bs8d reference sheets 1-13

BS8D reference sheets p 1

BURMESE SCRIPT IN EIGHT DAYSReference sheets

DAY BY DAY PLANThe 82 most frequently used characters and combinations

Day 1 Initial consonantsk-K-g-c

ká-k'á-gá-ngá

s-S-z-vsá-s'á-zá-nyá

Vowel signs- -a -a;

-á -a -à(-å -å;)

Other characters andcombinations

11

Day 2 t-T-d-ntá-t'á-dá-ná

p-P-b=B-mpá-p'á-bá-má

-i - -;-í -i -ì

2 syllables:

bma = bá-ma or båma,

mn = má-ni or måni

12

Day 3 y-r-l-wyá-yá/rá-lá-wá

q-h-Athá-há-á

-u - -;-ú -u -ù

(-o -ø -ø;)

Ë; edÅÙ Daw

n + -u > Nu

r + -u > Ruu

12

Day 4 Final cons no vowel-k\ -t\=-p\ -s\-eq -aq -iq

e-. e- e-;-é -e -è

–-∑ - r-w- h- sh-

10

Day 5 -c\ -n\=-m\=-M -v\ -in -an -i (-e, -eh)

-ui≥ -ui -ui;-ó -o -ò(-oi)

-¥=Â-- -c\. -c\-c\; -y- -ín -in -ìn etc -¥ + -u/- > -¥o/-¥ø

10

Day 6 Final cons + vowel-it\=-ip\ -in\=-im\

-eiq -ein

e-a. e-a\ e-a-áw -aw -àw

(e-å ≥ e-Å e-å)

k¥=Âk etc ®c=vc- etc ny-

10

Day 7 -ut\=-up\ -un\=-um\=-uM-ouq -oun

-´. -y\ --éh -eh -èh

8

Day 8 e-ak\ e-ac\ -uik\ -uic\-auq -aun -aiq -ain

-∑t\=-∑p\ -∑n\=-∑m\=-∑M-uq -un

9

Total elements: 82

For a guide to the roman transcription see p 5


THE FULL CHARACTER SET FOR REFERENCE

1 Initial consonants

k K g G c

s S z Z v √

! @ £ $ %

t T d D n

p P b B m

y r l w

q h L A---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- k- k ’- g- g- ng-

s- s’- z- z- ny- ny-

t- t’- d- d- n-

t- t’- d- d- n-

p- p’- b- b- m -

y- y- or r- l- w -

th- h- l- -

2. Medial consonants

-¥ ®- -∑ -˙-------------------------------------------------------------- -y- -y- -w- h-

The following combinations of initial consonant and medial consonanthave modified pronunciations:

k¥ K¥ g¥ - r˙ qY y¥

Âk ®K ®g ®c y˙ lY l¥

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c- c’- j- ny- sh- sh- or hly- y- or ly-

3 Attached vowel symbols

creaky tone - -i -u2 e-. -´. e-a.3 -ui≥4 -V\.

low tone -a1 -^ -2 e- -y\ e-a\3 -ui4 -v\

high tone -a;1 -^; -¨;2 e-; - e-a3 -ui;4 -v\;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

creaky tone -a -≤ -u -e -eh -aw -o -≤/e/eh

low tone -a -i -u -e -eh -aw -o -i/e/eh

high tone -a´ -≥ -u´ -e´ -eh -aw -o -˘/e/eh

1 variant form -å' -å;5 2 variant form -o' -ø' -ø;3 variant form e-å≥' e-Å' e-å5 4 variant form -oi>' -oi' -oi;

5 this shape used after K-g-c-d-p-w


and by some after D (Dat\/Dåt\)' P (Pa;/På;)' pπ (pupπa;/pupπå;)

see heated complaint in Pt\srag¥any\ 34 (2005-10-6) sa-174 Final consonants

-k\

-eq

-c\

-in

-t\

-p\-aq

-n\

-m\/-M-an

-s\

-iq

-v\

-i

-it\

-ip\-eiq

-in\

-im\/-˜-ein

-uik\

-aiq

-uic\

-ain

-ut\

-up\-ouq

-un\

-um\/-uM-oun

e-ak\

-auq

e-ac\

-aun

-∑t\

-∑p\-uq

-∑n\

-∑m\/-∑M-un

5 Figures

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

6 Independent vowel symbolsA I U [E] - Âq

Aa È Ë E - eÂqa\

Aa; - Ë; - - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a ≤ u e´ - aw

a i u e - aw

a´ - u´ - - -

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Attached vowel equivalents

A Ai Au eA; - eAa

Aa A A¨ eA - eAa\

Aa; - A¨; - - -

Irregularities and less common combinations

7 Stacked consonantsIn any pair of stacked consonants (such as -k- ), the upper consonant is equivalent

to a consonant written with the “killer stroke” (-k\), and the lower consonant (K-)

begins a new syllable. Example: nkt\ = nk\ + Kt\" The following listincludes all the stacked pairs in use.


