b.tech i st year lab manual

8/9/2019 B.TECH I St Year Lab Manual

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FIRST YEAR ENGLISH LAB MANUAL

PREPARED BYD. INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN ENGLISHDEPT. OF ENGLISH

JOGINPALLY B.R ENGINEERING COLLEGEYenkapally (v), moinabad (m), R.R. Dist


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UNIT-I

PHONETICSINTRODUCTION: Language has a very important social purpose, because it is mainlyused for linguistic communication. Linguistics is a systematic study of language.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics and it is the branch dealing with the medium of speech. It deals with the production, transmission and reception of the sounds of humanspeech.

SPEECH MECHANISM:

To speak we use a special mechanism which produces sound with the help of energizer, avibrator and resonators. The energizer in reality is the exhaled breath, the vocal cords actas the vibrators and the resonators are the passages of the throat, mouth and nose. Soundis produced by allowing the air to pass from the lungs through the wind-pipe to the mouthor the nose, and by using the tongue and lips in various positions letting it escape. Whenthe air escapes through the nose either wholly or partially, nasal sounds are produced or when it.

ORGANS OF SPEECH

Most sounds of most languages are produced with a pulmonic aggressive air streammechanism. The air that we breathe out comes out of the lungs. Before it gets out into theouter atmosphere, various organs in our body convert it into speech sounds. These organsare called the organs of speech.The organs of speech can be divided into the following three groups.1.The respiratory system: This comprises the lungs, the muscles of the chest andwindpipe or trachea.2. The phonatory system: This comprises the larynx.3.The articulatory system: This comprises the nose, the teeth, the tongue, the roof of themouth and the lipsSounds during which the air escapes only through the nose are called nasal sounds. Toascertain whether a sound is oral or nasal, we can block the nostrils while articulating thesound. If the sound stops, the sound is nasal. If we can continue to produce the soundeven after the blocking the nostrils then the sound is oral. Egg sss, mmmNEAT LABELLED DIAGRAM OF THE ORGANS OF SPEECH


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DESCRIPTION OF CONSONANTSSounds that are not vowels are called consonants. In their production there is anaudible friction or modification at some place in the mouth. Consonants are classifiedon the basis of

a. place of articulationb. manner of articulation

A consonant is usually, described taking into account place of articulation and itsmanner of articulation. Manner of articulation refers to the stricture involved and

plosive, affricates, nasal, fricatives etc, are labels given to consonants according totheir manner of articulation.

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Place of articulation means the two articulators involved in the production of consonant.a. Bilabial : The two lips are the articulators

Eg: /p/ ,/b/ ,/m/ as in pile, bile, mile are bilabial sounds

b. Labio-Dental : The active articulator is the lower lip and the passive articulatorsare the upper front teeth eg: /f/,/v/ as in fine and vine.

c. Dental : The tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the upper front teeth are the passive articulator eg: as in thin and them

d. Alveolar : The tip or blade of the tongue is the active articulator and theteeth ridge is the passive articulator. Eg:/ t/,/d//,n/,/s,/ /z/ ,/l/as in tin, nib, sin, zip, love

e. Post-Alveolar : The tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the part of theroof of the mouth that lies immediately behind the teeth ridge isthe passive articulator eg:/ r/as in try, dry

f. Palato-Alveolar: The tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the teeth ridge isthe passive articulator. Simultaneously, the front of the tongue israised in the direction of the hard palate. eg: as in chin,sheep,

jeep and cheap

g. Palatal: The front of the tongue is the active articulator and hard palate isthe passive articulator eg: /j/ as in yes.

h. Velar: The back of the tongue is the active articulator and soft palate isthe passive articulator eg: final sound as in back, bag, bang .

i. Glottal: Glottal sounds are produced at the glottis and the two cords are thearticulators; eg: / h / as in hat.


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MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Manner of articulation refers to the stricture involved and plosive, affricates, nasal,fricatives etc, are labels given to consonants according to their manner of articulation.

a. Plosive or Stop:Plosive are articulated with a complete closure and slow release of the air passage.E.g.: /p/ -pin: / b/ -bin: / t / -tin: /d / -din: / k/ -kin:/ g/-gum

b. Affricate:Sounds are articulated with complete closure and slow release of the air passage.Eg: / ts/ - chain : /d3/ -jane

c. Fricative :The air passage is narrowed at some place in the mouth so that the air, whileescaping causes audible friction. E.g.:/ f /-fine: /v/ -vine: / o/ -think: /d /-this: / s/-seal: /z/ -zeal:/ / -sheep: / / -measure: / h/ -how

d. Nasal:There is complete closure at some point in the mouth and the air is releasedthrough the nose. E.g.: /m / -mat: / n/ -net: / n / -sung

e. Lateral :There is complete closure of the mouth with the air escaping through the sides of

the tongue. E.g.: / l / -lightf. Approximants: An approximant is articulated with a stricture of open

approximation. That is, it is vowel-like in its articulation, but is classified as aconsonant because it always occupies the marginal c position in the structure of asyllable. E.g.: / r/ -rat: / j / - year: / w/ - watch


