btgene[1].cotton1

8/14/2019 Btgene[1].cotton1

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Welcome

TO THE

AGRICOS


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Bt Cotton: An Over View

Dr.V.C.Subba Rayudu


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http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/program/ub2002/images/CLBphoto5.jpghttp://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/program/ub2002/images/CLBphoto4.jpg


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Source : Cotton Advisory Board

553310.0095.302007-08

521280.0091.422006-07

478244.0086.772005-06

470243.0087.862004-05

399179.0076.302003-04

302136.0076.672002-03

308158.0087.302001-02

278140.0085.762000-01

Yield kgs per hectareProduction inlakh bales of

170 kgs

Area inlakh

hectaresYear

Area, Production and productivity of cotton in India during this decade


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Staple-wise production of cottonQuantity in lakh bales of 170 kgs

STAPLEGROUP

96-97 97-98 00-01 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06

SHORT(below

20.0 mm)16.25 10.00 11.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.00 7.60 7.11 7.00

MEDIUM(20.5 to 25.5

mm). . . . . 82.50 72.00 75.90

136.80

65.00

MEDIUMLONG (26.0 to27.5 mm)

87.54 72.50 77.00 81.50 74.00 42.00

LONG(28.0 to

33.5 mm)68.45 71.00 71.50 60.00 52.00

61.00 51.00 89.95 94.07

125.00

EXTRA LONG

(34 mm &above)

5.66 4.50 5.00 5.00 4.50 5.00 4.00 5.55 5.02 5.00

TOTAL177.90

158.00

165.00

156.00

140.00

158.00

136.00

179.00

243.00

244.00

Note : Staple-group-wise production figures are estimated


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2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

11.3 8.2 6.13 7.27 9.71SHORT(below

20.0

mm) (7.51) (5.72) (4.21) (4.83) (6.50)53.79 45.04 42.19 47.83 46.05MEDIUM

(20.5 to

25.5

mm) (35.76) (31.44) (28.99) (31.76) (30.83)29.62 27.64 25.77 25.82 24.44MEDIUM

LONG

(26.0 to

27.5

mm) (19.69) (19.30) (17.71) (17.15) (16.37)47.63 53.68 58.18 47.31 43.79LONG

(28.0 to

33.5

mm) (31.67) (37.48) (39.98) (31.43) (29.32)7.24 6.07 5.78 4.28 3.86EXTRA

LONG

(34 mm

& above) (4.82) (4.24) (3.97) (2.84) (2.58)149.58 140.63 138.05 132.51 127.85

TOTAL

INDIAN

COTTON (99.45) (98.18) (94.86) (87.99) (85.60)0.83 2.61 7.48 18.08 21.51

FOREIGN

COTTON(0.55) (1.82) (5.14) (12.01) (14.40)150.41 143.24 145.53 150.59 149.36

GRAND

TOTAL(100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)

SSI Mills 7.50 6.54 6.24 8.37 10.97Note : Figures inbracket indicatepercentage to the total Figures in lakh bales of170 kgs each

Cotton year - October to September

Staple-wise mill consumption of cotton (Non-SSI)


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http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/program/ub2002/images/CLBphoto6.jpg


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http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=taipan.nmsu.edu/weeds/images/ctndna.jpg&imgrefurl=http://taipan.nmsu.edu/weeds/cotton.html&h=222&w=352&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcotton%2Bchromosomes%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=taipan.nmsu.edu/weeds/images/ctndna.jpg&imgrefurl=http://taipan.nmsu.edu/weeds/cotton.html&h=222&w=352&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcotton%2Bchromosomes%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG


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COTTON Bollworms

Heliothes armigera(American bollworm )

Earias fabia

(spotted bollworm)

Pectinofera gossipella

(pink bollworm)Spodoptera marutia

(tobacco caterpillar)


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SUPPRESSED. Populations of pink

bollworm (above) shrink in regions withabundant Bt cotton.

T. Dennehy


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NATURE OF DAMAGE

caused by Bollworms CATERPILLERS feed voraciously on the

foliage, buds, flowers & developing bolls.

They insert head inside bolls and feed onthe succulant fruit,( the other part of thebody remaining out side the boll).

A big hole can be seen on several bolls as a

symptom of the damage caused bybollworms Adults do not cause damage.


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Life cycle of Bollworms Eggs are spherical and yellowish colored. They are laid on flowers,bolls,squares and

rarely on leaves and tender shoots. Pupation generally takes place in soil.

