BRIEF HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

AR. RINO D.A. FERNANDEZ

PALEOLITHIC (Old Stone Age)32,000 BC – 12,000 BC

NOMADIC HUNTER

CAVE

MESOLITHIC (Middle Stone Age)12,000 BC – 8,000 BC

FOOD GATHERER

TEMPORARY

SHELTER FROM

PERISHABLE

MATERIALS

NEOLITHIC (New Stone Age)8,000 BC – 3,000 BC

FARMING

PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

VILLAGES OF CIRCULAR & LATER RECTANGULAR HUTS

COMMUNAL HOUSE

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS

TENT

- wooden poles/animal bones as framework

- leaves to form the tent

HUT

- broad leaves intertwined as covering

- composite building materials were used (clay & wood)

- reeds padded with clay for walls

CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS

COMMUNAL HOUSE

- wooden post & lintel to support the ridge pole & rafters

- thatch for the roof structure

- walls were made of various materials, such as clay, wattle & daub, tree bark & thatch

STONE STRUCTURES

- dolmen

- granaries

- temples

-cromlech

Construction Method was post & lintel

CROMLECH

A circular arrangement

of megaliths enclosing

a dolmen or burial

mound

STONEHENGE

STONEHENGESALISBURY PLAIN, SOUTHERN ENGLAND

- The most imposing megalithic monument in existence

- Known in the 12th cent. as “Dance of the Giants”

- Known today as the “sarcen circle”

STONEHENGESALISBURY PLAIN, SOUTHERN ENGLAND

MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD

Chaldea – man-made clay, plain & glazed bricks, bitumen & pitch (for cementing), calcerous earth (mortar)

Assyria – stone, brick (extensively used), alabaster & limestone (for facing)

Persia – hard & colored limestone, timber

ZIGGURATS

Ziggurat at Ur Ziggurat at Bursippa Tower of Babel

MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD

BABYLON CITY OF BABYLON

- with 100 towers and 100 bronze doors

MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD

ASSYRIA PALACE OF SARGON

- entrance portals flanked with statues of headed winged bulls & lions

- contains 700 rooms

MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD

EGYPTIAN PERIOD

Natural products – timber,

stone, brick, clay

Masonry materials – limestone, sandstone, alabaster, basalt, porphyry, granite

Timber used – Acacia (boats) Date Palm (roofing) Sycamore (mummy case)

EGYPTIAN PERIOD

EGYPTIAN PERIOD

EGYPTIAN PERIOD

GREEK PERIOD

Chief building materials: - Marble - other stones

GREEK PERIOD

ROMAN PERIOD

Chief building material:

- Concrete

ROMAN PERIOD

ROMAN PERIOD

ROMAN PERIOD

ROMAN PERIOD

ROMAN PERIOD

EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD

The ruins of the Roman buildings provided quarry where materials were obtained. This influence the style of construction, decoration for columns, & other architectural features as well as fine sculpture & mosaic from older bldg w/c were turn into basilican churches of the new faith

A - AtriumB - NarthexC - NaveD - TranseptE - Apse

EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD

GOTHIC PERIOD

GOTHIC PERIOD

GOTHIC PERIOD

GOTHIC PERIOD

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Chief building material:

- Concrete - Steel - Glass

PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CONCRETE DEVELOPMENT:

1756 - British Engineer, John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a course aggregate & mixing powered brick into the cement

1824 - Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement

1849 - Joseph Monier invented Reinforced Concrete, and patented in 1867

PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

MODERN PERIOD

MODERN PERIOD

MODERN PERIOD