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DRAW A TABLE REPRESENTING PLACE OF ARTICULATION AND MANNER OF ARTICULATION

S.no Bilabial Labio-Dental

Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar

Palato-Alveolar

Palatal Velar

Glohal

1 PlosiveUnvoiced

Voiced

p

b

t

d

k

g

2 AffricateUnvoicedVoiced

3 FricativeUnvoiced

Voiced

f

v

s

z

h

4 Nasal M n

5 Lateral

6 Semi

Vowel

W j

7 FrictionlessContinuant

r


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VOICED AND VOICELESS SOUNDS

VOICED SOUNDS:

A vibrating sound is called a voiced sound (Whether high or low, produced by thisrapid opening and closing of the vocal cords is called voiced).

VOICED INITIAL MEDAL FINAL

/ p /

/ t /

/ k /

/ f /

/ o /

/ s /

/ h /

/ ts /

/ /

Pin

Tin

Cot

Fall

Thing

Seen

Heal

Cheap

Ship

Paper

Pattern

Packet

Reference:

Pathetic

Specific

Rehearse

Butcher

-

Stop

Pot

Lock

Proof

Breathe

Face

-

Catch

Mash


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VOICELESS SOUNDS:

A sound without vibration is called voiceless sound (Voiceless sounds are madewith the vocal cords drawn apart so that air can pass our freely between them andthere is no vibration)

VOICELESS INITIAL MEDAL FINAL

/ b // d // g // v // // z //d3 // m // n /

/ y // l // j // w // r // 3 /

BinDearGoVeryThatZealJoinMoonNight

-LoveYesWhyRead

-

AbleModelGargleEveryMotherPuzzleMajorFamilyConcept

BangleFollowAccuseQuiteBarragePleasure

JobBuildBagApproveWithBuzzEdgeCalmFine

SingBull--

Far(r)Garage


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DESCRIPTION OF VOWELS

Vowels are articulators with stricture of open approximation. That is active articulator is raised in the direction of the passive articulator in such a way that there is sufficientgap between them to allow the air to escape freely and continuously with out anyfriction.The tongue can assume a large number of positions during the articulation of vowelssounds, but the upper surface of the main body of the tongue is usually convex. Thisis because some part of the tongue, the front, back or center is raised in the directionof the roof of the mouth.

FRONT VOWELS: Front vowels are those during the articulation of which the frontof the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate. Eg: bee, bed, and bad.

BACK VOWELS: Back vowels are those during the articulation of which the back of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate in such a way that there is asufficiently wide gap between them for the air to escape without friction. Eg: cart,cot, caught, push, pool.

CENTRAL VOWELS: Raising the centre of the tongue in the direction of that partof the roof of the mouth where the hard and the soft palate meet produce centralvowels. Eg: cup, heard.

PURE VOWELS DIPHTHONGS

Symbol Initial Medial Final

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

Aim

Eye

Oil

Air

Ear

-

Over

Out

Name

Mine

Boil

Caring

Serious

During

Spoke

About

Nay

Shy

Boy

Fair

Beer

Cure

Know

Allow

Symbol Initial Medial Final

/ I // I:// u // u: // e // // a: // 9 // // // // /

IllEel-OozeEndUpAreAboutEarnOptAllApple

FillSeek PutPoolTenHutHeartTowardsFirmShotShortCat

CitySeeYouDrew--CarFatherSir-Saw-


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UNIT II INTRODUCTION TO STRESS

STRESS means a distinctive sound. Not all syllables in an utterance in English arespoken with equal emphasis. There are certain syllables which are stressed more thanothers. Thus in the word father the first syllable / fa:/ is stressed and so it is spokenmore prominently that the second syllable . Similarly in the word about: the

second syllable is stressed and so, is spoken prominently than the first syllable.

RULES OF WORD STRESS:

1. Two syllable nouns usually carry the stress on the first syllable.Eg: `Window, Àpril, `problem.

2. Two syllable verbs usually carry the stress on the last syllable.Eg: Be`gin, be`lieve, in`volve

3. Words ending with tion or sion carry the stress on the syllable before tion &-sion.Eg: revo`lution, dis`cussion, in`tention.

1. Words ending in ic or ical carry the stress before ic/ical.Eg: photo`graphic, e`lectrical, auto`matic2. Words ending in ity carry stress on the syllable before ity

Eg: elec`tricity, se`curity, hu`manity3. Words ending in ogy, carry the stress on the syllable before ogy

Eg: Biòlogy, psyòlogy, tech`nology.4. Compound words

a. if the compound is a noun the stress is usually on the first part of thecompound.

