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BT BasicsAn A-Z Guide to Judaism

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August 2014

Dear Parents,

As parents ourselves, we feel very fortunate to be able to send our children to Beth Tfiloh Dahan Community School. Our children receive not only the best secular education available to them, but also a Judaics education that is second to none. We also find, as parents, that our children often know more than we do, especially in Judaics.

While there are many terrific Judaic resources on the web, in the library and through classes at Beth Tfiloh’s Mercaz Adult Learning Program, we wanted to provide parents with a quick and easy guidebook of some important Jewish words and concepts that our children use and learn. While this booklet is far from comprehensive, we hope it will serve as a starting point for you towards your understanding of some of the basics of Judaism. Perhaps it will pique your interest and you will want to learn more. If so, utilize the bibliography listed in the back, contact your child’s Judaics principal or enroll in any of the many available adult education classes/seminars offered throughout the year.

In the words of our esteemed dean, Rabbi Mitchell Wohlberg, “it’s nev-er too late” to start Jewish learning. We hope this guidebook will help you share in your children’s studies and maybe even engage in Jewish learning of your own.

We wish you and your children much success in the coming academic year,

Becky Brenner Diane Seegull Emily Levin

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GLOSSARY OF JEWISH TERMINOLOGY & CONCEPTS

Aliyah: (1) During a Torah service, seven men are honored by being called up to recite a blessing over the reading of one of the sections of the Torah. (2) Hebrew for “to go live in Israel.” Literally means “to go up,” to imply the moral and spiritual uplifting experienced by going to live in Israel.

Am Yisrael: The nation of Israel, referring to the Jewish people as a whole.

Aramaic: An ancient language which originated nearly 3,000 years ago in the Middle East. This language and its script are closely related to Hebrew, and can be found throughout the Talmud and other rabbinic and scholarly writings. Aramaic was the language of many conquerors of Middle Eastern lands and was particularly prominent in the Jewish communities of Babylonia and Israel. The Kaddish prayer is an example of a Jewish prayer written in Aramaic.

Asarah B’Tevet (10 Tevet): This is a minor fast day. The siege of the first Temple began on this day. In the modern State of Israel, Kaddish (the Jewish prayer for the deceased) is recited on this day for people whose date or place of death is unknown. Consequently, many rabbis have designated it as a day of remembrance for the Holocaust.

Aufruff: See Wedding.

B.C.E.: Abbreviation for “Before the Common Era” or the time before the year 0. Used instead of B.C. which has theological connotations in other religions.

Bar Mitzvah: A boy becomes a Bar Mitzvah, son of the commandments, at the age of thirteen. A Bar Mitzvah boy is bound by the Jewish commandments and therefore can be counted in a minyan, can be called to the Torah for an aliyah and can wear teffilin. No special ceremony is necessary to recognize the occasion. However, it is now customary to mark the occasion by having the Bar Mitzvah boy read from the Torah and subsequently celebrate with family and friends with either a festive meal and/or party.

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Bat Mitzvah: A girl becomes a Bat Mitzvah, daughter of the commandments, at the age of twelve. No special ceremony is necessary to recognize the occasion. However, it is now customary to mark the occasion by having the Bat-Mitzvah girl participate in a Shabbat service in some fashion which may include reading from the Torah and/or giving a d’var Torah. Subsequently, it is customary to have a festive meal and/or party with family and friends.

Baruch Hashem: Thank G-d.

Benching (bentsching): From the Yiddish meaning “to bless,” benching usually refers to the recitation of the Birkat HaMazon, the prayers of thanksgiving recited after eating.

Birkat HaMazon: Literally, blessing of the food. Birkat HaMazon is the prayer of thanksgiving which is recited after eating a meal.

Bracha: Blessing. Plural is brachot.

B’tzelem Elokim: The Torah states that the first human being was created b’tzelem Elokim, in the image of G-d. This has always been understood to mean that the human being was created with a soul, which is a portion, or reflection, of Godliness (aish.com). This is also the title of the Beth Tfiloh fourth grade’s joint program with St. Paul’s School.

C.E.: Abbreviation for “Common Era” or the time after the year 0. Used instead of A.D. which has theological connotations in other religions.

Chag Sameach: Literally, joyous festival. A greeting for any holiday, but especially Sukkot, Shavuot and Pesach (Passover).

Chanukah: A holiday lasting eight days beginning on the 25th of the Hebrew month of Kislev, Chanukah celebrates the miracle that the last jar of holy oil left after the Greeks destroyed the Temple burned for eight days even thought it was only enough for one day. We light a Chanukia (nine-branched candelabra) each of the eight nights to celebrate this miracle. Since it is customary to have the Chanukia safely near a window, people often use a separate electric chanukia for this purpose, allowing everyone to witness this miracle of light. We also spin a sivivon or dreidel which bears the letters Nun, Gimmel, Hay, and Shin which stand for “nays gadol hayah sham,” meaning “A great miracle happened there.” In the land of Israel the Hebrew letter “shin” would be replaced with a “pay” meaning the great miracle

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happened “here.” No eulogies are delivered during this holiday and no fasting is permitted. Rather, we eat some traditional foods such as potato latkes (potato pancakes), sufganiyot (donuts which are often filled with jelly), and lots of Chanukah gelt (chocolate coins).

