b.science report 1.2

Project 1:

Lighting and Acoustic Performance

Evaluation and Design

Building Science 2

[ARC 3413]

Ch‟ng Xing Yue 0310425

Elaine Bong Poh Hui 0310432

Goh Chin Zhi 0314562

Lau Ee Tian 0309596

Wesley Hew Xin Han 0307585

Mr Sanjeh Raman Group

1.0 Introduction of Project

1.1 Aim and Objective 3

1.2 Introduction to Case Study 3

1.3 Plans and Elevations 4

2.0 Precedent Studies

2.1 Acoustic Precedent Study 5-7

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Plan Analysis

2.1.3 Zoning

2.1.4 Material

2.2 Lighting Precedent Study 8-11

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Lighting Analysis

2.2.3 Lights Specification

3.0 Research Methodology 12

3. Lighting Analysis

3.1.1 Equipment 13

3.1.2 Method 14

3.2 Acoustic Analysis

3.2.1 Equipment 15

3.2.2 Method 16

4.0 Case Study

4.1.1 Introduction to site 17-18

4.1.2 Materials and Properties 19-20

4.2.1 Building Orientation 21

4.2.2 Lighting Zoning 21-22

4.2.3 Existing Lighting 22-23

4.3 Existing Acoustic 24

4.3.1 Neighboring Sounds 25

4.3.2 External Noise Sources 26-27

4.3.3 Internal Noise Sources 28-29

4.3.4 Design Intention 30-31

5.0 Lighting Analysis

5.1 Lighting Data Record 32-34

5.1.1 Day Lighting 35

5.1.2 Day Light Factor Calculation 35-40

5.1.3 Lumen Method 41-52

5.1.4 Lux Contour Diagram 53

5.1.5 Lux Reading Analysis 54-58


6.1 Sound Meter Reading 59

6.2 Graph Analysis of Acoustic Data 60-61

6.3 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis 62-79

6.4 Acoustic Ray Diagram 80-82

7.0 Conclusion 83

7.1 Reference 84

Content

1.0 Introduction of Project

In order to achieve a better understanding of the function and properties of day-

lighting, lighting and acoustic within a space, a study was done on a case study of

our choice. We were to document the lighting and acoustical readings and make an

analysis regarding the design choices that were made to the building in order to

achieve optimal lighting and quality acoustic properties. Several other factors that

will be looked into such as human activity and circulation, climate, material

specification and etcetera which may affect the results will be taken into account.

1.1 Aim and Objective

Located at Jalan SS13/3A, Subang Jaya, this four-storeys multipurpose building

known as Lifepoint, Subang Jaya Assembly of God was constructed from the old

Faber Castell office and factory that is now changed into a church that is also

commonly used as a community center to hold various events and activities. SH Teh

Architect had redesigned the building alongside the existing structures on the 21th of

November 2009 and renovated once more on the 10th of October 2011.

1.2 Introduction to Case Study

Architect: Ar. Teh Soh Huang

Total floor area: 4559.2m2

Address: 14 Jalan SS13/3A 47500

Subang Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan

Malaysia.

3

Ground Floor Plan

Front Elevation

Back Elevation

1.3 Plans and Elevation

4

2.1 Acoustic Precedent Study

Holy Cross Church, Dewitt, New York

To meet the growing needs of the church members, an expansion of space is

needed accommodate the number of users. As such the inner portion of the

church housing over 700 members will require a proper acoustic system.

The Holy Cross Church had resolved the acoustical issue through the use of a

wide-fan-plan nave on the lower floor level and the placement of choir and

gallery at the upper level.

2.1.1 Introduction

Figure 2.1.1a: Front View of Facade

Figure 2.1.1b: View of Aisles Figure 2.1.1c: View of Stage from Loft

5

2.1.3 Zoning

Hall

2.1.2 Plan Analysis

The wide-fan plan has hard surfaces along the sides whereas the rear have

been equipped with sound absorbing material to minimize the return of sound to

the front of the room with excessive delay. The large surface area at the back of

the hall serves the purpose of amplifying sounds produced on stage. But hard

surfaces are commonly preferred primarily for aesthetic purposes but also allows

for a balance between refraction and reflection.

The hall on the first floor has a symmetrical fan-shaped plan that lets the sound

travel uniformly as it is important for the speaker‟s voice to be heard evenly

through the hall. Seats are arranged at an angle aligned with the

sanctuary(stage) allowing the people seated on the same row to receive a

constant amplitude.

Figure 2.1.3a: Zoning of Plans

6

Material Absorption Coefficient

(500 Hz)

Acoustic Properties

Drywall 0.17 Reflects sound

Glass 0.18 Reflects sound

Timber chair 0.22 Reflects sound

Acoustic Panel 0.59 Absorbs sound

2.1.4 Material

Zone Description

Hall To provide a natural acoustic response ideal for speech, an electronic

acoustic enhancement system is installed to produce ideal reverberant

response.

Side walls are mainly hard surfaces with glass panels as decorative

element, and rear wall is replaced with acoustic panel to prevent

sounds from traveling to other spaces.

Office Space If noise levels in office spaces are too high then it is harder for staff

members to concentrate; if noise levels are particularly low then speech

privacy can become an issue. According to BS 8233, suggests that a

good indoor ambient noise level within cellular office spaces should be

in the range of 40 to 50 dB.

(http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/office-acoustics.htm)

Thus it is important for the acoustic panel to be placed in between both

the office space and the hall

Mechanical Room Machineries in mechanical room produce sound and vibration that can

transfer through walls and floor. Insulation is applied to the wall and

isolation pad is constructed into the floor slab to reduce the vibration

and sound from traveling to the main hall.

Tabel 2.1.3b: Zone Details of Church

Figure 2.1.4a: Sectional Diagram of Church

Figure 2.1.4b: Table of Material of Church Hall 7

http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/office-acoustics.htm



2.2 Lighting Precedent Study

Origo Coffee Shop, Bucharest, Romania

Origo Coffee Shop functions as both a coffee shop during the day and a cocktail bar by night. The designers’ intention was to create a calming ambience by focusing the lights onto the functional spaces while the rest of the space is kept dim. The use of colours to define the environment and the activities within the space.

2.2.1 Introduction

Figure 2.1.1b: Sitting Area View

Figure 2.2.1a: Interior view from Exterior

Figure 2.1.1c: Bar Seat View 8

In the blue zone, the bar counter uses a darker colour tone to reduce the reflection

of lighting to create a soothing effect. Arrangement of materiality helped develop

the space through the creation of a rhythmic shadow movement in order to express

the function of the space.

2.2.2 Lighting Analysis

Figure 2.2.2a: Zoning of Cafe

Figure 2.2.1b: Diagram showing Zone Differentiation 9

In the yellow zone, the lightings are hung at a lower level. The warm

lighting serves the function of fashioning an intimate relationship between

the users. As the illuminance determines the quantity of light emitted that

lands on a given surface area by a light source. Adjustable height of the

lighting was implemented to alter the radius of illuminance.