Eg: `waterfall, `credit-card, `greenhouse5. If the compound is an adjective or a verb the stress is usually on the second part

of the compound.Eg: middle-àged, well-be`haved, over-`take.6. If an adverb ends in in ically, the main stress is on the fourth syllable counted

from the end.Eg; em`phatically, eco`nomically

7. If a words ends in ette, the main stress normally falls on the last syllable.Eg: ciga`rette, ga`zette

8. If words with prefixes, the root is stressed.Eg: a`head, a`lone, a`part, be`low.

9. If a words ends in ee or eer the main stress is normally on the last syllable.Eg: pa`yee, devo`tee, nomi`nee, engi`neer.

10. The inflexional suffixes ed, -es and ing do not affect the stress pattern.Eg: Re`late re`lated

Sub`mit sub`mitted14. In derivational suffixes age, -ance, -en, -er, -ess, -ful, -hood, -ice, -ish, -ive, -less,

-ly, -ment, or ship, -tor, -ure, -zen do not normally change the stress pattern.15. In words ending in ian or ious the syllable preceding the suffix is stressed

Eg: Mu`sician, poli`tician, in`jurious.


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INTONATION

INTRODUCTION: The rise and fall of the voice is called intonation. It is very closelylinked with stress because important changes of pitch occur with stressed syllables. Thesechanges generally take place on the last stressed syllable in an utterance and so thissyllable is called nucleus. Intonation performs the following main functions.

1. It distinguishes different types of utterance.Eg: Statements, commands, questions, requests etc.

2. It distinguishes speakers emotional attitudeEg: curiosity, doubt, friendliness, formality etc.

3. It draws the attention of the listener to those parts of an utterance which thespeaker considers Importance.

Sequences of English speech fall into well defined intonation. L.E. Armstrong andIda.c. Ward point out that these patterns can be reduced to the following.

1. FALLING TONE : The pitch of the voice falls at the end.

a. Statements: eg: This is a good book. b. Commands: eg: Come herec. Questions with question words: eg: whats this?d. Choice questions: eg: do you want black or white coffee?e. Exclamations: eg: How beautiful!f. Question tags: (if they are extensions of statements. eg: it is a bright day, isnt it?

RISING TONE: The pitch of the voice rises at the end. The rising tone usuallyoccurs in the following types of sentences.

a. Requests: eg: Come here, please. b. Yes/No questions eg: Is he in the library?c. Question tags (if the speaker has a doubt and wants confirmation or he asks a true

question) eg: They are coming to night, arent they?d. Protests eg: That wasnt my idea.e. Incomplete statements and enumeration. Eg: I went to the shop.

The following patterns should be kept in mind while using these intonation patterns.

1. Unstressed syllables at the beginning of an intonation pattern namely, before the firststressed syllable in the utterance, are spoken on a low level tone.

2. If there are any stressed syllables before the nucleus, the first such syllable is spoken on afairly high level note and the test go down in pitch the nucleus is reached.

3. Unstressed syllables between the two stressed syllables are spoken on a level note at thesame pitch as the preceding stressed syllable.


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RHYTHM

The stressed and unstressed syllables from rhythm in English. We eel it clearly when we hear the songs, rhymes or poems. In speech also we find certain rhythm in words, phrases andsentences with stressed and unstressed words generally, the conjunctions, prepositions,articles and auxiliaries are unstressed.

The Unstressed syllables accommodated between the stressed once in varying rhythmicsequences. These are beats or presses in the music.

English poem contains a stress lined rhythm. That is strongly accented syllables havetendency to occur at regular intervals of time, irrespective of the weak or unaccentedsyllables.


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UNIT III - ROLE PLAY

OBJECTIVE: To make students aware of the role of speaking in English and itscontribution to their success. To enable students to express themselves fluently andappropriately in social and professional contexts.

ROLE PLAY:Role play is a situation where people get the effective power of self expressing their Ideas .There is three types of role plays.

1. FORMAL ROLE PLAYS2. SEMI FORMAL ROLE PLAYS3. INFORMAL ROLE PLAYS

FORMAL ROLE PLAYS:

Take place between acquaintances, between elders, between new friends,

between colleagues at work place, between neighbors, between distant relativesetc. Semi formal dialogues have a mixture of formal and informal expressions; and

the language used is not as rigid as that is used in formal dialogues.

INFORMAL ROLE PLAYS :

Take place between intimate friends, between relatives, between the members of afamily, between intimate colleagues

Informal Dialogues are both short and lengthy depending up on the situation. Purposeand persons involved in conversation; the language used is both simple andunconventional; many colloquial expressions and words are used; they sometimes

begin abruptly and end abruptly.

EXAMPLE:

Tina and rina were school friends and met each other after a long time!