Chol HaMoed: The intermediate days (3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th) of Pesach (Passover) and Sukkot, when work is permitted.

Chumash: From the Hebrew word chamesh, meaning “five,” a chumash is the book form of the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.

Daven(ing): From the Yiddish meaning to pray. Observant Jews daven three times a day; once in the morning, once in the afternoon and again in the evening.

Derech Eretz: Literally, “the way of the land,” the term “derech eretz” is first seen in the Mishnah, writings of Jewish scholars from approximately the years 0-200 C.E. One of its many interpretations is that a Jew should act respectful, polite and civilized. Derech eretz is a fundamental principle of Beth Tfiloh’s curriculum and culture.

D’var Torah: A talk that someone gives on Torah or Judaism.

Eretz Yisrael: The land of Israel.

Erev: Literally meaning evening, erev is used to signify the “eve” or day before a holiday begins. All Jewish holidays, with the exception of some fasts, begin on the evening prior to the first day.

Fast of Esther (13 Adar): The Fast of Esther, which is the day before Purim, is observed in memory of the Fast observed by Mordechai and Esther and all of Israel. It was on that same day that the enemies of the Jews had planned to subjugate and destroy them. The fast is called by Esther’s name because she was the one to request the observance of a fast to Mordechai as it says, “Go and gather all the Jews who are found in Shushan and fast over me, and do not eat and do not drink three days, night and day; and I and my maidens will also fast thus,” (Esther 4:16). The fast we observe is not for a three-day period, nor is it on the same date. The original fast was observed by Esther and the entire Jewish people on the 14th, 15th and 16th of Nissan, immediately after Mordechai was informed of Haman’s decree and of the letter of annihilation which Haman wrote on the 13th of Nissan.

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Fast of Gedaliah (3 Tishrei): Commemorates the assassination of Gedaliah Ben Achikam, the Jewish governor of Israel in the 6th century BCE. After the first Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled from Israel by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, some Jews were allowed to return to Israel, where Gedaliah was their governor. After his murder, the Jews went into a more complete exile. It is also a day to remember the tragedy of violence against our fellow Jews.

Fleischig: From the German, fleisch, meaning meat. All meat products or any prepared food containing meat products. Nothing that is fleischig may be eaten at a meal with anything milchig (dairy).

Gemara: The written record of rabbinic discussions about the Mishnah. The contents of the Mishnah and Gemara combined make up the Talmud.

Hakafot: Literally “circles around the synagogue,” Hakafot involve dancing with the Torah during the holiday of Simchat Torah to various Hebrew melodies. Songs are based on phrases from the Bible, Talmud, and Jewish tradition.

Halachah: The term loosely used for Jewish law. The word halachah derives from the root of the Hebrew word “lech” which means to go. Halachah refers to the proper path to go on in order to follow Jewish law.

Hallel: A group of six Psalms recited during prayers on holidays and especially joyous occasions.

HaTikvah: Literally, “the hope,” HaTikvah is the national anthem of the modern State of Israel.

Havdalah: Literally division, is a short prayer at the end of Shabbat. Just as we declare the Shabbat holy at the beginning with Kiddush, we declare that the holy Shabbat is coming to a close and the weekday is beginning. The bracha is recited over wine, just as it is during Kiddush. Traditionally there is a braided candle and fragrant spices that are part of the ceremony as well.

Hechsher/Hashgachah: Kosher certification and or supervision. There are currently many organizations that provide hechshers. The following are reliable hechshers for Beth Tfiloh programs and events:

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Hoshana Rabbah: This is the 7th, and last, day of the holiday of Sukkot. It is the day before Shemini Atzeret. More hoshanot (prayers) are said on this day than prior days of Sukkot since Hoshana Rabbah is known as the day of the final sealing of judgment, which began on Rosh Hashanah. During Sukkot, the world is judged for water and the blessings of the fruit and crops. Hoshana Rabbah is similar to Yom Kippur since the seventh day of Sukkot is the final sealing and since human life depends on water.

Isru Chag: The day after a major holiday such as Passover is known as Isru Chag. There are no restrictions of any kind regarding labor.

Kabbalat Shabbat: Literally, the “welcoming of the Sabbath,” Kabbalat Shabbat is a grouping of prayers, including those over the Shabbat wine and challah, which is recited as Shabbat begins.

Kaddish: From the ancient Aramaic language, Kaddish means “holy.” Kaddish refers to the prayer, written entirely in Aramaic, which praises G-d, which is said by Jewish mourners. A different version of Kaddish, also praising G-d, is recited between sections of prayers during prayer services.