When the lighting is raised to a height of 80cm from the table level during daytime,

it‟s focused onto a smaller surface area increasing the warm tone on the food and

beverages served, to make them seems pleasing. This is also due to the glass

entrance that allow daylight to come in and light up the interior so less artificial

lighting is needed to light up the space.

When dusk arrive, lighting in the yellow zone is heightened to 100cm from the

table, surface area is increased, space is lightened up by the lamps due to

insufficient daylight coming from the outside.

Figure 2.2.2b: Lighting Height of Cafe

10

Picture Type of

Fixtures

Material of

Fixture

Type of

Light Bulb

Light

Distribution

Track Lighting Metal track

Pendant

lighting

Teacup

2.2.3 Lights Specification

Type of

Light Bulb

Picture Power

Range

(W)

Lumen

(lm)

Colour

Temperature (K)

Colour

Halogen

Bulb

50 330

Lumens

3000K Soft white

Incandesc

ent Light

Bulb

60 800

Lumens

2700K Soft White

Table 2.2.3a: Light Fixture Analysis

Table 2.2.3a: Light Fixture Specifications

11

3.0 Research Methodology

Preliminary study and identification of the types of

spaces are done to choose a suitable case study that

meets the requirements for the project

Emails, visitation and calls are made to different

chosen venues to obtain approval to conduct our study

on the site.

The production of plans and sections are done digitally

after hardcopies were given by the management of the

Church. Gridlines and spaces are determined to ensure

easy navigation during visit.

Before site visit, the timing and methods of taking

readings and delegation of tasks are determined to

prevent confusion among group members. Tools and

equipment and the reading of manual books are done

beforehand.

During site visit, observations on surrounding and how

people use the space are done. Identification of data

needed for analysis are carried out.

The data and reading collected are compiled and

tabulated into report.

Equipment used: Measuring tape, masking tape, paper holder, laser distance

measuring tool, graph paper, sound detector, lux meter, camera

12

3.1 Lighting Analysis

3.1.1 Equipment

The equipment used to collect the lighting data is the Lutron lux meter, model LX-

101. It is a simple light meter for measuring illuminances by using the light sensor of

the device. This digital lux meter has high accuracy in measuring. The separate light

sensor allows user take measurement of an optimum position. The LSI-circuit use

provides high reliability and durability.

Figure 3.1.1a Lux Meter LX-101

Display 13m (0.5”) LCD, 31

2 digits, Max. indication 1999

Measurement 0 to 50,000 Lux, 3 ranges

Sensor The exclusive photo diode & colour correction filter

Zero Adjustment Build in the external zero adjust VR on front panel

Power Consumption Approximately DC 2mA

Dimension Main Instrument :

108 x 73 x 23 mm (4.3 x 2.9 x 0.9 inch)

Sensor probe :

82 x 55 x 7 mm (3.2 x 2.2 x 0.3 inch)

Operating Temperature 0 to 50 degree Celsius

Operating Humidity Less than 80% R.H.

Power Supply 006P. DC 9V battery, MN 1604 (PP3) or equivalent

Weight 160g (0.36 LB) with batteries.

Accessories Included Instruction manual............1 PC.

Carrying case ...................1 PC.

Over-input Indication of “1”

Sampling time 0.4 second

Sensor structure The exclusive photo diode & colour correction filter

13

1. Get ready during morning by 9am

2. The tile dimension (600mm x 600mm) was measured.

3. The floor was marked according to 1 point to 2 tiles length.

4. Each marking was labelled accordingly to the grid line A1, A2, A3 etc

5. A table was drawn on the graph paper for easy and neat record of data.

6. The lux meter was turned on and the range switch was adjusted according to

the condition of the space, which is Range A because we were measuring

indoor.

7. Standing on the point marked, with the light detector hold in the position of

1.0m and 1.5m simultaneously, to get readings for sitting and standing

positions

8. In order to get more accurate readings, position of the person measuring was

stood in such which reduces the blocking of natural daylight and artificial

lighting as much as possible.

9. The readings were recorded on the graph paper.

10. The data collected was compiled digitally.

11. The same procedure was repeated for noon and night time.

3.1.2 Equipment

Figure 3.2.1a Measurement taken at 1.0m and 1.5m

14

3.2 Acoustic Approach

3.2.1 Equipment

The equipment used is digital sound level meter, model 407730. While taking

measurement, there are a few considerations should be take note. Wind

blowing across the microphone increases the noise measurement. The

provided windscreen should be used to cover the microphone when applicable.

The instrument should be calibrated before each use if possible especially if the

meter has not been used for a long time of period. Meter and microphone

should be kept dry all the time.

Display LCD with bargaph

Microphone 10mm (0.5”) Electret condenser

Measurement Bandwidth 300Hz to 8KHz

Measurement Range 40 to 130dB (A wtg), 45 to 130dB (C wtg)

Frequency weighting „A‟ and „C‟ (selectable)

Accuracy / Resolution ±2dB @1kHz (under reference conditions) / 0.1dB

Response time Fast: 125 milliseconds / Slow: 1 second

Calibration source 1KHz sine wave @ 94 or 114 dB

AC output 0.707Vrms full scale

Power 4 AAA Batteries

Battery life 30 hours (typical); low battery indicator alerts user

Automatic power off After approximately 20 minutes

Operating temperature 0 to 50 degree Celsius

Operating humidity 10 to 90% RH

Storage temperature -20 to 60 degree Celsius

Dimensions/weight 230 x 57 x 44mm (9 x 2.3 x 1.7”)/ 172g

15

3.2.2 Method

1. Get ready before service started on Sunday

2. The points were marked according to the grid lines by using the laser distance

measuring tool and measuring tape due to the large size of the hall.

3. Standing on the point marked, with the sound detector hold in the position of 1.0m,

to get reading for sitting position

4. The readings were recorded on the graph paper

5. The date collected were compiled digitally

6. The same procedure was repeated for during service and after service, to

conclude the peak and non-peak moments.

7. Due to the prohibition of disrupting the Sunday service, a re-enactment was done

using the sound system of the hall after service, with the permission of the pastor.

16

4.1.1 Introduction to Site

Case Study

Building Industrial Retail Residential Road River Vegetation

Located in the quiet industrial area in SS13/3A, near to the main New Pantai

Expressway (NPE), the church Is a four storeys building, where the main hall and

cafeteria spaces are located at the ground floor.

Building is situated within its site surrounded by road, where congestion would get very

bad during peak hours. Vegetation and buildings surrounding site, would buffer noises

from road.

The church is usually opened 9am to 5pm on weekdays, Saturday 9am to 2pm,

Sunday 8am to 2pm. During mentioned hours, church is operated, thus it is important

to observe site‟s condition during those period.

Main road, towards NPE Highway

Intersection to site

Driveway to building

1

2

3

17

Main Hall

Cafeteria Walkway

`

Lobby

The main hall being exposed to the road circulation require quality acoustic

insulation to ensure optimal delivery of speech and to also reduce noise received

from the industrial area. The walkway between main hall and road will also

produce loud sounds due to heavy human and vehicular circulation.