k˚ k g© gÌ kç Kç gç Gç -

sß sÍ zΩ zÛ* ◊ß ◊Í ◊Ω ◊Û* v

¡ ™* # ¢* ⁄ ¤* ‹* › ∞

t† tÊ d∂ dÎ N † N Ê N∂ NÎ N~

pπ p∏ b∫ bı mπ m∏ m∫ mı mμ

l¬ œ*

* Note modified shapesUnstacked equivalents of the above

-k\k- -k\K- -g\g- -g\G- -c\k- -c\K- -c\g- -c\G- -

-s\s- -s\S- -z\z- -z\Z- -√\s- -√\S- -√\z- -√\Z- -√\√-

-!\!- -!\@- -£\£- -@\$- -%\!- -%\@- -%\£- -%\$- -%\%-

-t\t- -t\T- -d\d- -d\D- -n\t- -n\T- -n\d- -n\D- -n\n-

-p\p- -p\P- -b\b- -b\B- -m\p- -m\P- -m\b- -m\B- -m\m-

-l\l- -q\q-

8 Abbreviated syllables

f j Ò &c\;------------------------------------------------------------------- ≤ ywe hnaiq lågaun

9 The Voicing RuleThe sounds that are affected by the Voicing Rule are:

/k s t p k¥ q/

/K S T P K¥ -/

-------------------------------------------------- They are changed by the Voicing Rule to: /g z d B g¥ q˙/

Transcription equivalents:before voicing: k s t p c th

k’ s’ t’ p’ c’ -

-------------------------------------------------- after voicing: g z d b j dh

10 Non-standard rhymes“Non-standard rhymes” are rhymes that are either (a) written with acombination of vowel and final consonant that is not included in the standard setabove (as in words like lic\ and eKt\ ), or (b) written with a final consonant that

is not used as a final at all in the standard set (as in ld\ or muK\ ). There are rulesgoverning the pronunciation of these combinations, but the simplest way to learnthem is one by one as they appear in new words. You will find the rules inBurmese an intro to the script, Sections 26 to 33.


Brief guide to the roman transcriptionfor a complete list of conventions see BBE app 1

The letters of the transcription are to be pronounced mostly as in Englsh. Those thatdiffer are:

å or å like a in English aboute like é in French élève, or ay in Scottish todayeh like è in French élève, or e in English sello like eau in French peau, or o in Scottish noaw like aw in British awful, not American aw-q final glottal stop, as in Cockney Woq is iq?-n nasalized vowel, as in French un bon vinou in ouq, oun: like English oat, ownei in eiq, ein: like English eight, veina (or any vowel without an accent) low toneà (or any vowel with the accent -) high toneá (or any vowel with the accent -) high creaky tonek', t', p', s' aspirated consonants, as used by most native English speakersk, t, p, s unaspirated consonants, as used by many foreign speakers of English


The names of the characters and symbols1. The consonants

letter name pronunciation meaning of namek kÂk^; ka.-g¥^; ká-jì big káK KeK∑; or Kek∑; Kå.-eg∑; k'á-gwè curved k’ág gcy\ gå≥-cy\ gá-ngeh little gáG GÂk^; gå.-g¥^; gá-jì big gác c cå≥ ngá -

s sluM; sa.-lun\; sá-loùn round sáS Slim\ Sa.-lin\ s'á-lein twisty s’áz zk∑´ za.-g∑´ zá-gwèh split záZ Zm¥√\;S∑´ za.-m¥c\;z∑´ zá-myìn-zwèh zá with a line attached

belowv vÂk^; va.-g¥^; nyá-jì big nyá√ √kel; va.-gel; nyá-gålè little nyá

! !qMl¥√\;K¥it\ ta.-tlc\;g¥it\ tá-tålìn-jeiq bier-hook tá@ @wm\;p´ Ta.-wm\;B´ t'á-wùn-zwèh duck t’á£ £rc\ekak\ då.-yc\egåk\ dá-yin-gauq dá with a curved chest$ $ermOt\ då.-eymOt\ dá-ye-hmouq water-ladle dá% %Âk^; na.-g¥^; ná-jì big ná

t twm\;p¨ ta.-wn\;b¨ tá-wùn-bu pot-bellied táT TSc\T¨; Ta.-Sc\d¨; t'á-sæin-dù elephant fetter t’ád deT∑; då.-ed∑; dá-dwè little dáD DeAak\K¥oik\ då.-eAak\K¥oik\ dá-auq-c'aiq dá with a dent belown ncy\ na.-cy\ ná-ngeh little ná

p pesak\ på.-ezak\ pá-zauq steep páP PË;Tup\ Pa.-Aut\Tut\ p'á-ouq-t'ouq p’á with a hatb bTk\K¥oik\ ba.-dK¥oik\/-lK¥oik\ bá-dåc'aiq bá with a dent on topB Bkun\; Ba.-g un\; bá-goùn humpback bám m ma. - -

y ypk\lk\ ya.-pk\lk\ yá-peq-leq yá on its backr rekak\ ya.-egåk\ yá-auq curved yál l sts lcy\ la. (la.cy\) lá (lá-ngeh) - (little lá)w w wå≥ wá -

