product mix,
scheduling difficulties, and other doses of reality.
Actual outputRate of output actually achieved--
cannot exceed effective capacity.
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Determinants of Effective Capacity Facilities
Location / layout Products or services
Standard vs. customized Processes
Design and execution Human considerations Operations External forces
Design: PlannedEffective: RealityActual: Realized
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Developing Capacity Alternatives
Design flexibility into systems Take a “big picture” approach to
capacity changes Prepare to deal with capacity “chunks” Attempt to smooth out capacity
requirements Identify the optimal operating level
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Service Capacity Considerations
Need to be near the customer Can’t inventory services Volatility in demand
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Cost-Volume Analysis
Relationships between cost, revenue, and volume of output.
Variable costs vary directly with volume of output.
Break-even point - the volume of output at which total cost and total revenue are equal.
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Assumptions of Cost-Volume Analysis One product is involved Everything produced can be sold The variable cost per unit is the same
regardless of the volume Fixed costs do not change with
volume changes The revenue per unit is the same
regardless of volume
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Cost-Volume Relationships
Am
ou
nt
($)
0Q (volume in units)
Total cost = VC + FC
Total variable cost (V
C)
Fixed cost (FC)
Figure 5-8a
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Cost-Volume Relationships
Am
ou
nt
($)
Q (volume in units)0
Total r
evenue
Figure 5-8b
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Cost-Volume Relationships
Am
ou
nt
($)
Q (volume in units)0 BEP units
Profit
Total r
even
ue
Total cost
Figure 5-8c
Loss
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Breakeven Point
QBEP = FC R - VC
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BEP Calculations
To calculate Total Profit: P = Q(R - VC) - FC where Q = Quantity
R = Revenue/unitVC = Variable cost/unit FC = Fixed Cost
To calculate the required volume, Q, needed to generate a specified profit, P :
Q = P + FC R – VC
To calculate a break-even point:QBEP = FC
R - VC
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Example A
Process Fixed Variable
A 250,000 15
B 350,000 10
C 100,000 30
1. What is the breakeven point for each if revenue = 50?2. Which would you choose?
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Example A – Part 2
Process Fixed Variable Capacity
A 250,000 15 12,000
B 350,000 10 10,000
C 100,000 30 4,000
1. Are you still comfortable with your selections from before given the capacities above?
2. What if demand was expected to be 20,000 for ever?
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Total Cost Analysis
Comparisons between 2 or more alternatives:
TC = FC + Q (VC)
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Example B
Process Fixed Variable
A 250,000 15
B 350,000 10
1. Which process to use at low volumes?2. Which process to use at very high volumes?3. Point of indifference between the two processes?
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Example B – Part 2
Process Fixed Variable
A 250,000 15
B 350,000 10
C 100,000 30
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Example B – Part 3
Process Fixed Variable Capacity
A 250,000 15 25,000
B 350,000 10 50,000
C 100,000 30 8,000
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HW #7
A firms plans to begin production of a new small appliance. The manager must decide whether to purchase the motors for the item from a vendor for $7 each or produce in house. If produced in house, it would use one of 2 processes: One has an annual FC = $160,000 and VC = $5/unit. The other has an annual FC = $190,000 and a VC = $4/unit.
Determine the range of annual volume for which each alternative would be best.