Daylighting is essential within the cafeteria, there are openings at the southern

and eastern sides of the cafeteria where daylight is able to penetrate through as

the surrounding buildings are primarily low rise. The cafeteria is lighted up by the

morning sun through the eastern facade; hence minimal artificial lighting is

required. A similar situation is present at noon when human activities are at

minimum. After the sun has set, the presence of natural lighting is absent;

therefore artificial lighting are fully utilized to its full potential.

18

4.2 Material and Properties

Material Picture Location Texture Surface

Type

Colour Reflectance

Value (%)

Reinforced

Concrete

Zone B

and Zone

D

Rough Non-

Reflective

Light

Orange

50

Homogeneous

Flooring Tile

Zone B

and Zone

D

Smooth Reflective

Dark

Black

30

Ceramic

Flooring Tile

Zone C Matte

Reflective Light

Brown

60

Main hall‟s interior, facing entrance

leading to walkway.

Overall view of building‟s exterior

Main hall‟s interior, facing stage

Acoustics panel on the sides of main hall

Overall view of cafeteria

Entrance of cafeteria

Close up view of pantry

Table 4.1.1a: Material Detail 19

Material Picture Location Texture Surface

Type

Colour Reflectance

Value (%)

Ceramic Tile Zone B

and Zone

D

Smooth Reflective

White

90

Zone B

and Zone

D

Smooth Reflective Black 30

Suspended

Ceiling

Zone C Smooth Reflective

White 80

Marble Kitchen

Top

Zone A Smooth

Reflective Black 30

Glass Window Zone B

and Zone

D

Matte Non-

Reflective

Blue 80

Suspended

Ceiling

Zone B

and Zone

D

Matte Non-

Reflective

White 80

Matte Glass

Window

Zone C Matte Reflective

Transp

arent

50

Linen Curtain Zone 1 Matte Non-

Reflective

White 80

Plastic Chair

Zone 1 Smooth Reflective Blue

and

Black

30

Table 4.1.1b: Material Detail 20

Zone A (Cashier Counter Top)

Zone B (Kitchen Counter Top)

Zone C (Dining Near Window)

Zone D (Entrance)

Zone E (Dining 1)

Zone F (Kitchen)

Zone G (Dining 2)

Zone H (Dining 3)

Zone I (Dining 4)

4.2.2 Lighting Zoning

The entrance of the building which is situated on the west façade has no

building blocking its sunlight. This allows for ample amount of natural lighting

to enter the cafeteria through the glass door and window. As such, from

morning to noon less artificial lighting is necessary

4.2.1 Building Orientation

Figure 4.2.1a: Ecotect Diagram of Site

Figure 4.2.2a: Zoning of Cafeteria for Lighting

21

Types of Lights Artificial Light Type of Light

Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent

Light Type of Fixture Linear Lighting

Type of Luminaries Bright White

Power (W) 26

Luminous Flux(lm) 1560

Number of Bulbs 52

Colour Temperature, K 3,500

Average Life Rate(Hrs) 10,000

Lumens Maintenance Excellent Beam Angle 45

CRI 82

45°

4.3 Existing Lighting

Exterior view of entrance to the cafeteria of the church Interior view of entrance to the cafeteria of the church

Exterior view of the cafeteria‟s side wall Interior view of the cafeteria‟s side wall

22


Bulb

Compact

Fluorescent Light Type of Fixture Stick Lighting

Type of Luminaries Cool White

Power (W) 25


Number of Bulbs 24



Lumens Maintenance Very Good Beam Angle 45

CRI 80


Bulb

Fluorescent Light

Type of Fixture Linear Lighting

Type of Luminaries Warm White/Yellow

Power (W) 16


Number of Bulbs 6



Lumens Maintenance Excellent Beam Angle 85

CRI 80

85°

45° 45°

23

Low rise factories

TNB Substation External Noise Sources

Compressor noise

Vehicular Noise

Internal Noise Sources

Performance

Audience

Noise from Cafeteria

4.3 Existing Acoustic

24

The trench next to the church acts as a vibration isolator, separating the

vibrating source of vehicles from the New Pantai Expressway from

reaching the building, providing a more quiet and tranquil place for a

religious building such as the church.

4.3.1 Neighboring Sounds

Low Rise Factories TNB Substation

25

The main hall is located in the middle of the Church, surrounded by the road

path for people to circulate around the church and adjacent to the office

area, hall 1, and lobby area.

4.3.2 External Noise Sources

26

Compressor Noise Vehicular Noise

Cafeteria Noise Lobby

The peak hour of the church is during Sunday, 8am -1pm, where vehicle noise

level is higher thus the backstage corridor and lobby area act as buffer zones

reducing the noise from the surrounding road into the Main Hall and vice versa.

83db (outside compressor), 73db lobby(before service), 80db (service), 60db

(outside lobby).

27

The main source of internal noise comes from the stage where the sounds

usually originate from the speakers and musical instruments during

performance and service times. The noise made by the people attending the

events in the hall also contribute to the internal noise, through conversations,

movements and the opening and closing of the entrance doors.

Subtle noises of the air conditioning from the sides of the hall also creates

sound in the space.

4.3.3 Internal Noise Sources

28

Open and Closing of Doors

Air Conditioning System

Musical instruments

Ceiling mounted speakers

Floor Speakers Performance and Crowd

29

4.3.4 Design Intention

More openings are located connecting to the lobby which acts as a buffer zone

with minimal openings to the sides reduce the transfer of the sound out from the

hall to the adjacent spaces in the Church.

The installation of the acoustic panels on the walls, the use of the cushioned chairs,

the use of timber flooring and the use of perforated gypsum ceiling boards absorb the

sound energy from the sound sources. Yet by alternating reflective and absorptive

surface materials and creating irregularities in surfaces, the diffusion of the sound is

created. This enables a uniform distribution of sound, making the acoustical quality of

the hall not to be too dead or having too much echoes. 30

The hall is designed in portal frame to allow sound to be spread across the hall due

to the angle of the ceiling. Suspended perforated gypsum boards are installed on

the ceiling to absorb excess sound preventing too much reverberation as it will

cause difficulty in understanding the speech.

Air gap between walls of Main Hall and Hall 1 is to reduce the transmission of

sound vibration through structure borne, preventing the services from the different

halls from disturbing one another.

The 125mm thick brick wall with plastering at both sides reflects the sound to

the main hall space from the stage and cuts down the sound transferring

outside by diffracting it.