Kashrut/Kosher: The word “kosher” means proper or acceptable, and it has informally entered the English language with that meaning. But kosher laws have their origin in the Torah, and are detailed in the Talmud and the other codes of Jewish traditions. The Bible lists the basic categories of food items which are not kosher. These include certain animals, fowl and fish (such as pork and rabbit, eagle and owl, catfish and sturgeon), and any shellfish, insect or reptile. In addition, kosher species of meat and fowl must be slaughtered in a prescribed manner, and meat and dairy products may not be manufactured or consumed together.

Kedusha: Literally, holiness. It is a fundamental principle of Judaism. Kedusha also refers to a portion of the prayer service in which G-d is praised for his holiness. It is only recited with a minyan.

Ketubah: See Wedding.

Kiddush: The prayer over wine recited at the beginning of a Shabbat or holiday meal.

Kippah: A circular head covering worn as sign of respect in Jewish life; also known as a yarmulka.

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Kol HaKavod: Literally, all of the respect. You can use this phrase when you want to say “all right,” “way to go,” or a “job well done.”

Kol Nidrei: The famous prayer that ushers in Yom Kippur. It explains that all of the vows that we have taken during the past year are to be annulled.

Kotel: The holiest Jewish spot on earth, it is the only remaining part of the ancient Jewish Temple in Jerusalem after the second Temple was destroyed in 70 C.E. by the Romans. The Kotel is the outer wall surrounding the Temple Mount and is also referred to as the Western Wall.

Lag B’Omer: The 33rd day of the Omer. Lag represents the number 33 in Hebrew. Lag is spelled Lamed Gimmel in Hebrew. In the Hebrew language, all letters are also assigned a numerical value, in this case Lamed is 30 and Gimmel is 3, hence the 33rd day of the Omer. This is the day that the death of the students of Rabbi Akiva ended. In Israel, at Meron, the burial place of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his son, Rabbi Elazar b’Rabbi Shimon, tens of thousands of Jews gather to celebrate on the “Yahrtzeit,” the anniversary of the death of the “godly Tanna,” the great scholar who lived in the immediate aftermath of the Second Temple. With torches, song and feasting, the Yahrtzeit is celebrated, which may seem odd, but Bar Yochai specifically requested this of his students.

LaShon HaRa: The Hebrew term for speaking badly of others.

Leap Year: During the Temple period it was a mitzvah to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for the festivals in order to participate in the Temple service. To accommodate those traveling from a distance, the Sanhedrin, or Jewish Supreme Court, proclaimed a leap year by adding a second month Adar, so that Jews living outside of Jerusalem would arrive in time for the festival in the spring.

Lulav and Etrog: The palm, willow, myrtle and citron that are used on the Sukkot holiday. Together they are waived in four directions to symbolize G-d’s presence everywhere.

Maariv: The evening prayer service, often recited immediately following Mincha in synagogue.

Machzor: A prayer book that contain the prayers for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

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Major Fast: Fasting means abstaining from food as a sign of mourning or in amendment of sins. A major fast involves refraining from food, water, and leather-soled footwear for 25 hours. The two major fast holidays are Yom Kippur and Tishah B’av.

Mashgiach: One who oversees the production of food products and certifies that they are prepared in accordance with Jewish laws of Kashrut.

Medinat Yisrael: The modern State of Israel founded in 1948.

Metzuyan: Excellent

Midot: Literally, characteristics or attributes. According to the second book of the Torah (Ex. 34:6-7), G-d has 13 attributes of mercy (i.e. patience, forgiveness, compassion, etc.). During the High Holidays, Jews say a series of prayers, known as Selichot, in which we invoke G-d’s mercy and strive to attain these 13 attributes for ourselves. The term “midot” is also used when referring to positive character traits.

Milchig: Yiddish milkhik, from milkh, milk, from Middle High German milch, from Old High German miluh. Derived from or made of milk or dairy products. (Bartleby.com)

Mincha: The afternoon prayer service.

Minhag: Literally, custom. Not prescribed Jewish law, but rather customs that Jews have come to follow over time.

Minor Fast: Minor fast days are not minor because of what they commemorate but rather that the fast only last one-half a day—from dawn until evening. A person is also permitted to bathe and work on minor fast days.

Minyan: A quorum of ten Jews which is required in prayer services for a public reading of the Torah or the recitation of the mourner’s Kaddish.

Mishnah: The first written compilation of the Oral Law, primarily compiled by Rabbi Akiva and others around the year 200 C.E. The Mishnah is divided into six tractates dealing with laws of: agriculture, women’s issues, Shabbat and holy days, damages, holy matters (such as the Temple and its maintenance) and purity.

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Morah: Teacher (feminine). Moreh is the masculine form of the word. Morah and Torah are derived from the same root word which means “teaching.”