q q qa. thá -

h h ha. há -

L LÂk; la.-g¥^; lá-jì big láA A Aa. á -


2. The vowels and other attached symbols

letter name pronunciation meaning of namee- qewTui; as written thåwe-t'ò draw a spiral?-a/-å er;K¥ (1) as written yè-c'á a line set down-i luM;Âk^;tc\ luM;g¥^;tc\ loùn-jì-tin big round on top-^ luM;Âk^;tc\ Sn\Kt\ luM;g¥^;tc\ Sn\Kt\ loùn-jì-tin s'an-k'aq big round on top —

with a kernel setinside

-u teK¥ac\;cc\ as written tåc'aùn-ngin one line drawn-¨ N˙s\eK¥ac\;cc\ N˙eK¥ac\;cc\ hnåc'aùn-ngin two lines drawn-´ enak\ps\ enak\p¥s\ nauq-pyiq back-throw-M eq;eq;tc\ as written thè-thè-tin tiny thing on top-ç kc\;s^; kc\;z^; kìn-zì forehead-rider-\ (2) Aqt\ as written åthaq killer

-¥ ypc\. ya.pc\. yá-pìn propping up yá®- rrs\ ya.ys\ yá-yiq wound round yá-∑ wS∑´ wå≥S∑´ wá-s'wèh wá attached below-˙ hTui; ha≥Tui; há-t'ò há thrust in

-. eAak$k)®ms\ eAak\(ka.)®ms\ auq-(ká-)myiq stop underneath-; er>kepåk\ ey>gå≥ebåk\ shé-gá-bauq dots in frontor: er˙>S^; ey>z^; shé-zì front blockor: wsßN˙s\luM;epåk\ ws\sa.N˙lun\;ebak\ wiq-sá-hnåloùn-bauq two dots-a\ er;K¥er˙>Tui; ey;K¥a. ey≥Tui; yè-c'á-shé-t'ò a line set down

and a forward thrust

(1) The two forms of er;K¥ can be differentiated as follows:-a wuik\K¥ as written waiq-c'á set down a curve-å emak\K¥ as written mauq-c'á set down an upright

(2) A consonant together with “the killer stroke” (-$ is called “consonant-qt\ ”; for example:-k\ is called kqt\" -s\ is called sqt\ and so on.

3. Other characters

The free-standing vowel syllables I È U Ë E Âq eÂqa\ are called: AkraI' AkraÈ and soon.The abbreviated syllables f j Ò are called: Akraf' Akraj and AkraÒ"

Two consonants written one above the other are called N˙s\luM;Sc\." (”two-rounds-stacked”) orpå@\Sc\." (“text-stacked”); for example:

-k- is called kÂk^;-KeK∑; N˙s\luM;Sc\.

-mı- is called m-Bkun\; N˙s\luM;Sc\.

Other pairs of stacked consonants follow the same pattern.When the two stacked consonants are the same, its name is only mentioned once; for example:

-k˚- is called kÂk^; N˙s\luM;Sc\.

-t†- is called twm\;p¨ Ns\luM;Sc\. and so on.


Alphabetical order in Burmese

1. First find the initial consonant. Initials consonants are listed in this order (read fromleft to right):

k K g G c

s S z Z v

! @ £ $ %

t T d D n

p P b B m

y r l w q

h L A

2. A consonant with no medial precedes a consonant with a medial (i.e. all wordsbeginning with k come before words beginning with k¥ or Âk). Consonants with amedial are listed in this order:

-¥ ®- -∑ -˙

3. Rhymes. A syllable with no final consonant (i.e. no -k\ -t\ -n\ -c\ etc) precedes asyllable with a final consonant.

4. Syllables with no final consonant are ordered by vowel, in the following order (readleft to right):

- -a -a;

-i -^ -^;

-u -¨ -¨;

e- e-. e-;

-´ -´.

e-a e-a. e-a\

-ui -ui≥ -ui;

To learn the vowel order use left had column: A Ai Au eA A eAa Aui

5. Syllables with a final consonant are ordered by final (same order as for initials).Within groups sharing the same final, syllables are ordered by vowel. The following isthe list of standard final-consonant rhymes in dictionary order (read top to bottom):

-k\

e-ak\

-uik\

-c\

-c\.

-c\;

e-ac\

e-ac\.

e-ac\;

-uic\

-uic\.

-uic\;

-s\

-v\

-v.\

-v\;

-√\

-√.\

-√\;

-t\

-it\

-ut\

-n\

-n≥\

-n\;

-in\

-in≥\

-in\;

-un\

-un≥\

-un\;

-p\

-ip\

-up\

-M

-.M

-m\;

-im\

-im.\

-im\;

-uM

-≥uM

-uM;

6. Some dictionaries adopt minor variations from this scheme (e.g. e-a. e-a\ e-a in placeof e-a e-a. e-a\).

bs8d reference sheets 1-13

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