31

Morning 1.0 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 9 10 9 9 9

2 9 11 9 9 9

3 9 10 9 9 11

4 31 38 41 47 37 11 11 9 10 12

5 32 41 41 40 38 14 14 11 9 12

6 11 17 15 17 20 11 12 10 10 9

7 7 13 16 16 15 18 9 14 12 12

8 15 20 14 18 18 26 16 12 16 10

9 60 29 18 27 20 32 25 14 16 11

10 100 40 20 26 23 27 35 29 12 9

11 69 29 20 22 20 38 34 22 12 9

12 10 18 17 29 35 70 58 19 12 9

13 9 11 10 99 125 157 91 8 9 9

Morning 1.5 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 20 24 20 16 14

2 22 24 26 19 17

3 23 29 28 19 18

4 123 30 14 11 10 27 27 25 17 15

5 17 88 25 15 11 29 24 23 16 15

6 10 11 14 11 14 21 22 20 15 13

7 11 15 15 15 14 22 16 19 15 14

8 16 18 13 20 16 27 21 28 23 18

9 62 25 15 22 23 37 37 36 24 23

10 115 30 18 28 32 47 35 42 28 23

11 55 18 21 40 45 60 45 33 23 16

12 14 17 24 48 80 110 65 21 12 11

13 10 11 12 57 210 254 126 9 10 9

5.1 Lighting Data Record




Zone D (Entrance)

Zone E (Dining 1)

Zone F (Kitchen)

Zone G (Dining 2)

Zone H (Dining 3)

Zone I (Dining 4)

Corridor (Double Volume) 16

Outdoor 11

Sides of Church 7

Table 5.1a: Lux level of Cafeteria in Morning at 1.0m

Table 5.1b: Lux level of Cafeteria in Morning at 1.5m

32

Afternoon 1.0 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 8 8 9 9 8

2 8 8 9 10 9

3 8 8 11 9 10

4 40 35 47 58 41 8 9 9 9 11

5 47 61 63 63 47 9 11 9 9 10

6 11 15 15 16 16 9 10 10 9 9

7 8 11 11 11 10 11 11 9 9 10

8 13 14 15 12 9 10 9 13 9 9

9 13 15 15 14 11 12 11 16 10 9

10 56 20 19 14 14 25 13 18 11 9

11 27 19 23 36 18 15 12 13 10 9

12 9 14 19 16 32 32 14 11 9 8

13 9 10 14 35 90 70 36 8 9 8

Afternoon 1.5 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 24 25 21 19 13

2 26 31 30 23 18

3 25 31 29 25 21

4 60 16 13 12 11 32 29 25 16 13

5 70 27 18 13 10 30 26 22 18 13

6 9 12 11 11 11 22 23 21 19 13

7 12 14 13 13 12 15 14 15 13 11

8 14 15 14 16 13 21 23 23 21 14

9 19 15 15 19 21 32 37 40 33 24

10 64 20 22 22 29 43 50 41 31 25

11 39 22 27 39 37 63 48 27 21 17

12 18 19 27 41 72 80 47 19 11 10

13 11 13 16 64 133 160 52 9 9 9




Zone D (Entrance)

Zone E (Dining 1)

Zone F (Kitchen)

Zone G (Dining 2)

Zone H (Dining 3)

Zone I (Dining 4)


Outdoor 11

Sides of Church 7

Table 5.1c: Lux level of Cafeteria in Afternoon at 1.0m

Table 5.1d: Lux level of Cafeteria in Afternoon at 1.5m

33

Night 1.0 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 19 20 17 16 12

2 20 22 24 21 15

3 21 24 23 21 14

4 32 32 32 29 32 22 24 20 17 12

5 30 40 40 40 36 21 20 19 13 12

6 10 20 13 17 15 17 15 15 14 11

7 10 16 17 16 15 14 14 13 13 11

8 16 17 19 17 16 18 20 19 16 14

9 14 17 17 18 14 22 26 24 24 17

10 14 18 18 17 17 21 22 26 22 18

11 15 18 20 17 16 15 14 19 17 15

12 14 15 16 14 14 11 9 12 11 10

13 11 10 10 11 12 10 9 8 9 8

Night 1.5 m

A B C D E F G H I J

1 21 21 19 18 12

2 21 27 27 23 14

3 23 28 28 24 15

4 38 35 44 49 38 26 28 26 14 11

5 45 47 73 65 47 26 23 15 16 9

6 10 14 13 17 13 21 19 13 17 10

7 8 17 18 15 15 12 12 11 10 9

8 14 19 20 17 14 17 17 20 15 10

9 15 18 20 20 16 28 29 31 30 16

10 12 21 20 17 15 25 28 25 23 16

11 15 19 22 17 13 17 18 17 21 14

12 16 17 22 14 15 10 10 8 9 8

13 10 11 12 11 10 10 9 8 8 8




Zone D (Entrance)

Zone E (Dining 1)

Zone F (Kitchen)

Zone G (Dining 2)

Zone H (Dining 3)

Zone I (Dining 4)


Outdoor 11

Sides of Church 7

Table 5.1f: Lux level of Cafeteria at Night at 1.5m

Table 5.1e: Lux level of Cafeteria at Night at 1.0m

34

5.1.1 Day Lighting

Zone Daylight Factors (%) Distribution

Very Bright > 6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3 – 6 Good

Average 1 -3 Fair

Dark 0 -1 Poor

Daylight factors are used to determine the ratio of the internal light level to the

external light level. It is calculated using the following equation, as stated below.

DF: Daylight Factors

Ei: Indoor Illuminance

Eo: Outdoor Illuminance

The following tables describe the average daylight factors in a space. (MS 1525)

5.1.2 Daylight Factor Calculation

1. Zone A (Cashier Counter Top)

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)

Average Lux Reading During

Morning

15 13


Afternoon

12 12


Night

15 14

Date and Time

Recording Level Outdoor (Standing Level) Indoor (Standing Level)

Lux Meter Reading 32000 12

Calculations: Daylight Factor = (E in/ E ext) x 100%

= (16/32000) x 100%

= 0.04% 35

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)

Average Lux Reading During Morning 39 38


Afternoon

44 22

Average Lux Reading During Night 31 40.8

Date and Time




= (22/32000) x 100%

= 0.07%

2. Zone B (Kitchen Counter Top)

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

76 77


Afternoon

32 41

Average Lux Reading During Night 43 14

Date and Time



3. Zone C (Dining Near Window)


= (41/32000) x 100%

= 0.1%

36

4. Zone D (Entrance)

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

82 111


Afternoon

42 72


Night

10 10

Date and Time




= (72/32000) x 100%

= 0.23%

5. Zone E (Dining 1)

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

23 32


Afternoon

14 28


Night

12 12

Date and Time




= (28/32000) x 100%

= 0.09%

37

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

38 31


Afternoon

56 28


Night

37 55

Date and Time

Recording Level Outdoor (Standing Level) Indoor (Standing

Level)


6. Zone F (Kitchen)


= (28/32000) x 100%

= 0.09%

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

11 20


Afternoon

9 21


Night

17 19

Date and Time



7. Zone G (Dining 2)


= (21/32000) x 100%

= 0.07%

38

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

17 20


Afternoon

11 17


Night

17 16

8. Zone H (Dining 3)

Date and Time




= (17/32000) x 100%

= 0.05%

1.0m (Sitting

Level)

1.5m (Standing

Level)


Morning

22 31


Afternoon

15 30


Night

18 21

9. Zone I (Dining 4)

Date and Time




= (30/32000) x 100%

= 0.09%

39

Zone Daylight Factor (%)

A (Cashier Counter Top) 0.05

B (Kitchen Counter Top) 0.07

C (Dining Near Window) 0.1

D (Entrance) 0.23

E (Dining 1) 0.09

F (Kitchen) 0.09

G (Dining 2) 0.07

H (Dining 3) 0.05

I (Dining 4) 0.09

As tabled, the zone that receives the most daylighting would be Zone E, mainly

caused by the use of outdoor-facing glass door and panels. Whereas for the zone

that receives the least amount of daylighting would be Zone A and Zone H due to

the fact that both spaces are in the middle where the exposure towards fenestration

are limited.