Tina : Hai Reena, What a surprise! How are you?

Reena : Yeah! I am fine; we met after long time my dear.

Tina : What are you doing now? Im very happy to see you.

Reena : Even me. Im very much excited. Im doing B.Pharm in J.B. Pharmacy.

Tina : Even Im doing the same, but in Bhaskara pharmacy.

Reena : Where are you living and what about your parents.

Tina : Im saying here, my parents shifted for me. What about your studies and where

are you living.


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Reena : Im studying well. Im staying in hostel. We had very lovely days in our school

age.

Tina : Really! I used to remember those days frequently.

Reena : Keep in touch with me. This is my address and phone no.

Tina : Take my phone no. I want to talk many more things but I have some work.

Reena : Its okay! Ill catch you afterwards.

Tina : Bye. Take care my dear.

Reena : Okay! By


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UNIT IV - PRESENTATION SKILLS

Presentation and reports are ways of communicating ideas and information to a group. A presentation carries the speakers personality better and allows immediate interaction between all the participants.A good presentation has1. Content2. Structure3. Packaging4. Human elementCONTENTIt contains information that people need. Presentations must account for how muchinformation the audience can absorb in one sitting.STRUCTUREIt is a logical beginning, middle and end. It must be sequenced and placed so that theaudience can understand it. The speaker must be careful not to loose the audience whilediscussing the main point of the presentation.PACKAGINGIt must be well prepared. The audience is at the mercy of the presenter HUMAN ELEMENTA good presentation will be remembered because it has a person attached to it. But youstill need to analyze, if the audience needs would be better met by the presentation.

I.VOICE : the voice is probably the most valuable tool of the presenter. It carries most of the content that the audience takes away. One of the oddities of the speech is that we caneasily tell others what is wrong with their voice. Eg.too fast, too high, too soft etc., butwe have trouble listening to and changing our own voices.There are four main terms used for defining vocal qualities.

VOLUME: how loud the sound is, good speakers lower their voice to draw theaudience in, and rise it to make a point.

TONE: the characteristics of a sound. A voice that carries fear can frighten theaudience, while a voice that carries laughter can get the audience to smile.

PITCH: how high or low a note is. PACE: this is how long a sound lasts. Talking too fast carries the words and

syllables to be short, while talking slowly lengthens them. Varying the pace helpsus to maintain audience interest.

II.THE BODY : your body communicates different impressions to the audience. Peoplenot only listen to you, they also watch you. Slouching tells that you are indifferent or youdo not care even though you might care a great deal. On the other hand displaying a good

posture tells your audience that you know what you are doing and care deeply about it.Also a good posture helps you to speak more clearly and efficiently.Throughout the presentation display

EYE CONTACT: this helps to regulate the flow of communication. It signalsinterest in others and increases the speakers credibility. Speakers who make eyecontact open the flow of communication and convey interest concern warmth andcredibility.


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FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: smiling is a powerful cue that transmits happiness,friendliness, warmth and liking. So if you smile frequently you will be perceivedas more likable, friendly and approachable. Smiling is contagious and others willreact favorably. They will be more comfortable around you and will want to listento you more and more.

GESTURES: if you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring and stiff. A lively speaking style captures attention, makes the materialmore interesting and facilitates understandingPOSTURE AND BODY ORIENTATION: standing and leaning forwardcommunicates that you are approachable, respective and friendly. Interpersonalcloseness results when you and your audience face each other. Speaking with our

back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided as itcommunicates disinterest.PROXIMITY: cultural norms dictate comfortable distance for interaction withothers. You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading othersspace. Some of these are- rocking, leg swinging, tapping,, and gaze aversion.

Typically in large rooms space invasion is not a problem. In most instances thereis too much distance. To counteract this move around the room to interaction withyour audience. Increasing the proximity enables you to make better eye contactand increases the opportunity for others to speak.VARY YOUR VOICE: one of the major criticisms of speakers is that they speak in a monotone voice. Listeners perceive this type of speaker as boring and dull.People report that they learn less and loose interest more quickly when listeningto those who have not learnt to modulate their voices.

III.TENSION ; The main enemy of a presenter is tension which ruins the voice, postureand spontaneity. First do not fight nerves, welcome them. Then you can get on with the

presentation instead of focusing in on being nervous. Performing some relaxationexercises can reduce tension.

IV QUESTIONS : Always allow time at the end of the presentation for questions. Pausefor about six seconds to allow the audience to gather their thoughts. When answeringdirect your remarks to the entire audience. To reinforce your presentation, try to relate thequestion back to the main points.