Egg period is 2 to 3 days.

Larval period is 10 to 15 days.

Pupation period 5 to 7 days Single female can lay 3000 eggs in a

generation.


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AgainstYield Loss Before and Between Sprays.

The Bollgard Advantage is Subthreshold ProtectionTM. Protecting


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Relative importance of cotton pests as targeted by farmers in India(% represent the degree of importance given)

12

17

20

79

45

42

22

2

5

9

19

28

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Mites

Dusky cotton bug

Pink bollworm

Red spider mite

Spotted bollworm

Tobacco caterpillar

Thrips

Cotton leafroller

Whitefly

Aphid

Jassids

Helicoverpa

Source: FKAIM Res . (1997)

Percentages


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Av. no. of times insecticides sprayed by cotton

farmers

in various States in India

15

7.8

6.5 6.1 5.9 5.5

7.3

5.26.9

9.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Andhra

Pradesh

Karnataka Punjab Madhya

Pradesh

Haryana Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Gujarat Total

Average

Source: FKAIM Res. (1997)


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Cotton textile sector when harnessed onscientific lines has the potential to

contributefor an export of Rs 50,000 crores.C. Subramaniam : Bharat Ratna

King of Apparel FibersWhite Gold

Why Transform Cotton???


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Bt Gene History

Bt organism

1901 Japanese Biologist isolated from diseased silk worm

4 German Scientist isolated from flour moth

grain mill Thuringia - Bacillus thuringiensis

1927 Bt Preperation - Targeting Lepidopteran insects

Germany1938 Bt Commercial product- Sporeine in France

1940s Bt -Large scale - Thuricide by Sandoz


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Bt Formulations:Spore and Crystal proteins

Large scale production 1950s -Thuricide TM

Never occupied large share

Organic farmers and gardeners

Plausible reasons:

Lack of StabilityFailure to Penetrate

Too Narrow Specificity


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Crystal Protein


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GeneCrystalshape

Proteinsize(kDa)

Insect activity

cry I [severalsubgroups:A(a), A(b), A(c), B, C, D,E, F, G]

bipyramidal 130-138

lepidopteralarvae

cry II [subgroups A, B,C]

cuboidal 69-71lepidoptera anddiptera

cry III [subgroups A, B,C]

flat/irregular

73-74 coleoptera

cry IV [subgroups A, B,C, D]

bipyramidal

73-134 diptera

cry V-IX various 35-129 various


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cry gene classescry gene classes

I. Lepidopteran-specific

II.Lepidopteran and Dipteran specific

III. Coleopteran specific

IV. Dipteran specific

V. Coleopteran and Lepidopteran

90 cry genes encoding25 distinct cry proteins


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The basic process of plant transformation with

Agrobacterium and the gene gun. (click on image for a

26KB color illustration)


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igure 3. Crown gall resulting when bacterial DNA is

naturally transformed into the tree. (Used with permission

from University of California Statewide IPM Project, J.K.

Clark, photographer) (click on image for a 37KB colorphotograph)


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1966 USDA Scientist -isolated more

effective strain ofB.t. kurstaki

basis for many new Bt products

Gram-positive,Spore-forming Produces a crystal protein which is TOXIC

to the gut cells- CRY PROTIEN

BipyramidalSphericalRectangularIrregular pointed

Irregular spherical


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The delta-endotoxins from Bacillusthuringiensis are able to form pores

in the midgut membrane of insects,killing them through starvation andsepticemia. Their toxicity is highly

specific against insects in the ordersof Lepidoptera(caterpillars),Diptera(mosquitoes and black flies) and

Coleoptera (beetles and weevils).

Endotoxins are safe to humans


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Target Pests

Cotton varieties containing the Bollgard gene areconsistently efficacious on tobacco budworm

(Heliothis virescens) and pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella). Bollgard varieties in

general provide effective suppression of cottonbollworm (Helicoverpa zea), which should reduce the

number of spray applications for this pest throughout

most of the Cotton Belt. However, under certain

circumstances during the blooming period, producers

may need supplemental insecticide applications to

fully control cotton bollworm.