According to MS1525, the minimal standard daylight factor required for indoor

dining is 2%. As gathered from table above, the daylight factor gathered from the

indoor dining is within 0.05 to 0.1. This proves that the dining area does not fulfil the

standard stated in MS1525. A reason being the placement of the cafeteria next to

the hall, where the only daylight entering the space would be the entrance and the

side wall of cafeteria; zone C, D, and E. Followed by the fact that the height of the

neighbouring building blocked the sunlight which would have entered via the

windows in zone C and D.

In order to enhance the lighting quality in respective zones, artificial lighting must be

placed in accordance to the respective zones according to the requirements in

MS1525; to provide sufficient amount of lighting for the users.

40

5.1.3 Lumen Method

Lumen Method, also known as Light Flux Method, is used to determine the

number of lamps that should be installed for a given area or room.

By using the given formula below do the calculations.:

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

where,

N = Number Of Lamps Required

E = Illuminance Level Required (lux)

A = Area at Working Plane Height (m²)

F = Average Luminous Flux from Each Lamp (lm)

UF = Utilisation Factor, an Allowance for the Light Distribution of the

Luminaire and the Room Surfaces

MF = Maintenance Factor, an Allowance for Reduced Light Output because of

Deterioration and Dirt

As stated in MS 1525: 2007, the recommended average illuminances are:

Application Illuminance (Lux)

Entrance And Exit 100

Restaurant, Canteen, Cafeteria 200

Kitchen 200

Referring to the table below „Reflection Factors of Ceilings and Walls,‟ to obtain the

utilization factor.

Colour Reflectance

White, off-white, light shades of grey,

brown, blue

75% - 90%

Medium green, yellow, brown, grey 30% - 60%

Dark grey, medium blue 10% - 20%

Dark blue, green, wood panelling 5% - 10%

41

1. Zone A (Cashier Counter Top)

Activity Cashier, Display of Food

Dimension L = 6, W = 2.4

Area (m²) 14.4

Type of lighting fixture Fluorescent Lighting

Nos. Of lighting fixture 6

Standard illuminance (lm) 960

Height of ceiling (m) 4.1

Height of luminaire (m) 3.0

Height of work level (m) 1.35

Vertical distance from work place

to luminaire

1.65

Room index (RI)

RI =

Utilization factor (UF)

(Based on utilization factor table)

0.35

Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8

Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 1.04

= 200 x 14.4

960 x 0.35 x 0.8

= 11

42

2. Zone B (Kitchen Counter Top)

Activity Kitchen

Dimension L = 5.108, W = 1.424

Area (m²) 7.274








to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.56

= 200 x 7.274

960 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 8

43

3. Zone C (Dining Near Window)

Activity Dining

Dimension L = 1.2, W = 4.6

Area (m²) 4.32

Type of lighting fixture Compact Fluorescent Lighting







to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.33

= 200 x 4.32

1560 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 3

44

4. Zone D (Entrance)

Activity Entrance


Area (m²) 11.52








to luminaire

2.6

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.41

= 100 x 11.52

1500 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 4

45

5. Zone E (Dining 1)

Activity Dining

Dimension L = 12, W = 1.2 + L = 2.4, W = 1.2

Area (m²) 17.28








to luminaire

2.6

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.4

= 200 x 17.28

1560 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 11

46

6. Zone F (Kitchen)

Activity Kitchen

Dimension L = 5.108, W = 1.2

Area (m²) 6.13








to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.45

= 200 x 6.13

960 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 7

47

7. Zone G (Dining 2)

Activity Dining


Area (m²) 50.4








to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.42


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 1.6

= 200 x 50.4

1560 x 0.42 x 0.8

= 20

48

8. Zone H (Dining 3)

Activity Dining


Area (m²) 14.4








to luminaire

2.6

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.26


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 0.42

= 200 x 14.4

1500 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 10

49


Activity Dining


Area (m²) 38.88








to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.39


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 1.23

= 200 x 38.88

1560 x 0.39 x 0.8

= 16

50


Activity Dining


Area (m²) 38.88








to luminaire

2.2

Room index (RI)

RI =



0.39


Illuminance level

L x W

(L + W) x H

E x A

F x UF x MF N =

= 1.23

= 200 x 38.88

1560 x 0.39 x 0.8

= 16

51

Zone Existing (Nos. of

Fixtures)

Calculated (Required nos. of

Fixtures)

A 6 11

B 6 8

C 3 3

D 12 4

E 10 11

F 6 7

G 24 20

H 12 10

I 18 16

From the table, certain zones of the cafeteria do not meet the MS1525 requirement

for the number of lights. Specifically zone A and B, the pantry area have minimal

lights allocated there due to circulation there limited only to cooks and requires less

lighting for activities. Zone E which being less illuminated compared to other zones

is mainly caused be a design of the floor layout that relies on natural lighting to

brighten that zone since the building was designed to accommodate most users

during the morning to afternoon rather than in the night.

Zone E however has an excess number of lights located at the entrance. The main

cause here being the interior design that clutters the lights together. In order to

enhance the lighting quality in respective zones, the number of artificial lighting

must be allocated accordingly as stated by requirements in MS1525; to provide

sufficient amount of lighting for the occurring activity.

52

The analysis diagram show a higher percentage of daylight entering the space from

the west-facing entrance of the cafeteria using mostly glass. The sides however are

also able to receive a moderate amount of light from the window opening although is

partially obstructed by neighbouring buildings. The rear of the cafeteria has no

openings that allow the passage of natural lighting and hence is purely reliant on

artificial lighting.

5.1.4 Lux Contour Diagram

Table 5.1.4a: Daylight Analysis on Plan of Cafeteria

Table 5.1.4b: Axonometric Layout Daylight Analysis

53

5.1.5 Lux Reading Analysis

1. Zone A: Cashier Counter Top

Highest lux meter reading: 20 (E6 at sitting level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 7 (A7 at sitting level) (Morning)

The lux meter reading at E6 is higher at the sitting level because of

the artificial lighting above. Depending on daylight alone to light up the

interior is not sufficient so additional artificial lighting is added.

2. Zone B: Kitchen Counter Top

Highest lux meter reading: 123 (A4 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 10 (E4 standing level) (Morning)

The lighting within the kitchen is kept averagely low however can be quite

bright at the corner facing the door as natural lighting can enter the space

when the door is left ajar.

54

3. Zone C: Dining Near Window

Highest lux meter reading: 115 (A10 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 12 (A10 standing level) (Night)

The sitting area at A10 near the left window receives a decent amount of natural

lighting during the day is however lower than other zones receiving direct lighting

due to the glass window that reflects a certain amount of light for the exterior.

During the night however the zone is fully reliant on artificial lighting and hence

has a lower lux level since it‟s located at the side.

4. Zone D: Entrance Top

Highest lux meter reading: 254 (F13 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 8 (H13, I13, J13 at sitting and standing level)

(Morning, Afternoon, Night)

This day of the time, the lux meter shows a higher reading at F13 because

the entrance is facing the east side where the sun is shining from. The

standing level has a higher reading because it is nearer to the light source.