PREPARING THE PRESENTATION : Great presentations require some planning. A presentation follows the same basic guidelines as preparing for a meeting. Such asacquiring a room, informing participants, etc. the second step is to prepare the

presentation. A good presentation starts out with introductions that needs an objectivethat is, the purpose or goal of the presentation. Next, comes the body of the presentation.Jotting down the main points on a set of index cards is the best method. After the bodycomes the closing. This is where you ask for questions, provide a summary and thank the

participants for attending.


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UNIT V - JUST A MINUTE SESSIONS

OBJECTIVE : To make student aware of the role of speaking in English and itscontributing to their success. To enable students to express themselves fluently andappropriately in social and professional contexts.

INTRODUCTIONJust a minute is an oral presentation. The participant is going to make a small

presentation on the dais before a group of audience. The participant makes a brief speechon any one of the selected subjects. For a good just a minute presentation, the participantis expected to possess the communication skills.

These communication skills may be broadly divided into three called1, language competence2. Eye-contact3. Kinesics

1. LANGUAGE COMPETENCE ; language competence deals with three aspects. Theyare fluency, accuracy and appropriacy. Fluency is connected with vocabulary. So the

participant should be capable of using different kinds of word form in a correct manner.Accuracy deals with grammar. The participant should learn the various rules andregulations regarding the usage of words. Appropriacy is connected with coloration. The

participant should be capable of using the apt word for apt situation.

II.EYE-CONTACT : In any oral presentation, the eye-contact a major role. The participant is expected to look into the eyes of his or her audience so that the audience pays attention on his speech. Good eye contact would give a lot of confidence to the participant.

3. KINESICS : kinesics, gestures or body language plays a major role in oral presentation. The participant should possess an optimistic attitude. A short smile at thestart of the speech makes the participant confident and the audience will be interested.The participant is free to move his limbs a bit to explain his subject effectively. But hismovements should be limited. Facial expressions too play a vital role in the success of aJAM. Session.

The participant has to pay attention on the situation and the audience. His or her preparation should be according to the audience. After all the audience satisfaction is themost needed thing. JAM may consist of two stages. One is called preparation. Under

preparation the participant drafts the speech. The second stage is called execution. Heencodes his speech according to the needs of the audience. Finally, he would concludethe summary of the speech. It is a time-bound presentation and therefore, the participantshould prepare meticulously before executing his plan of action


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UNIT VI - DESCRIPTION

OBJECTIVE : to make the students aware of the role of speaking in English and itscontribution to their success. To enable students to express themselves fluently andappropriately in social and professional contexts

PROCEDURE: The subject of a description can be people and places, objects or processes and

mechanisms. To write a good description we should know why it is written and whom it is

written for. Because describing something involves recreating your experiences and

impressions, it is important that you perceive accurately the subject of your description before you begin writing.

Be as specific as you can and give as many details as possible. Avoid using general, vague or abstract words in your description. In describing processes and mechanisms, remember to use the passive voice and

also follow a sequence that can be indicated by words such as firstly, secondly,then, next and finally.

DESCRIBING OBJECTS :Introduction: how do we describe objects? We may start with physical description of theobject, such description that includes part of a more comprehensive description, whichincludes information of the objects, characteristics and features. In other words it includes

particular description of he whole object. The objects may be anything, a pen, a book, a

computer, a car, a bike and many others.The description of objects includes the description of the whole thing. We may start with

the invention of the thing, i.e. The person who invented the particular thing. Then goingfor its physical description, its advantages and disadvantages. Let us consider the belowexample.

EXAMPLE OF OBJECTS. Pen, book, pencil, computer, car, some types of machines,some cooking things, household things and others.

Description of a pen . Pen was invented by Germans. Pen consists of two major parts i.e.Outer part and inner refill. The outer part provides good grip for writing. The refillconsists of ink it is for the purpose of writing. The principle of working of pen is mainly

due to capillary action, according to physics. In market now a days a wide variety of pensare available according to our comfort. A student cannot be anywhere without pen. Thatis the role of pen in, life of literates.

Describing a situation:Describing a situation is called a collected report. Reporting to a person, public thoroughnews channels through live telecast, through newspaper and some other modes of


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communication. The situation may be any incident, accident or mishap that occurs in our regular life.To describe a situation one is very cautious, using exact vocabulary because the wordsdiffuse or show or manifest exact meaning of situation. E.g. shouldnt use the word,accident or mishap because mishap = minor accident, accident= a severe accident.

Examples of situations : political issues, crime activities, natural disasters, accidents,strikes, suicidal attempts, and family conflicts.Sometimes to develop students communication in describing a situation one can begiven an imaginary situation.

Example : the train Delta Express from Secunderabad to Guntur that was derailed in2006. This is the situation.The train ran fast with uncontrollable energy and dashed the platform. Two bogies wereseverely damaged and others were partially damaged. Nearly 40 people were killed inthis accident. Train drivers (railway) department said that owing to brake failure thisaccident had occurred. Hospital people immediately responded to this situation and hadtaken the bodies.