MECHANISM OF ACTIONMECHANISM OF ACTION


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MECHANISM OF ACTIONMECHANISM OF ACTION

Caterpillar consumes foliage withBt toxin

Toxin binds to receptors & inserts into

the gutcell membrane creating a pore for

ions to penetrate into cells

Gut wall breaks down

Caterpillar dies in 1-2 days


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1891 GMO CROPS RELEASED

INTO ENVIRONMENT IN USA FOR

HT/IR/FR/IR/PQ/PQ/VR/VR 1.MONSANTO.2.CIBA-GEIGY,3.MILES,4.AMERICAN CYANAMIDE,5.MICHIGAN

STATE-Univ.6.NORTHRUP KING,7.DEKALB,8.DELTA AND PINELAND,

9.EPA,10.CALGENE,11,PIONEER,12.NORTH CAROLINA

STATE U,13.ROGERS NK,14. MYCOGEN,15.HUNT-WESON,16.FRITO

LEY,17.DOW,18.U. OF GEORGIA,19.,20.JACOB HARTZ,21. CARGILL,22.

PETOSEED,23.ICI,24.ARS,25.ASGROW,

26.NC+HYBRIDS,27.NEW MEXICO STATE U.28.HOLDENS,29.OHIO STATE

U.,30.HOLDENS,31. GENETIC ENTERPRISES,32.GREAT LAKES HYBRIDS,

33.GOLDEN HARVEST SEEDS,34.LIMAGRAIN, 35.WYFFELS HYBRIDS,36.PLANT

GENETICS,37.BECKS SUPERIOR HYBRIDS,38.HARRIS MORAN,39.ICI-GARST,

40.AGRACETUS,41.PLANT GENETIC SYSTEMS,41.OREGAN STATE U.,42. BHN

RESEARCH, 43 .U.OF CALIFORNIA,44.NOVARTIS SEEDS,45.GARST,

46.AGRO EVO.47.STINE BIOTECHNOLOGY,48.U.OF CHICAGO,49.COOK G RUTGERS

U.50.SEMINIS VEGETABLE SEEDS,51.SCOTTS,52.

Mode of Action


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Mode of Action


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1981 Ernest Schnepf and Helen Whiteley cloned

Bt gene Gene products releasedCRY GENE

Products

1985 Global sales ofBt insecticides - $50 million

still less than 1% of total world insecticide

market

Key Dates in B.t., History


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sp rayin g Btformulations(Endotoxins)

The production of the biopesticide is

relatively expensive

Its application requires Agricultural Machinery

Requires repeated applications

Sunlight breaks down the active ingredient Water/Rain washes the protein from the plants

Thus, for limited time insects are exposed

Wh t i th


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What is the

solutionProduction of a system that is

More stable

Ever Ready

TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Plants that contain the FUNCTIONALCRY GENE


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Sl. No. Country Area Under Cotton Production of cotton Production of Cotton(in 1000 ha) Kgs/ha (in 1000 tonnes)

1 India 8900 391 2856

2 USA 5376 769 41323 China 4560 943 4300

4 Pakistan 2890 552 15985 Turkey 709 1065 755

6 Egypt 360 873 315

7 Mexico 197 1056 208

Cotton Production and Productivityin Various Countries(2000)


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CROP-WISE CONSUMPTION OF INSECTICIDES IN INDIACROP-WISE CONSUMPTION OF INSECTICIDES IN INDIA

Others

8%

Plantation

Crops

8%Fruits &

Vegetables

13%

Rice

17%

Cotton

54%


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Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar had a rather


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Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar had a ratherunusual bunch of visitors last week - Greenpeaceprotesters dressed up as sheep and cattle, who campedoutside his office. The "animals" were asking for aninvestigation into the death of 1,600 head of cattle and

sheep in Andhra Pradesh in April 2006. The deaths wereclosely linked to prolonged consumption of Bt cottonstalks and leaves that were left in fields after the harvest.Bt cotton is the only genetically modified (GM) seed soldin India. In the four years since it has been in use, not onlyhas it failed to live up to its claim of being a `miracle seed',but it has also had harmful effects on biosafety. At a time

when the safety of Bt cotton is highly suspect, thegovernment's Genetic Engineering Approval Committee

(GEAC) is considering clearance of large-scale field trialsof Bt Brinjal. It is the first time that GM Brinjal is beingreleased for an advanced stage of field trials in open

conditions anywhere in the world. It is also the closestIndia has got to sanctioning GM food crops. - S. Subramanium

De elopment of Transgenic Bt Cotton


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Isolation of Cry gene from Bt

TransformationAgrobacterium tumefaciencs

A. t. cells grown with Plant Cells

Transformed Plant cells identified and grown into

full plant for seed production

Field Testing

Development of Transgenic Bt Cotton


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Monsanto developed first TransgenicBt Cotton

Trade Name BollgardTM

Monsanto transformedCocker 312with the

cry1A(c) gene

Crossed withElite varietyfollowed by

several back crosses.