At H13, the lux meter reading is the lowest because it is away from the light

source and there is lack of artificial lighting near the corner of the cafeteria. 55

5. Zone E: Dining 1

Highest lux meter reading: 110 (F12 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 8 (J13, H13 at sitting and standing level)

(Afternoon, Night)

Zone E located adjacent to zone C although being at the corner may receive a

moderate amount of light from nearby windows from zone C and D. It does

however receive a notably low quantity of light during night when no natural

lighting is present as only a scarce number of lights are present to illuminate this

zone.

6. Zone F: Kitchen

Highest lux meter reading: 88 (B5 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 10 (E5 at standing level) (Afternoon)

Similar to zone A and B, the kitchen although being more dim than the rest

of the cafeteria does receive light from the bulbs above and the lux level

may occasionally spike upwards when the door in the kitchen is open either

for ventilation or for circulation purposes.

56

7. Zone G: Dining 2

Highest lux meter reading: 32 (F4 at standing level) (Afternoon)

Lowest lux meter reading: 8 (F1, F2, F3, F4, G1, G2, G3, J1 at sitting level)

(Afternoon)

Zone G is position further from any open fenestrations and thus receives a

meagre portion of the light entering from the openings. As such, the day zone G

requires the assistance of artificial lighting and exceedingly dependant from

evening onwards.

8. Zone H: Dining 3

Highest lux meter reading: 28 (H8 at standing level) (Morning)

Lowest lux meter reading: 9 (E8, G8, I8, J8 at sitting level) (Afternoon)

Although zone H is placed between two zones with high lux levels, the zone

itself receives relatively low amount of direct light from natural lighting as it

was placed at a corner where light only passes through at an angle. Due to

its position it does not receive sufficient light from the artificial lighting above.

57

9. Zone I: Dining 4

Highest lux meter reading: 63 (F11 at standing level) (Afternoon)

Lowest lux meter reading: 9 (J9, J10, J11 at sitting level) (Morning, Afternoon)

Zone I has the most average lux level amongst all zones as it is positioned

at a moderate distance from the openings of zone C and D. It is also lighted

by several light bulbs from several zone. The lux level isn‟t excessive is it

does not receive light from any direct light source.

58


6.1 Sound Meter Reading

Peak Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A 76 76 78 63 50 77 83

B 76 77 85 75 66 80 85

C 77 74 67 78 87 85 88

D 85 75 67 82 77 73 74

E 75 83 77 81 83 77 80

F 66 81 73 79 75 71 75

G 71 77 71 64 70 66 70 Table 6.1.1: Sound meter level (dB) data in performance hall during 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

The non-peak hour occurs during music rehearsal, as such the sounds being

produce from the music instruments are louder especially closer to the stage within

the “7” zone. While the sounds being heard closer to the sides are lower due to the

perforated boards being used to absorb vibrations. The volume being heard near

the back at the audio control center (zone D1, D2, E1 and E2) are higher than

those in the “1” zone because no sound absorbing materials were used. This is to

allow sound from the stage to be heard clearly and the sounds level of the mic and

instruments can be adjusted as necessary.

The sound decibel being measured using the sound measuring equipment may

undulate depending on the tempo or type of song being played during the period of

measurement.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A 62 55 60 67 62 54 83

B 57 63 68 56 65 66 85

C 62 66 63 53 68 67 88

D 65 60 61 63 75 70 74

E 58 58 58 61 66 69 80

F 56 64 56 71 71 69 75

G 51 62 65 66 66 64 70 Table 6.1.2: Sound meter level (dB) data in performance hall during 9:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m.

Peak hours occurs during sermon when the speaker is talking on stage and hence

the sounds being produced is lower even though the hall is filled with a large

amount of people. The front section of the hall at “7” zone is significantly louder as

the loudspeakers are position above and beside the stage.

Zone F1 and G1 have a lower decibel compared to other portions of the hall as it is

a nursery room and the walls are insulated to reduce the sound that enters the

room. The decibel measured are once again undulating as the speakers tone and

voice may increase or decrease throughout the entire sermon.

Non- Peak Period

59

6.2 Graph Analysis of Acoustic Data

0

20

40

60

80

100

A1-G1Sound M

ete

r R

eadin

g (

dB

)

Average Sound Meter Reading at Zone A during Peak Hour and Non-Peak Hour

Sound Meter Reading during Non-Peak Hour (9:30am to 10:30am)

Sound Meter Reading during Peak Hour (10:30am to 12pm)

Diagram 6.2a: Graph of Sound Level (dB) at Sitting Area

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

A1-B1

Sound M

ete

r R

eadin

g (

dB

)

Average Sound Meter Reading at Zone B during Peak Hour and Non-Peak Hour



Diagram 6.2b: Graph of Sound Level (dB) on Nursery Room

The sounds being produced at the sitting area produces mid range sounds

as the sounds being heard from the stage be it musical and speech should

be clearly heard by the users.

The nursery room receives a lower range of sounds from the hall as the

purpose is to insulate the sound passing through to prevent excess noise

from disturbing younger children being taken cared by their parents.

A1-B1 /E1-G1 A2-B2 /E2-G2 A3-G3 A4-G4

A5-G5

A1-B1 A2-B2

60

60

65

70

75

80

85

B6-G6

Sound M

ete

r R

eadin

g (

dB

)

Average Sound Meter Reading at Zone C during Peak Hour and Non-Peak Hour



Diagram 6.2c: Graph of Sound Level (dB) at Stage

0

20

40

60

80

100

A6 and G6

Sound M

ete

r R

eadin

g (

dB

)

Average Sound Meter Reading at Zone D during Peak hour and Non-Peak Hour



Diagram 6.2d: Graph of Sound Level (dB) at Robbing Room

The stage has the loudest range among the measurements mainly since the

sounds being produced in the hall occurs directly on the stage and the

loudspeakers are position above the stage.

The robbing room located besides the stage registers mid range level sound

as well although being positioned adjacent with the stage due to perforated

boards along the walls that reduces sounds that travel through the rooms.

A6-G6 A7-B7/F7-G7

B6-F6 C7-E7

61

6.3 Acoustic Calculation and Analysis

6.3.1 Zone A – Sitting Area

i) Sound Intensity Level, (SIL)

Sound Intensity Level – Peak hour Sound Intensity Level – Non – Peak

hour

SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝐼𝑎

1 × 10−12

64.29

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎

1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts

SIL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝐼𝑎

1 × 10−12

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎

1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts

Sound Pressure Level – Peak hour Sound Pressure Level – Non – Peak

hour

SPL = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

64.29

20= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts

ii) Sound Pressure Level, (SPL)

Figure 6.3a Sitting Area of Performing Hall

62

iii) Reverberation Time, (RT)

Materials (Wall) Area (𝒎𝟐) Acoustic

Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Plastered brick wall

with paint

59.1m² 0.02 1.2

Perforated acoustic

panel

135.4m² 0.15 20.2

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring)

Area (𝒎𝟐) Acoustic

Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Nylon carpet on

concrete floor

699.3 m² 0.14 97.9

Perforated ceiling

814.8m² 0.72 819.8

Materials

(Furniture)


Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Cushioned chair

286.7 m² 0.80 229.4

Timber double

leaves door

18 m² 0.15 2.7

Occupant 441 0.46 202.9

Total Floor Area (m²) = 699.7 m²

Volume of Zone (𝑚3) = 4575.54𝑚3

Occupancy =441

Calculation: 𝑇 =0.161 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒

(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 × 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝑇 =0.161 × 4575.54

1374.1

𝑇 = 0.54𝑠

63

Zone A has a reverberation time of 0.54 seconds. According to the table

above, zone A has excellent acoustics quality. The acoustic quality of zone

A is important as it is the main sitting area of the performance hall. The

sound quality is highly depending on the absorption properties of materials

used, from flooring materials to the furniture materials. This is because the

materials used in zone A has been carefully chosen according to the

absorption properties of each materials.