Motzi: The blessing one recites when eating bread. This is part of the Kabbalat Shabbat services.

Navi: Prophet. The Jewish prophets lived in the time immediately after Moses, and the writings of their stories are compiled into the text known as Nevi’im (prophets).

Nerot: Candles. Singular is ner. Candles are lit at the start of Shabbat and Yom Tov (religious holidays), before sunset. At least two candles, representing G-d’s commandments to “keep” and “remember” the Shabbat, should be lit. When one lights candles for this purpose, the act is accompanied by a bracha or blessing which praises G-d for commanding Jews to make this day holy by lighting the candles.

Omer: Actually, the term for a grain offering or sacrifice that was to be brought to the Temple on the 16th of Nisan (the second day of Passover).

Parshat Hashavua: The Torah portion of the week. The Torah is divided into 54 portions (parshiot) of lengths ranging from 30 to 150 versus which are read on a weekly basis.

Parve (pareve): Anything that is neither milchig or fleischig, such as fruits, vegetables or fish. (Fish is not considered fleischig.) Pareve food may be eaten with with either milchig or fleischig meals.

Pasuk: A sentence from the Torah. Each of the five books of the Torah is divided into chapters, one of which we read each week. Each chapter is divided into smaller groupings of sentences, known as a pasuk.

Perek: Literally, chapter. Perek refers to a chapter of Mishnah.

Pesach (15 Nisan): Seven-day holiday in the spring that celebrates the exodus of the Jews from Egypt. It is highlighted by a special meal, the Seder, in which the story is retold and re-experienced through many rituals. During this holiday, no leavened food, known as chametz, is allowed to be owned, eaten or derived benefit from.

Pirkei Avot: Generally translated as “Chapters of the Fathers,” Pirkei Avot can also be translated as “Chapters of Fundamental Principles.”

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Pirkei Avot is the wisdom of Torah distilled, summarized, organized and laid open for us to absorb and integrate.

Purim (14 Adar): Purim is a festive holiday where Jews celebrate how they overcame a plot by Haman, a Persian vizier, to destroy the Jews. The two main heroes of the story are Queen Esther, who was married to the King Ahasuerus, the King of Persia, and her uncle Mordechai. To celebrate this holiday, the Megillah (the scroll of the book of Esther) is read, tzedekah (charity) is given, gift baskets are exchanged with friends and family (Mishloah Manot), a festive meal is eaten and costumes are worn.

Rosh Chodesh: The first day of each new month in the Jewish calendar. In cases of 30-day (Jewish) months, Rosh Chodesh is celebrated on the 30th day of the previous month and the first day of the new month. Some additional prayers are added to the service for the day.

Rosh HaShanah (1 & 2 Tishrei): The Day of the beginning of the new Jewish year. It is the day that we are told that Adam and Eve were created. It is the beginning of the High Holidays (Yamim Noraim) that leads into the Ten Days of Repentance (Aseret Yemei Teshuva) culminating in Yom Kippur.

S’chach: The covering used for the top of the Sukkah. S’chach must be made from some product of the earth that is no longer attached to the earth. Some examples would be: wood of any kind, bamboo poles, pine branches, leafy branches. S’chach cannot be made from wooden utensils.

Safa: Literally language. At Beth Tfiloh, safa refers to Hebrew language class.

Sefirat Ha’Omer: A counting of the 49 days or seven weeks between Passover, the physical redemption of the Jews from Egypt, and Shavuot time, when G-d gave the Torah to the Jewish people. The count begins on the second night of Pesach at the Seder.

Selichot: Penitent prayers said during the morning prayer service in the days before Rosh Hashanah and between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Shabbat: The Sabbath commemorates the day of rest that G-d decreed after the six days of Creation. In Jewish homes, Shabbat begins

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at sunset on Friday evenings with lighting candles and ends approximately one hour after sunset Saturday evening. No work is to be done during the Sabbath. Although, synagogues are open for prayer daily, synagogues will experience its largest attendance for a Shabbat service.

Shacharit: The morning prayer service.

Shanah Tovah: The traditional “have a good year” greeting exchanged during the season of Rosh HaShanah

Shavuot (6 Sivan): This holiday of biblical origin is observed 50 days after Passover at the conclusion of the Omer. This day is observed as a commemoration of the receiving of the Torah on Mt. Sinai. There are several famous customs observed during this holiday. On the night of the first day of Shavuot many pepole study Torah topics during the night and some even stay awake the entire night in study. There is also a custom to eat dairy foods (cheesecake!) at some point on Shavuot.

Shemini Atzeret: The holiday celebrated on the 8th day of Sukkot, marking the completion of Sukkot. “Shemini” means 8th, and the number eight symbolizes perfection. “Atzeret” means “holding back” or something being held back for the purpose of its completion. Therefore, Shemini Atzeret means the 8th day which is the additional day that brings the seven day holiday of Sukkot to its state of perfection.