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How Bol lga rd helps t he cot tonfarmer.Improved insect controlImproved insect control

Less insecticide useLess insecticide use

Lower input costLower input costLess environmental pollutionLess environmental pollutionLess human exposureLess human exposure

Potential for yield increase - increasedPotential for yield increase - increasedincomeincome

Safe to beneficial insectsSafe to beneficial insects

Global Area of Bt-Crops & All Other


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Global Area of Bt-Crops & All OtherTransgenic Crops, 1996 - 1999

1.14.0

8.011.7

11.0 (547%)

1.7

27.8 (153%)

39.9 (44%)

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

1996 1997 1998 1999

Hectares

inmillion(&%

increase

All Transgenic Crops

Insect Resistant Bt-Crops


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. Five major Gene

Giants -Pharmacia(Monsanto), DuPont,Syngenta, Bayer,Dow - are the fivecompanies that

dominate ag biotech.


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. Four industrial crop

commoditiessoybeans [63%],maize [19%],

cotton [13%],canola [5%].accounted for 100% of

the commercial GM croparea planted in 2001.

Wh d l Bt t t d C tt


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Why develop Btprotected Cotton

Need

Tissue boring insects are difficult to reach with

chemical insecticides

Bt technology is:

Cost effective

Environmentally acceptable

Low-risk pest control tool



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Positive aspects of Bt technology

Offers safe and effective insect control

Bt spray formulations are in use since1961 and hence extensive safety database

on Bt insecticidal proteins is available

Intense need for better pest control

methods with environmental benefits


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Why develop Bt protectedCott on Technical feasibility

By a combination of methods in plant tissue culture

and molecular biology, Bt genes are easy to clone

and express in plants

Difficulty of efficiently expressing bacterial genes

in

plants have been overcome

Large gene pool of bioactive proteins in Bt strains

(resistance can be built easily)



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EfficacyBt proteins in spray formulations have

been used for the last 40 years

Btprotected plants produce adequate

quantities ofBtprotein to ensure effective

insect control

Btproteins produced in plants areprotected from environmental degradation

Bt PROTECTED CROPS


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Crop Cry protein Pest(s) controlled Date of first

introductionPotato Cry3A Colorado potato beetle 1995

Cotton Cry1Ac Tobacco budworm, cotton

bollworm, pink bollworm

1996

Corn Cry1Ab European corn borer,

southwestern corn borer,

corn earworm

1996

Corn Cry1Ac European corn borer,southwestern corn borer

1997

Sourc e : Betz et al.2000 (Reg. Toxic.Pharma c. 32 ); EPA (1995,1996 & 1997)

Bt PROTECTED CROPS


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C O N C E R N SO N C E R N SRi sk As se ssm ent I ssue si sk As se ssm ent I ssue sBt - cottonBt - cotton

Fee dSafetyAller gen ic it yOutc rossi ngEffec ts on Non -ta rget O rganismsDeve lop men t of Resi stance inboll wor ms to Cr y1Ac

Safety assessment summary for Bollgard


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y y gcotton shows . . .

Co mpo nen t Cha ngedUncha nge dNu tri ti ona l c ompo siti on Anima l feed perfo rma nc e(ro dents & birdsSo il mi cro flor a ) Toxica nts CPFA , a fl atoxi n *)Proces si ng /fiber qu ality Agrono mi cperf ormance Sa fet y to no n- ta rget or gani sms Disea se su sc eptibi lity /outcrossing / competit iv eness Res ista nce to lepido pter an i nsec ts Two a ddi ti onal pr ot eins

Safety Assessment of


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Safety Assessment of

Biotech Products

Scientific studies :

Characterization of genetic insert in the plant

Safety of the newly expressed protein(s)

Rapidly degr aded i n so il

That the genetic modification has not changedthe safety and nutritional qualities of the food

or feed

Environmental safety

Animal Feeding Studies Confirmed the


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safety and nutritional quality of B.t.

cotton..

28 day rat

5-8 day quail

10 week catfish

90 day goat

B.t. Cotton equivalent to control

...Compared to control and conventional cotton varieties

DEVELOPMENT OF Bt COTTON IN INDIADEVELOPMENT OF Bt COTTON IN INDIA


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1994: Application of import seed

1995: Imported seed1995-96:Green house trial1996-97: Limited field trials at 5 locations

over 2 years1998: Multilocation replicated trials1998: Safety data presented on

ruminant and allerginicity studies1999: Data on multicentric trials ready2000-01: second year tests in progress

International Scenario


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Last 20 years nearly 25000 crop field trials -

with 60 crops for 10 traits in 45 countries.