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

INTRODUCTION: how do we describe people? We may start wit physical descriptionof the person. Such description which includes part of a more comprehensive descriptionwhich includes the description of the characters of the person when you write your curriculum vitae you are actually describing yourself.A good description is to a great extent depends on accurate observation withouthackneyed phrases and clichs. When we describe someone we have to concentrate onthe unique characteristics of the persons. When we describe someone we should beconcerned with what makes a person different from others rather than giving a list of what makes him similar.

FEATURES OF A PERSON Hair : a man of still faintly reddish hair flying gallantly behind his collar. Red : without turning white, golden, grey, pepper and salt, tinge or brown Eyes: the wideness of his eyes, yellow, blue, faded blue, virile electric blue, charcoal black, sand stone grey. Nose : large, color of strawberry, with brown freckles, walnut brown. Lips: dark, mixture of pink and brown, tobacco stained, red brown.Complexion: whitish brown golden, fair and dark, yellow, pink.Words pertaining to shapes : broad and square shoulders, curves, s-shaped, perfect sphere,rotundity, and straight lines.

EXAMPLE: Describing old man: The old man was a large framed man of more thanaverage height perhaps above 70 with a pink complexion and a mane of still faintly redhair. It was, infact red hair which has lost a little of its ardyer, without turning white andthe result was remarkable shade, golden in some lights. He had beard and moustache,which curled diligently, were of the same ting. Though the whites eyes were peculiarly


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specked with yellow but his most remarkable feature was his nose. It was a large nose,red and bulbous.

.

UNIT VII - INFORMATION TRANSFER

AIM: To expose the students to variety of self instructional, learner-friendly modes of language learning.

DESCRIPTION:1. Information in verbal form can be made clearer and easier to understand by

presenting it in graphic or pictorial form.2. Pictorial representation has many advantages.

-Allows quickly and easy viewing of large amount of data.-Quicker to locate required information in graphic than in a written text.-Data relating to a long period of time or to a large number of people can

Be effectively summarized.-Convenient to use in making comparisons involving large amount of data.

3. The different types of graphic representation you could use to supplementyour writing is: tables, bar charts, maps, graphs, pie charts, treeDiagrams, flow charts, and pictograms.

4. When you need to use a graphic form of communication, choose form thatwill present your data clearly, accurately and in an interesting manner.

5. When information is presented graphically, you should be able to Iinterpret or analyze it.

6. Transferring information from textual to graphic form and, conversely,from pictorial to verbal form are both important and useful skills.

I.TABLE: In its simple form, a table is a group of rows and columns of data. At the topof each column is a column heading, which defines or identifies the contents of that

column land often it indicates the unit of measurement. On the left of the table, may berow headings, which defines or identify the context of the row. In short it is a systematicmanner or arrangement of data in columns and rows.

Interpretation of data through table :The details are presented in the form of table. Many graduates were registered in theemployment exchange of Hyderabad. In 1995,250 doctors, 300 engineers, 200 graduatesand 100 technicians were registered. 100 doctors, 150 engineers, 150 graduates, and 150technicians were registered in 1996. 200 doctors, 100 engineers, 200 graduates, and 200

S.No Particulars 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total1 Doctors 250 100 200 50 6002 Engi neers 300 150 100 20 5703 Graduates 200 150 200 30 5804 Technicians 100 150 200 10 460


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technicians were registered in 1997. 50 doctors, 20 engineers, 30 graduates and 10technicians were registered in 1998.

II. BAR GRAPH : A bar graph is a diagram showing a system of connections or interrelations between two or more things by using bars. It can be used to display a wide variety of information. To construct a bar graph determine the following elements.-Title of the graph-Label for each axis-Scale for each axis-Draw a set of axis that you will use to construct your graph.

Diagram

10

15

20

25

30

West

Text : In the bar diagram the changing prices of a bag of rice in a town from January toMay s presented. In January the prices of bag of rice was only one thousand rupees. It has

increased to one thousand and hundred in February. The price is Rs.1250, Rs.1350 andRs.1400 in March, April and May respectively.

III.PIE CHART : A pie chart provides a visual representation of data as slice is. Thesizes of each slice are calculated such hat the total sum of all the data will represent thefull 360-pie circle. A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into parts. Each segmentrepresents a certain fraction or percentage of the whole


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Diagram :

1s t Qtr

10%

2nd Qtr

15%

3rd Qtr

5%

4th Qtr

10%Slice 5

35%

Slice 6

25%

Slice 7

0%

Text : The details of the expenditure of Mr.Gopal are shown in the pie chart. He earns

Rs.10, 000 a month. He spends Rs.3, 500 on food and clothing. It is equal to 35% of hisincome, a major portion. He pays 10% of his income i.e. Rs.1000 towards rent. Hespends Rs.500 on entertainment. He gives Rs.1500 to his parents. He spends Rs.1000 onother items. The total expenditure is Rs.7, 500. He saves Rs.2, 500. it is equal to 25% of his income.Tree Diagram : A tree diagram is an organizer to help us to list possible outcomes of anexperiment. It works as an if /then statement. It is a graphical representation of theseparation of the board, general information into increasing levels of detail. To make atree diagram:-Identify the goal statement-Subdivide the goal statement into major secondary categories.