Shiva: After a funeral, the immediate mourners return to a home called the “shiva house,” to begin a seven day period of intense mourning. Shiva is from the word sheva, which means seven. This week is a time where the mourners sit on low chairs, dwell together, and friends and loved ones come to comfort them. A person sits shiva after having lost a parent, spouse, sibling, or child. All other loved ones are also mourned, but the observances of shiva do not apply. When one pays a shiva call, the focus is on comforting the mourners in their time of greatest grief. Traditionally, one enters the shiva house quietly with a small knock so as not to startle those inside. No one should greet visitors; they simply enter on their own. Prayer services are held in the shiva house, not in the synagogue. A traditional statement of comfort is said to the mourners just before leaving the shiva house. It can be said in either Hebrew or English: May God comfort you among the other mourners of Zion and Jerusalem.

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Shomer Shabbat: One who traditionally observes the legal requirements for Shabbat is called Shomer Shabbat or Shomer Shabbos.

Shul: A house of worship, another name for synagogue.

Shushan Purim: Purim is unique from other Jewish holidays in that it is observed either on the 14th of Adar or the 15th of Adar, which is known as Shushan Purium, depending on where you live. The different dates stem from the fact that the Jews in Shushan, Persia, fought their destruction on the 13th and 14th of Adar and celebrated their victory on the 15th whereas Jews outside of Shushan only fought on the 13th and celebrated on the 14th. (www. ou.org)

Siddur: Prayer book

Simchat Torah: The holiday celebrating the completion of the annual Torah reading cycle and the beginning of the next cycle. Festivities include Hakafot and exuberant dancing with the actual scrolls of the Torah to various Hebrew melodies.

Sukkot (15-21 Tishrei): On this seven-day holiday, we recall the booths that the Jewish people dwelled in during their trek in the desert. It also recalls the “clouds of glory” that followed the Jews in the desert. During this holiday, Jews dwell in temporary dwellings called sukkot and shake the lulav and etrog.

Tallit (Tallis): A prayer shawl worn during the morning prayer service. At the ends of the tallit are attached tzitzit (fringes) which remind us of the Torah’s commandments. Some women also opt to wear a tallit.

Talmud: A compendium of the Oral Law which was compiled around the year 500 C.E. by rabbinic scholars. The Talmud is a fairly comprehensive guide to the laws of Jewish living. The Talmud consists of the Mishnah and Gemara. There are two versions of the Talmud, the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, each named for where it was compiled. The Babylonian Talmud is most commonly studied.

Tanach: A Hebrew acronym using the first letters from the words Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim, the three written books of Jewish teachings.

Tefillin: Two small, black leather boxes, one worn on the hand and one on the forehead, by all men over bar mitzvah age during the morning prayer service. Each box contains a scroll with the words from the Torah (the Shema prayer) dictating the observance of this command. Some women also opt to wear tefillin.

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Tehilim: The book of Psalms which is a part of the Tanach. King David was the primary author of these songs and poems which evoke great spirituality in those who read them. Tehilim are often recited on behalf of those who are gravely ill in the community.

“The Three Weeks”: The three weeks between the 17th of Tammuz and Tisha B’Av are characterized by a communal period of mourning in commemoration of the tragic events that happened during this time period in Jewish history.

Tikkun Olam: This Hebrew phrase represents one’s goal of bettering the world.

Tisha B’Av (9 Av): This is perhaps the saddest day of the Jewish year. According to tradition, both the first and second Temples in Jerusalem were destroyed on the 9th day of Av in 586 BCE and 70 CE, respectively. Additionally, in 1492 King Ferdinand ordered the expulsion of all Jews from Spain by the date that coincided with the 9th of Av. Numerous other tragic events have befallen the Jews on this date in history. As such it is a fast day and mourning practices are observed.

Torah: The compendium of the five books of Moses. The Torah specifically is written on scrolled parchment by a scribe.

Tov: Good

Tov M’od: Very Good

Tu B’Shevat (15 Shevat): This marks the beginning of the “new year” for trees. Tu B’Shevat is the new year for the purpose of calculating the age of trees for tithing. The Torah states that fruit from trees which were grown in the land of Israel may not be eaten during the first three years; the fourth year’s fruit is for G-d, and after that, the fruit can be eaten. Each tree is considered to have aged one year as of Tu B’Shevat, no matter when in the year it was planted. It is customary to plant trees and partake of the fruits of the land of Israel to mark the occasion.

Tzedakah: Literally, justice or righteousness, tzedakah is used to me performing deeds of kindness, or giving to those in need.

Tzom: A day of fasting.

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Ushpizin: The Seven Royal Guests. The Ushpizin are seven of the greatest leaders of our People: Avraham, Yitzchak, Yaakov, Moshe, Aharon, Yosef, and David, each of whom endured and overcame the difficulties of exile with Hashem’s protection. On each of the seven nights of Sukkot, one of these leaders is our main guest to remind us of the importance in the Jewish religion of having guests, specifically poor or less fortunate than us, to share the joy of festivities with us. Many modern denominations have added female biblical heroes to invite as well.