Table 6.3.1a Table shows reverberation time against acoustic quality

iv) Sounds Reduction Index, (SRI)

Materials Sound

reduction

index (dB)

Surface

area / 𝑚2

Transmission

coefficient

material

Surface area x

transmission

coefficient

material

Floor Nylon carpet on

concrete

flooring

50+30 699.3 1 × 10−8 6.99 × 10−6

Wall Plastered brick

wall with paint

44 59.1 3.98 × 10−5 2.35 × 10−3

Wall with

perforated

acoustic panel

44+60 135.4 3.98 × 10−11 5.39 × 10−9

Ceiling Perorated

acoustic ceiling

60 135.4 1 × 10−6 1.35 × 10−4

Door Timber 40 18 1 × 10−4 1.80 × 10−3

Total 1047.2 4.29 × 10−3

64

Floor Nylon carpet

SRI = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

80 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

80

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

108= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑁𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1 × 10−8

Wall Plastered brick wall with

paint


𝑇

44 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

44

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

104.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 =

3.98 × 10−5

Wall with perforated acoustic panel


𝑇

104 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

104

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

1010.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 =

3.98 × 10−11

Ceiling Perforated acoustic panel


𝑇

60 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

60

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

106= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 1 × 10−6

Door Timber


𝑇

40 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

40

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

104= 1

𝑇


65

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ( 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠)

𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4.29 × 10−3

1047.2

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4.10 × 10−6

∴ 𝑆𝑅𝐼𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

4.10×10−6

= 53.87dB

At Zone A, the average reading during peak hour is 62.29dB and the average

reading during non-peak hour is 74.18dB. The reading of non-peak hour is during

rehearsal while peak hour is after the rehearsal. According to the data collected,

the average reading of during peak hour is lower than non-peak hour. The factors

that affect the readings are the talking voice between occupants and sound of

instruments. During peak hour, the occupants are required to remain their voice

lower and keep quiet as the performance are going on. During non-peak hour, the

staffs are directing the performers on stage using from the back of Zone A,

causes the average reading higher compare to peak hour.

66

6.3.2 Zone B – Nursery and Baby Room

Figure 6.3b New Nursery 1 and Baby Room in Performing Hall




hour


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

64.29

20= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts


hour

SPL = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝐼𝑎

1 × 10−12

76

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 107.6 × 1 × 10−12

= 3.98 × 10−05 Watts


1 × 10−12

59.5

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 105.95 × 1 × 10−12

= 8.91 × 10−07 Watts

67



Volume of Zone (𝑚3) = 85 𝑚3 Occupancy = 5



𝑇 =0.161 × 85

20.2

𝑇 = 0.68𝑠


Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Plastered brick

wall with paint

36.4 m² 0.02 0.7

Solid gypsum

board with half

glazed timber

40.0 m² 0.17 6.8

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring)

Area (𝒎𝟐) Acoustic Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Plywood timber

flooring

28.4 m² 0.10 2.8

Gypsum board

ceiling

28.4 m² 0.10 2.8

Materials (Door

and Furniture)


Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Cushioned chair 19.5 m² 0.22 4.3

Wood hollowcore

door

3.6 m² 0.15 0.5

Occupants 5 0.46 2.3

Total sound absorption 20.2

68

The reverberation time of Zone B is 0.68s. Zone B has slightly higher

reverberation time than Zone A. This is because the material used in Zone

B has lower acoustic absorption coefficient than the material used in Zone

A. Timber flooring has less sound absorption coefficient properties than

carpet at Zone A, hence the noise from performance stage and sitting area

do not absorb effectively. Zone B should have install perforated panels in

this area as nursery area should have better indoor sound quality as the

babies are sensitive to the noise around.


Materials Sound

reduction

index (dB)

Surface

area / 𝒎𝟐

Transmission

coefficient

material

Surface area x

transmission

coefficient

material

Floor Timber flooring 20 28.2 1 × 10−2 2.82 × 10−1


wall with paint

44 40.7 3.98 × 10−5

1.62 × 10−3

Dry Wall 30 56.4 1 × 10−3 5.64 × 10−2

Ceiling Gypsum board

ceiling

26+8 28.2 3.98 × 10−4 1.12 × 10−2

Door Timber 40 3.5 1 × 10−4 3.5 × 10−4

Total 157 3.52 × 10−1


69

Floor Timber flooring


𝑇

20 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

20

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

102= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1 × 10−2

Wall Plastered brick wall with

paint


𝑇

44 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

44

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

104.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡= 3.98 × 10−5

Dry wall


𝑇

30 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

30

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

103= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1 × 10−3

Ceiling Gypsum board ceiling


𝑇

34 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

34

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

103.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝐺𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3.98 × 10−4

Door Timber


𝑇

40 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

40

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

104= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 1 × 10−4

70



𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (3.52 × 10−1)

157

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.24 𝑥 10−3

∴ 𝑆𝑅𝐼𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

2.24 𝑥 10−3

= 26.49dB

At zone B, the average reading during peak hour is 59.5dB while the average

reading during non-peak hour is 76dB. During peak hour, there are no occupant

in the room, causing the sound power level lower than non-peak hour. The

average reading of non-peak hour is 76dB which is higher compare to non-peak

hour. This is due to there are occupants having conversations in the zone B

when we are recording using sound meter instrument. The door of zone B has

been opened during rehearsal, hence the sound from stage and audio control

centre has been direct transferred into zone B.

Diagram 6.3.2a: Sound Transmission Pattern in Nursery Room

71

6.3.1 Zone C – Stage



Figure 6.3c Stage in front of Sitting Area


hour

SPL = 10log10Ia

1 × 10−12

72.875

10= log10

Ia1 × 10−12

Ia = 107.2875 × 1 × 10−12

= 1.94 × 10−05 Watts


1 × 10−12

78.5

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 107.85 × 1 × 10−12

= 7.08 × 10−05 Watts


hour


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

64.29

20= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts

72



Absorption

Coefficient

Area x

Absorption

Coefficient

Perforated panel

156.44 m² 0.15 23.47

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring)


Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Timber flooring 95.16 m² 0.10 9.52

Perforated ceiling

panel

95.16 m² 0.72 68.52

Total sound absorption 101.51


Volume of Zone (𝑚3) = 531.14 𝑚3

Occupancy = 6

Calculation:

𝑇 =0.161 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒


𝑇 =0.161 × 531.14

101.51

𝑇 = 0.84𝑠

73

At zone C, the average reading during peak hour is 63.25dB while the

average reading during non-peak hour is 77.75dB. There are occupants on

the stage during peak hour and non-peak hour. However, the average

reading during non-peak hour is higher than peak hour. This is due to there

are conversations between performers during rehearsal and the

performers are discussing with the audio control center using microphones

from the stage.