-Break each major heading into greater detail-Make sure that each sub heading and path has a direct cause and effect relationship withthe one before.Diagram :


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Text : The structure of the family of Dasaratha is shown in the tree diagram Dasaratha hasfour sons. Rama, Laxmana, Bharatha and Shatrugna. He has no daughters. His eldest sonRama married sita. He had two sons Lava and Kusha.

FLOW CHART : A flow chart illustrates the step in process. By visualizing the process,a low chart can quickly help to identify bottlenecks where the process can be streamlinedor improved. To complete a flow chart:-Describing the process to be charted making use of one-line statements.-Start with trigger event.-N-Go with the main flow.-Make cross-references to the supporting information.-Follow the process through to a useful conclusion.

Diagram:


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TEXT : first the ground must be leveled. Heavy machines called bulldozers are used for this purpose. The road is made in layers. First a layer of hard core is put down.The hard core consists of gravel, crushed stone and other similar materials. Then a thick layer of asphalt mixed with crushed stone or gravel is put on top. Asphalt is rather liketar. It must be put down and spread while it is hot. A machine called road maker spreadsthe asphalt. A heavy roller then smooths the road surface.

UNIT VIII - DEBATE

DEFINITION : A debate is a line of argument where two groups of people participateand try to prove their thoughts, ideas or objectives.

Time duration : speeches should be seven minutes in duration

1. Language- most debates are in English2. Acknowledge the adjudicators and address them in an honorable language.3. Speakers must use proper language- bad language is not permitted.4. The use of props is not permitted.5. The speakers are evenly divided on both sides equally. Speakers for the topic are

called the affirmative speakers and speakers against the topic are callednegative speakers.6. The opening speaker has to define the topic. If the definition is unreasonable or

irrelevant, the opening opposition speaker may challenge the definition but if thedefinition is relevant or just doesnt suit the opening negative speaker attemptingto redefine may not go down well with the adjudicators? If a definition is givenand all the other speakers or teams completely ignore it then the defining speaker is affectively out of the debate. Definitions must also be fair and debatable.Truistic and self-proving arguments are not accepted.

7. The last speaker in each side is expected to sum up his/her sides argument andrebut or refute the arguments of the other side. Last speakers should not add anynew information to the debate.

8. Rebuttal basically involves rippling the opposing sides argument apart andexposing its weak points.

9. Be careful to avoid leaving statements hanging in mid-air.10. Specialized knowledge should not be used to unfairly define a topic.11. Heckling and barracking are common in debates but members of the audience

should respect the speaker while barracking.


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12. Remember you do not necessarily have to believe the side of the topic you are on.You just have to make appear as though you strongly believe in it.

13. Though the audiences heckle you, not matter how bad your speech is try to stayfor full time.

SPEAKING ORDER Teams:

1st opening affirmative speaker 1st opening negative speaker 2nd affirmative speaker 2nd negative speaker 3rd closing affirmative speaker 3rd closing negative speaker

RESEARCHING THE DEBATEResearch is vital to win the debate. Remember that argument is the most important part of your speech and your research should back it up.

SOURCES :1. Internet. 2. Library 3.Books 4.Journals 5.T.V & radio 6. Brainstorming.

STRUCTURE OF A SPEECH Win the audience, perhaps with a joke Dont rebut another speakers speech Define your speech(i.e.) say what you will address and how Ideally be able to state your argument in a single, short sentence. Define your team approach Lay out your argument as best to propose /oppose on 3 points. Sum up the point as quickly as possible without introducing any new point Restate the core sentence as the last thing you say in conclusion.

SPEAKING STYLESpeaking style is the most difficult aspects of debating. Always keep in mind thefollowing points.1. Speak clearly and loudly enough so your voice can b e heard by everyone.2. Try to avoid monotone and use proper stress and intonation.3. Keep eye contact with the audience and dont stare at the podium. Move your gazeto different parts of the hall regularly.4. Use your body language to back up your hands, which may distract theadjudicators.5. Dont stand strictly behind the podium but move around a bit and face differentsections of the audience.6. Dont be too complicated or too elaborate.,7. Use humor to help to win over all the audience and make your speech stand out.The best things to do is watching other speakers and see how they combine thevarious elements.PROCEDURE


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1ST affirmative opening speaker defines the topic of the debate, but it must be clearly b e linked to the debate. While defining it is made sure that thespeaker has an argument.1st negative opening speaker outlines and develops his case and then dealswith the options made by the 1 st affirmative speaker and states the reasons for his opposition.