Wedding: Traditions are as follows: on the Shabbat prior to the wedding, the groom is given the honor of blessing the Torah prior to the reading of a Torah portion, otherwise known as the Aufruff. At the wedding ceremony, usually performed under a chuppah, or canopy, the officiating rabbi will recite two blessing and then the groom will place a ring on the forefinger of his bride’s right hand and say, “You are hereby sanctified unto me with this ring according to the laws of Moses and Israel.” The rabbi will then read the ketuba, followed by the recitation of seven marriage blessings. The ketuba is a marriage contract that the groom is required to give his bride and spells out a husband’s obligations to his wife. The ceremony concludes with the breaking of a glass under the groom’s foot to serve as a reminder of the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. The bride and groom are then given private time alone, known as Yichud, prior to joining the reception. For the week after the wedding, some couples participate in the tradition of going to parties given in their honor by family and friends. At the party’s conclusion, the seven blessings that were read at the wedding are recited, thereby making these customary parties known as Sheva Brachot or “seven blessings.”

Yahrzeit: The anniversary, per the Jewish calendar, of a person’s death.

Yasher Koach: Literally, straight power. You can use this expression when you want to say, “good for you,” “way to go,” or “more power to you” when someone has accomplished a special task. People often use this phrase in the synagogue after someone has received an honor such as leading a portion of the prayer service or reading Torah.

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Yizkor: Special memorial prayer is recited for one’s deceased relatives four times a year—on Yom Kippur, and the last day of Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot.

Yom Ha’Atzmaut (5 Iyar): Holiday celebrating the Declaration of Independence of Israel in May, 1948. At Beth Tfiloh, we say full Hallel with a Bracha as a sign of the religious significance of the day.

Yom HaShoah (27 Nisan): Holocaust Memorial Day- commemorated in the spring on the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising in 1943.

Yom HaZikaron (4 Iyar): On this day in Israel, on the day immediately preceding Yom Ha’atzmaut, we honor the memory of the men and women who gave their lives for the creation and ongoing security of the State of Israel.

Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei): Known as a day of prayer, Yom Kippur does have numerous prayers associated with it. Most revolve around the central theme of repentance and return. In addition to the normal restrictions one would avoid on Shabbat, Jews abstain from eating, drinking, washing one’s body, and wearing leather shoes. These rules are not meant as punishments, but rather, by abstaining from all of the above-mentioned acts, Jews are better able to focus on the prayers and repentance of the day. “G’mar Chatima Tova” is a common greeting on Yom Kippur.

Yom Tov: Or “yontif,” literally meaning “good day,” yom tov is a phrase that refers to Jewish festivals or holidays.

Yom Yerushalayim (28 Iyar): Holiday celebrating the reunification of Jerusalem in June, 1967. This is one of the modern Jewish holidays. In Israel it is observed as a major national holiday and in religious Zionist circles it is seen as a religious holiday as well. In Beth Tfiloh we say full Hallel with a bracha as a sign of the religious significance of the day.

Shiva Asar B’Tammuz (17 Tammuz): Minor fast. Moses descended Mount Sinai on this day and, upon seeing the Golden Calf broke the first set of Tablets carrying the Ten Commandments (Shemot 32:19, Mishna Ta’anit 28b). In another catastrophic moment in Jewish history, the walls of Jerusalem were breached after many months of siege by Nebuchadnezzar and his Babylonian forces (586 BCE).

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ABBREVIATED TIMELINE OF JEWISH HISTORY

