bsnl_report - ankit

8/8/2019 BSNL_report - Ankit

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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED,

SHRI GANGANAGAR

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS &TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:-

ANKIT JAIN

23ECE07


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0372082807

COMPANY PROFILE

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest

Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services inIndia: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service,MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India CommunicationsCorporation Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It is theIndia's largest telecommunication company with 24% market share. Its headquartersare at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi. It has the status of Mini-ratna - a statusassigned to reputed Public Sector companies in India.BSNL has installed QualityTelecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding thenetwork, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages andwining customer's confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephonecapacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable,63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and5.5 Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and

planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact thereis no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network givingservices in every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi &Mumbai including inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region ofthe country.

BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellularcustomers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means thatalmost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basicservices, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribersi.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms.BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customerswho access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, andAccount Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP inthe country.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IPinfrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through thesame Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 millionDataOne broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning,Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission

Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 73 millions lines to 125 millionlines and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67million) in the next three years. Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of thelargest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. Thecompany is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-

400 range valuing the company at over $100 billion.


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SECTIONS VISITED: E-10B SWITCHING OCB SWITCHING MDF TRANSMISSION SECTION MOBILE SECTION MICROWAVE POWER STATION BROAD BAND COSTUMER CARE


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Mobile Section

In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place.There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,

GSM CDMA

The basic transmission procedure:

1. BSC: Base Station Controller2. BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER3. MSC: Mobile Switching Center4. HLR: Home Location Register

5. VLR: Visitor Location Register6. AUC: Authentication Center7. EIR: Equipment Identity Register8. SC: Short Message Center9. OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY)

Here we came to know about function of:--

OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre.OC:--Monitoring unit.ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver.URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit)CSE:--Subscriber connection unit.

DSF:--Stand by charge unit.MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit)MQ:--Marker (2 unit)TR:--Translator (2 unit)TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit)RLM:--Remote lining unit.

COM:--Switching module.CX: -- Switching unit.


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TAX (Trunk auto exchange)

This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone andhow the call is made and processed.

Transmission

The call is transmitted from telephone to:

Caller

/D.P/

Pillar/

MDF/

Exchange/

Tax/

Exchange/

MDF\

Pillar\

D.P\Receiver

There are two types of media:

Guided Media (OFC)

Un-Guided Media.


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BROADBAND

A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very fast.Theneed of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum utilization at reasonable cost.

Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadbandaccess. As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access rate over256kbps will come under category of broadband access.

Equipment's required in customer premises are

Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called asSplitter)

Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV. Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a

form compatible with the TV set.

PC and TV

What is DSL?

A high speed digital communication line Has several advantages over other high speed communication

solutions.

DSL runs on existing copper DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-switching

systems Very high speed.

Data Card

There are two type of data card:

1. IX data card (speed -144kbps (max))2. E-VDO data card (speed - 2Mbps)


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OCB EXCHANGE SYSTEM

SALIENT FEATURES

OCB stands for organ control bhersion.

Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.

OMC & S/N duplicated.

Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile, Videotextetc.

Supports different types of signaling system.

Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.

Less space requirement.

Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.

Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM

Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)

A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity ofCSN is 5000.Subs may be analog and digital.

TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)

It is the interface between switching network and junctions from otherexchanges (or remote connection unit).

SWITCHING MATRIX

The Switching matrix is a single stage t made up of host switching matrixand branch selection & amplification function, SMX is duplicated.

AUXILLIARY EQUIPMENT CONTROL STATION

(SMA)

It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call CCTS, tonegenerators etc,


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CONTROL UNIT (SMC)

The six control units are as under:

Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.

Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.

Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.

Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of subscribers.

Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic managementfunctions.

Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE UNIT (SMM)

It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking suitableactions at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of capability 1.2 GB for variousstages.

In the field oftelecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is asystem of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the

physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches,which make phone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying thespeech information

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site basestations fitted with microwaveantennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower,

pole or building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabledcommunication network and switching system. The phones have a low-powertransceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not morethan 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away.

When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobiletelephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted bythe mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantlylistens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, andis able to switch seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the"handoffs" are performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting thecall.

Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio

transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between themobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site


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subscriber of the same wireless service provideror to the public telephone network,which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites arecamouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas.

The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that

includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). Thetechnology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operatorhas adopted. The technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generationsystems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT.Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and includeGSM, CDMA and TDMA.

The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning':anytime a cell phone moves out ofcoverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when thesignal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling that it is again ready to transmit. With the

proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data itcontains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate ofthe real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the originalaccount.

Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001.They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services andinclude W-CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China willlaunch a third generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use amix of predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements andlocal regulations.

In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user'sbody, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited toa maximum 3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones whichmust have the transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to amaximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biologicaleffects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits theirusefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds requirethat cell towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of

transmission power.

Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of thephone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 wattcellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeatermay be used,which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna oryagi antenna to communicatewith a cell tower far outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a smallshort-range local antenna that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function

properly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#Real-world_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_Radiated_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System#Real-world_implementationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_Radiated_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_repeaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antenna


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GSM

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from GroupeSpecial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its

promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market usesthe standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countriesand territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common betweenmobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of theworld. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channelsare digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers(who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones)and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many

vendors implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier,alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "textmessaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Anotheradvantage is that the standard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number,112. This makes it easier for international travellers to connect to emergency serviceswithout knowing the local emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were

backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of thestandard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service(GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced DataRates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it bysearching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four differentfrequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands.Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands werealready allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries,notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station tothe base station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink),

providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplexspacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extendedto cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880915 MHz(uplink) and 925960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used toallow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels perradio frequency channel.There are eight radio timeslots (giving eightburstperiods) grouped into what is calleda TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. Thechannel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
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The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts inGSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio intobetween 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data

channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate(13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). Inaddition to being efficient with bit rates, these codecs also made it easier to identifymore important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and

better protect these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec,a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development ofUMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband,which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels,and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on

half-rate channels.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico,femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to theimplementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the basestationantenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Microcells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typicallyused in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozenmeters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use inresidential or small business environments and connect to the service providersnetwork via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to covershadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain andpropagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers.The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers(22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell,where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system,the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an

indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeaterwith distributed indoor antennas fedthrough power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to theseparate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot ofcall capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However,this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building

penetration of the radio signals from nearby cells.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), akind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to bemodulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filterprior to

being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to

neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).
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Network structure

The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large andcomplicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is dividedinto a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles.

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). TheNetwork and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar

to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based

Internet connections). All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services

such as voice calls and SMS

The structure of a GSM network.

Subscriber Identity Module
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One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing theuser's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his orher information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also changeoperators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators

will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issuedby them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price ofthe mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, andoperators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. The locking applies tothe handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number,not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). In some countries such asIndia, all phones are sold unlocked.

GSM security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system wasdesigned to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can beencrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses alonger authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticatingthe network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network(and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and

authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSMuses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2stream ciphersare used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is astronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and usedin other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is

possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a cipher text-only attack, and in February2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs thatallow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The system supports multiplealgorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the wirelesscommunication between user equipments (UE) and the network. UEs are devices likemobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless internetconnectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can be that of any of thewireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, WLL , WAN, WiFi,WiMAX etc. BTS is also referred to as RBS (Radio Base Station), Node B (in 3G

Networks) or simply BS (Base Station).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-response_authenticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5/2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext-only_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G


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Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communicationstandards, it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communicationtechnologies like GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the BaseStation Subsystem (BSS) developments for system management. It may also haveequipments for encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools

(band pass filters) etc. Antennas may also be considered as components of BTS ingeneral sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will haveseveral transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies anddifferent sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS iscontrolled by a parent Base Station Controllervia the Base station Control Function(BCF). The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX incompact base stations. The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M)connection to the Network management system (NMS), and manages operationalstates of each TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection. The basicstructure and functions of the BTS remains the same regardless of the wirelesstechnologies.

BROADBAND

Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes orhandles a relatively wide range offrequencies, which may be divided into channels orfrequency bins. Broadband is always a relative term, understood according to itscontext. The wider the bandwidth, the greater the information carrying capacity. Inradio, for example, a very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band

will carry speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without losing thehigh audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antennadescribed as "normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; onedescribed as "broadband" will receive more channels. In data communications amodem will transmit a bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephoneline; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can behandled by ADSL, which is described as broadband (relative to a modem over atelephone line, although much less than can be achieved over a fiber optic circuit, forexample).

In data communications

Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that datatransmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as comparedto a telephone modem operating at 56,000bits per second.

However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a moretechnical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sentsimultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission, regardless of actual datarate. In network engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signalsshare a medium.
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In video

Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systemssuch as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers atfixed frequencies. In this context,baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single

channel of analog video, typically in composite form with an audio subcarrier. The actof demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video.

However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video hascome to mean video files that havebitrates high enough to requirebroadband Internetaccess in order to view them.

Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTVVideo on demand.

In DSL

The various forms ofDigital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband inthe sense that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the

baseband voice channel on a single pair of wires.

In Ethernet

A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's fullbandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common interface to

broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so issometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned over cable modem is acommon alternative to DSL

BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit,multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II(NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the same backbone and

broadband access network. The Broadband service will be available on DSLtechnology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting telephone), on a

countrywide basis spanning 198 cities.

In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at parwith more advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes always-on

broadband access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content basedservices, Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio andVideo conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and featurerich, Multi-site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribewill be able to access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System(SSSS)portal.
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OBJECTIVES

To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps) To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers. To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the

Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS). To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or

volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to selectthe services through web server

To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY

The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed to

provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations within and outside thecountry. Layer 1 of the network will consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of24 powerful Core Routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. Therouters are located on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 opticallevel to provide for high transmission speeds.

Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies

MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to havecomplete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers serviceguarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability.

Services available through Broadband

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service withspeed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth asper his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can changeto 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.

Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application indistance education, telemedicine etc

Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their privatenetwork securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

Video and Audio Conferencing: Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and

time shifted TV

bsnl_report - ankit

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