2nd

affirmative speaker backs up his teammate and clarifies in detail that histeammate said.2nd negative speaker double the amount of time rebutting and supporting histeammates rebuttal. Constructive opposition always looks better than mereopposition for oppositions sake.3 rd affirmative speaker sums up his teams side line and rebuts the opposition

3rd negative speaker rebuts and sums up. Ideally he uses a summary of what has been said by the opposition till now as his rebuttal. He uses his last minute to sum upthe entire debate and not

UNIT IX - TELEPHONIC SKILLS

OBJECTIVE:To make the students aware of the role of speaking in English and its contribution to their success. To enable students to express themselves fluently and appropriately in social and

professional contexts.

INTRODUCTION: Telephones are one of the most commonly used modes of communication. It is also a difficult form of communication because the person at theother end of the line cannot see the facial expressions and gestures. Your ability tocommunicate clearly can make the difference in completing a successful conversation.

Common method of communication Difficult because callers cant see each other Success requires clarity.

ANSWERING THE PHONE :Definition: answering the phone well is important for the simple reason for it makes agood impression on the caller.

1. Answer a call in different situations2. Skillfully handling simultaneous calls.

ATTENDING A CALL ;DEFINITION; while attending a call speak clearly, use polite words, and listenattentively to the callers because voice makes the most impact while answering the call.

If it is the first time caller, the first words you speak will make a lastingimpression.Warmth and helpful manner reflect well on the organization.Intonation of the caller is important.

:


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Opening expressions:1.Artspeak, Good morning2.Art speak, how may I help you3.Customer service, how can I direct your call?4.Hello, this is Buro.5.Sheila speaking

Ending expressio ns:1.Ill look forward to your call2.It was nice talking to you3.Good bye, or Bye4.Ill see you on (a particular day)5.Take care, bye

ESSENTIAL SKILLSThere are some skills that are essential to have successful telephonic conversations.

o Managing your voice.o Building confidence.o Controlling the call environment.MANAGING YOUR VOICE :Since the other person on the line cant see your face, he/she interprets your moods or feelings from your voice.-Speak at a normal pace and volume.-Try to smile while talking on phone.

The other person on the call may feel your smile even though he/ she cant seeyou.

BUILDING CONFIDENCE :Know your materialKnow your caller Involve the other personSmileRelaxEstablish credibility earlyLearn name and title

Accept that some fear is goodTry to be less formalAlways be politeDont waste timeUse an agendaBe naturalAnticipate problem


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CALL ENVIRONMENT ;How to let the person on the other end know that he/she has your underlined attention, itis not always possible to control disturbances and call environment.To make the call environment more pleasant:DOS

Handle one call at a timeIf conversation is of a sensitive matter, try to have it behind closed doorsFocus your eyes on your notepad so that you dont get distractedConcentrate on your call.

DONTSDont respond to call waiting signals.Dont let colleagues interrupt you.Dont doodle top of a person or cap.

UNIT X - GIVING DIRECTIONS

OBJECTIVE:

To make the students aware of the role of speaking in English and its contribution to their success. To enable students to express themselves fluently and appropriately in social and

professional contexts.INTRODUCTION: Tone plays an important role in asking for and giving directions.

Asking for directions is a part of asking for information. So, the expressions you must usemust always be forms.EXPRESSIONS FOR ASKING :

Please tell me where the post office is? How far is your house from your office? Could you tell the way to the railway station, please? Would you mind telling me the way to the bus stand, please? I wonder if you could tell me how to reach the Andhra Bank head office. Do you, by any chance, know where HSBS Company is?

EXPRESSION FOR GIVING DIRECTIONS:T-junctionCross roadsRound aboutTraffic lightsY-junctionAcross a railway crossingUnder railway bridge


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Parallel to the canalWalk along the roadGo by the streetOn the first floor Take turn to your right/leftGo straight across.

EXAMPLE:A to BA flat is in Habsiguda, Hyderabad. It is on the outskirts of the town. It is quite a long

way from the central bus station. It is just few kilometers fro the airport.To find it from the bus station, you turn left out of the main gate, go straight on till

you reach the T-junction, turn left again follow the main road across the traffic lights,over the next cross roads. Turn left here and go straight till you reach a cinema hall.Ignore all the lanes and by lanes on your way. From the lake you take a small turning toyour left. As you do this you find yourself in Habsiguda street number 8.this road takesyou to Warangal highway. Turn left. It is opposite to CFTA. Our building is the last on inthe street. It is a stored building and my flat is on the 1 st floor. After you enter the main

gate of our complex, go up the first flight by stairs or take the lift up to the 1st

floor.

b.tech i st year lab manual

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