Source: The Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

1 Creation of the world, Adam and Eve (Chava) -3760

930 Adam dies -2831

1056 Noah is born -2705

1656 The great flood covers earth -2105

1948 Abraham is born -1813

1958 Sarah is born -1803

2006 Noah dies -1755

2018 G-d makes covenant with Abraham -1743

2023 Abraham settles in the land of Canaan -1738

2048 Abraham is circumcised -1713

2048 Isaac (Yitzchak) is born -1713

2084 Abraham prepares to sacrifice Isaac -1677

2084 Sarah dies -1677

2108 Jacob (Yaakov) and Esau are born -1653

2123 Abraham dies -1638

2238 Jacob and his family go to Egypt -1523

2332 Enslavement in Egypt begins -1429

2368 Moses (Moshe) is born -1393

2448 Jews leave Egypt and receive Torah -1313

2488 Moses dies and Jews enter Canaan -1273

2516 Joshua (Yehoshua) dies -1245

2533 Beginning of the rule of the Judges -1228

2533-2882 Judges rule including Samson (Shimshon) -1228– and Deborah -879

2882 Saul (Shaul) appointed king -879

2892 David becomes king of Israel in Jerusalem, -869 writes most of Psalms

18

2924 Solomon (Shlomo) becomes king, writes -837 Proverbs, Ecclesiates and Song of Songs

2935 First Temple is completed in Jerusalem -826

2964 Solomon dies and kingdom is divided into -797 Israel in the north and Judah in the south

3142 Isaiah (Yeshaya) begins his prophecies -619

3331 Jeremiah (Yirmiyahu) and Ezekiel (Yechezkel) -430 prophesy calamities to befall the Temple

3338 First Temple is destroyed by Babylonians -423 under Nebuchadnezzar and most Jews are exiled to Babylonia

3389 Daniel prophesies the destruction of -372 Babylonia and is thrown into the lion’s den

3389 Persians defeat Babylonians -372

3390 Persian king Cyrus tells Jews to return to -371 Israel and rebuild the Temple

3395 Achashverosh II becomes emperor of Persia -366

3399 Esther is taken to the palace -362

3404 Esther takes action against Haman’s decree -357

3412 Second Temple in Jerusalem is completed -349

3413 Ezra leads many Jews from Persian empire -348 back to Israel

3448 Ezra dies and the age of the prophets ends -313

3448 Alexander the Great rules over Eretz Yisrael -313

3454 Over 100,000 Jews exiled to Egypt -307

3600 Eretz Yisrael is dominated by the Syrians -161

3610 Under Syrian Greek influence, Kohen -151 HaGadol in Jerusalem works to eliminate Jewish religious practice

3610 Jews of Babylonia live in relative peace -151 with Torah study flourishing

3621 Mattityahu and his five sons revolt -140 against physical and spiritual dominance of Syrians

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

19

3622 Judah (Yehuda) the Maccabi leads the resistance -139 to victory over Syrians, gain control over theTemple on the 25th of Kislev (Chanukah)

3700 Romans gain control of Judea -61

3725 King Herod (builder of Massada) rule, but -36 kills Jews and strives for secular rule

3729 Hillel becomes leader of the Torah scholars, -32 ushers in the era of first Talmudic scholars

3750 King Herod renovates the Temple but puts -11 Roman idol above the entry

3815 Great anarchy in Judea under Roman rule 55 as Jews struggle to maintain their identity

3829 On 17 Tammuz, the Romans breach the 69 walls of Jerusalem

3829 On 9 Av (Tisha B’Av), the Romans destroy 69 the second Temple (note: often this is cited as occurring in the year 70. The discrepancy comes in the differences between secular and Jewish calendars.)

3800s Era of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai and 50-150 Rabbi Akiva

3883 Roman Emporer Hadrian bans Jewish 123 religious practice

3887 Bar Kochba unites Jews in rebellion 127 vs. Romans

3893 After brief victories, Bar Kochba’s 133 rebellion fails on the 9th of Av. Over 580,000 Jews die fighting the Romans.

3949 Rabbi Yehuda HaNassi completes 189 compilation of the Mishnah

4050 Focal point of Talmud study moves to 290 Babylonia as Roman persecution continues

4235 The Talmud is completed 475

4374 Persians capture Israel, allow Jews to 614 return to Jerusalem after almost 500 years

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

20

4389 Romans retake Jerusalem, expel Jews again 629

4397 Arabs conquer Eretz Yisrael and Babylonia 637

4421 Muslim Arab caliph of Jerusalem builds 661 mosque on site of Jewish Temple; confiscates Jewish property and distributes it to Arab settlers

4764 Jews in Israel are forced to convert to Islam; 1004 Jews in Europe are forced to convert to Christianity

4800 Rashi, a great Torah and Talmud scholar is 1040 born in France. His commentaries are simple and clear, a departure from earlier commentators

4859 Crusaders capture Jerusalem and kill 1096 thousands of Jews

4895 Rambam (Maimonides), a descendant of 1135 King David, is born in Spain

4904 First blood libel occurs in England in which 1144 Jews are accused of using Christian blood for ritual purposes

4907 Second Crusaders massacre Jews 1147 throughout Europe and Israel

4948 Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem 1187 under Sultan Saladin whose physician was Rambam

4900s Muslims, Christians continue to kill and 1200s displace Jews throughout the Middle East and Europe

5012 The Inquisition (under authority of 1252 Catholic church) begins to torture Jews

5050 Jews expelled from England 1290

5066 Jews expelled from France 1309

5109 Black Death sweeps across Europe; Jews 1349 are blamed

5200s Forced conversions, executions of Jews 1300s- continue in Europe 1400s

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

21

5252-56 Jews are expelled from Spain then Portugal 1492

5276 Ottoman Empire (Turks) conquers Israel 1516

5323 Rabbi Yosef Karo completes the Shulchan 1563 Aruch, a code of Jewish law

5408 Cossacks in Poland murder hundreds of 1648 thousands of Jews

5414 First Jews settle in New Amsterdam 1654 (New York)

5416 Oliver Cromwell allows Jews to return to 1656 England

5458 Ba’al Shem Tov, father of Chasidism, is 1698 born. Chasidism calls for joyous expressions of spiritual commitment to our Creator