Materials Sound

reduction

index (dB)

Surface

area / 𝒎𝟐

Transmission

coefficient

material

Floor Timber flooring 20 95.16 1 × 10−2

Wall Perforated Panel 60 156.44 1 × 10−6


ceiling

26+8 95.16 3.98 × 10−4

Total 346.76

74



𝑇

20 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

20

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

102= 1

𝑇


Wall Perforated panel


𝑇

60 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

60

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

106= 1

𝑇




𝑇

34 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

34

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

103.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝐺𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3.98 ×

10−4



𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (9.9 × 10−1)

346.76

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.86 × 10−3


𝑇

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

2.86× 10−3

= 25.44

75

6.3.1 Zone D – Robing Room



Figure 6.3d Robing Room Area


hour

SPL = 10log10Ia

1 × 10−12

71.83

10= log10

Ia1 × 10−12

Ia = 107.183 × 1 × 10−12

= 1.52 × 10−05 Watts


1 × 10−12

76

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 107.6 × 1 × 10−12

= 3.98 × 10−05 Watts


hour


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

64.29

20= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts

76



Volume of Zone (𝑚3) = 214.34 𝑚3

Occupancy = 0



𝑇 =0.161 × 214.34

51.49

𝑇 = 0.67𝑠


Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Plastered brick wall

with paint

166.7 0.02 3.33

Materials (Ceiling

and flooring)


Absorption

Coefficient

Area x Absorption

Coefficient

Carpet 58.74 0.10 5.87

Suspended gypsum

board ceiling

58.74 0.72 42.29

Total 51.49

Materials Sound

reduction

index (dB)

Surface

area / 𝒎𝟐

Transmissio

n coefficient

material

Surface area

x

transmissio

n coefficient

material

Floor Nylon carpet

on concrete

flooring

50+30 58.74 1 × 10−8 5.87 × 10−7


wall with paint

44 166.7 3.98 × 10−5 6.63 × 10−3


ceiling

26+8 58.74 3.98 × 10−4 2.34 × 10−2

Total 284.18 3 × 10−2 77



𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (3 × 10−2)

284.18

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.06 𝑥 10−5


𝑇

= 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

1.06 𝑥 10−5

= 49.75dB



𝑇

20 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

20

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

102= 1

𝑇


Wall Perforated panel


𝑇

60 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

60

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

106= 1

𝑇




𝑇

34 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔101

𝑇

34

10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

1

𝑇

103.4= 1

𝑇

𝑇𝐺𝑦𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3.98 × 10−4

78

6.3.1 Zone F – Audio Control Centre



Figure 6.3f: Audio Control Centre of Performing Hall

Sound Intensity Level – Peak hour Sound Intensity Level – Non –

Peak hour

SPL = 10log10Ia

1 × 10−12

63.25

10= log10

Ia1 × 10−12

Ia = 106.325 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.11 × 10−06 Watts


1 × 10−12

77.75

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝐼𝑎1 × 10−12

𝐼𝑎 = 107.775 × 1 × 10−12

= 5.96 × 10−05 Watts


hour

SPL = 20log10P

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

64.29

20= log10

P

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

Ia = 106.429 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.69 × 10−06 Watts


20 × 10ˉ ⁶

74.18

10= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10

𝑃

20 × 10ˉ ⁶

𝐼𝑎 = 107.418 × 1 × 10−12

= 2.62 × 10−05 Watts

79

6.4 Acoustic Ray

Speaker on one side of the stage

The sound from the speaker at the side of the stage is being reflected towards

the seating area.

80

The reverberation waves are reflected from the sides of the hall hence acoustic

panels are placed on the walls of all sides to attenuate the intensity of

reverberations in the hall.

Front elevation: The sound waves are reflected from the ceiling towards the

sitting area.

Side elevation: The sound waves travel across the hall and reflect from the walls

and ceiling.

81

6.4 Acoustic Contour

Figure 6.4a: Acoustic Contour of Non-peak Hour

Figure 6.4b: Acoustic Contour of Peak Hour

82

7.0 Conclusion

Through the documentation and analysis of both the lighting of the cafeteria

and the acoustic properties of the main hall, we were able to make a deduction

on the quality and efficiency of this aspects.

The cafeteria acts as the main entry circulation path aside from the lobby as it

is more prominent in terms of location and its potential to perpetuate numerous

human activities. As such, the lighting within the cafeteria plays a significant

role to ensure the comfortability and perceptibility of users. From the research,

we can deduce that the multiple fenestrations along the edges of the cafeteria

provides the space with substantial amount of natural lighting where as artificial

lighting is only partially needed to light up spaces where light is unable to reach.

From evening onwards however, the space becomes dependent on artificial

lights positioned in the cafeteria which is not sufficient and thus may appear

very dim.

From our observation of the main hall, the materials used were chosen

specifically to create a harmonic acoustical environment. Perforated wooden

panels are attached to the side walls and perforated panels on the ceiling as

well, this system fashions a space that reduces echo while allowing sounds

from the stage to be heard clearly by the audience. All the zones within the

main hall meet and even surpasses the standard needed for a good acoustic

environment.

83

7.1 Reference

• Aiacny.org,. (2008). The Leading Edge. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.aiacny.org/newsletters/2008/April/aiacny4.htm

• ArchDaily,. (2013). Origo Coffee Shop / Lama Arhitectura. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/370493/origo-coffee-shop-lama-arhitectura/

• Cavanaugh, W., & Wilkes, J. (1999). Architectural acoustics. New York: Wiley.

• Customaudiodesigns.co.uk,. (2015). Office Acoustics - Noise Control for Offices. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/office-acoustics.htm

• EXTECH INSTRUMENTS,. (2014). Digital Sound Level Meter. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.extech.com/instruments/resources/manuals/407730_UM.pdf

• Kayelaby.npl.co.uk,. (2015). Building acoustics 2.4.4. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html

• Engineeringtoolbox.com,. (2015). Illuminance - Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html

• Pioneer Lighting,. (2015). Room Illumination Level. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

• Steelconstruction.info,. (2015). Acoustics regulations. Retrieved 15 May 2015, from http://www.steelconstruction.info/Acoustics_regulations

84

http://www.aiacny.org/newsletters/2008/April/aiacny4.htm

http://www.aiacny.org/newsletters/2008/April/aiacny4.htm

http://www.archdaily.com/370493/origo-coffee-shop-lama-arhitectura/














http://www.extech.com/instruments/resources/manuals/407730_UM.pdf

http://www.extech.com/instruments/resources/manuals/407730_UM.pdf

http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html

http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html








http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Acoustics_regulations

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Acoustics_regulations

b.science report 1.2

Education