1992 - China - Virus Resistant Tobacco

1994 - USA - Delayed Ripening in Tomato

1996 - 97 Principal Crops were grown in7 million acres around the world

Tobacco, Cotton, Soybean,Corn, Canola, Tomato and Potato.

GLOBAL COMMERCIAL STATUSGLOBAL COMMERCIAL STATUS


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COUNTRY YEAR OF APPROVAL 1998 ACREAGE

USA 1995 2500 k acres

Australia 1996 200 k acres

Mexico 1997 100 k acresChina 1998 130 k acres

Argentina 1998 20 k acres

S. Africa 1998 30 k acres

Total 2980 k acres

GLOBAL COMMERCIAL STATUSGLOBAL COMMERCIAL STATUS

Adv ant ages of usi ng B t protec ted Crops


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Number o f Pestici de Treatm ents f or Bollw orm/Budw orm Acr ossSix Majo r Cotto n Stat es in th e US

Reducti on in Pesticide App licat ions inthe U.S.

INS EC T PR O T EC T E D C OT T ON - 1 998Conv en tio nal cott on : 5. 3 sp ray sInsect- prot ect ed cotton : 1. 8 sp ray sNE T: > 5M acr e-tr eatm en ts elim in at ed2. 0M lbs of in secti cide elim in ated

SOURCE: GIANESSI &

CARPENTER; National

Center for Food and

Agricultural Policy, July

1999

Bo llgardIntro du ce d

Reduced inse cti ci dal tr eatment

INDIA GOVT approves


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INDIA GOVT. approvesuse of Bt.cotton

The GEAC has approved the release of threetransgenic Bt cotton hybrids,

MAHYCO,on 27 March 2002 Bt BECH 12, Bt BECH 162, Bt BECH 184,containing

CRY 1 Ac and other genes offers resistance forbollworms upto 100 DAS The period of validity of approval is for three years

from April 2002-March 2005

Monsanto owns a 26% stake in MAHYCO.

to sell the RCH 2 Bt seed in


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to sell the RCH 2 Bt seed in

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka and Andhra

Pradesh.

RCH 2 is developed by Rassi Seeds, a sub-

licencee of the US multinational,Monsanto. RCH 2 becomes the fourth Bt

cotton seed variety to be released.


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NEW DELHI, MAY 22: The GeneticEngineering Approval Committee

(GEAC) in its emergency meeting

convened on last Friday approved twoBt cotton hybrids of Nuziveedu Seeds

namelyNCS-145 Bunny Btand NCS-

207 Mallika Bt for commercial

cultivation in south and central India.


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(GEAC) -- approved large-scale field trials

and seed production of 12 varieties of Bt

cotton hybrids. At a meeting on April15,2005, the committee allowed Rasi Seeds to

conduct large-scale field trials and produce

seeds forRCH 118 Bt andRCH 559 Bt incentral India. Rasi Seeds has also been

allowed to conduct field trials and produce

seeds forRCH 368 Bt in south India andRCH 317Bt in north India..


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the seeds of choice for the farmers have

been the legally approved RCH-2 Bt (Rasi

seeds) and Bunny-Bt (Nuziveedu Seeds)

with royalties of Rs1250 per packet going to

Monsanto who owns the patent for the Bt

gene. A plethora of cheaper unauthorised

and unauthenticated Bt seed of dubiousorigin have also been sold openly in the

market. @Rs1650/-450g.Pkt.


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15.6 m.bales(170kg) Next crop going to be

taken up is MUSTARD in coming fewmonths

SOYBEAN,CORN,RICE,& alsoCHICK

PEA(ICRISAT) would be others in the list.Mahyco trails goes on all vegetables-

brinjal,cucurbits,chillies,gourds etc

Mustard Next

GM BRINJAL


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GM BRINJAL

Indian Cotton Farmers Betrayed


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Bt cotton has miraculous powers?

Bt cotton in the Pesticide capitalof the world -GUNTURBlack is white for Bt cotton

Bt cotton kills thousandsScience finds against Bt cottonIndian Government knew all

along.Bt crops break all biosafety

rules.

Return to organic agriculture is

the real solution


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ThankingThankingUUAllAll


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