5551 Russia establishes the Pale of Settlement 1791 and restricts Jews from living outside of this area in the south

5559 Napoleon leads an army expedition 1799 through Israel

5578 First Reform congregation established in 1817 Germany

5615 Conservative movement is founded in 1854 Germany

5638 Petach Tikvah agricultural settlement 1878 established in Israel by Jews from Jerusalem and Hungary

5641 Wave of pogroms in Russia force many Jews 1881 to leave for the United States and Israel

5655 Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist 1897 convenes the first Zionist Congress

5663 Kishinev (Russia) pogrom 1903

5674 Germany declares war on Russia on Tisha 1914 B’Av to Open World War I. Over 500,000 Jews were soldiers

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

22

5675 Leo Frank, a southern Jew, is lynched by 1915 anti-Semitic mob in Georgia after being falsely accused of murder

5677 British make Balfour Declaration 1917 proclaiming support for a Zionist country for Jews in Israel

5678 Over 60,000 Jews are killed during the 1918 Russian Revolution

5680 British take control of Eretz Yisrael under 1920 Britsh Mandate

5680-5696 Arab pogroms and violence against Jews 1920-1936 in Israel

5693 Nazis come to power in Germany; Jews 1933 immediately are persecuted

5698 Nazi pogrom throughout Germany and 1938 Austria, imprisoning Jews, destroying shops, homes, synagogues and sacred Torah scrolls

5699 Nazis invade Poland; World War II begins; 1939 British gov’t issues White Paper limiting Jewish immigration to Israel to 10,000 a year and restricting Jews from owning property.

5702 34,000 Jews of Kiev are massacred at 1941 Babi Yar

5702 Nazis convene Wannsee Conference; 1942 declare “Final Solution” to execute all Jews in Europe

5703 Jews of Warsaw ghetto stage uprising 1943

5704 Hannah Senesh, a Hungarian who settled 1944 in Eretz Yisrael, is executed after being caught parachuting into Nazi territory to help save other Jews

5705 Auschwitz death camp is liberated by 1945 the Russians; US troops liberate Buchenwald; the war ends in German defeat

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

23

5707 Exodus ship carrying Jewish refugees from 1947 Europe to Palestine is seized by British Navy; all refugees are returned to Europe

5707 UN withdraws British Mandate and divides 1947 Israel into Two territories; one for Jews, one for Arabs with Jerusalem as an international city

5707-08 Arabs begin attacking Jews in Palestine 1947

5708 Britain withdraws from Palestine; Israel 1948 declares Independence with David Ben Gurion as first Prime Minister; Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen and Saudi Arabia declare war on Israel

5709 The State of Israel signs armistice with 1948 Arab neighbors and has control of half of Jerusalem but not Western Wall; Over 6,000 Jews die during the war

5710 Jews leave Iraq and Yemen for Israel 1950

5716 Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal, allowing 1956 its citizens to cross into Israel to kill Jews; Israel attacks Egypt in defense and gains temporary control of entire Sinai peninsula in eight days

5724 Arab nations form PLO to attack Israel 1964

5727 As Egypt, Jordan and Syria prepare to 1967 attack Israel, Israel strikes first and wins Six Day War, reuniting Jerusalem under complete Jewish control for first time since Bar Kochba led his rebellion

5728 Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan’s philosophy of 1968 Reconstructionist Judaism becomes its own movement

5729 Golda Meir is elected Prime Minister 1969 of Israel

5734 Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom 1973 Kippur. 2,500 Jewish soldiers are killed

Jewish Year Event Secular Year

24

5736 100 Jewish airplane passengers are 1976 kidnapped by Arab terrorists. Israeli army stages daring raid on Entebbe airport to rescue hostages.

5739 Israel, under Prime Minister Menachem 1979 Begin signs peace treaty with Egypt under president Anwar Sadat.

5742 Israel invades southern Lebanon to end 1982 Lebanese bombings of northern Israel

5747-5763 First intifada, or uprising, of Palestinians 1987-1993 against Israel

5753 Israel signs Declaration of Principles with 1993 PLO; first Steps in peace process

5754 Israel signs peace agreement with Jordan 1994

5755 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin is 1995 assassinated

5760 Second intifada begins on Temple Mount 2000 in Jerusalem

5760 Birthright begins sending young Jews to 2000 Israel for free

Bibliography

Blech, Benjamin. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding Judaism. Alpha Books. New York: 1991.

Kantor, Mattis. The Jewish Time line Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. New York: 1992.

Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy. William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York: 1991.

On the World Wide Web

www.aish.com

www.torah.org

www.ou.org

www.oukosher.org

Jewish Year Event Secular Year