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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Requirements Requirements DeterminationDetermination
Chapter 4
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Key Definitions
The As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerizedThe To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirementsThe System Proposal is the key deliverable from the Analysis Phase
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A statement of what the system must do A statement of characteristics the system must haveFocus is on business user needs during analysis phaseRequirements will change over time as project moves from analysis to design to implementation
What is a Requirement?
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Functional RequirementsA process the system hast to performInformation the system must contain
Nonfunctional RequirementsBehavioral properties the system must have
OperationalPerformanceSecurityCultural and political
Requirement Types
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Determining Requirements
Participation by business users is essentialThree techniques help users discover their needs for the new system:
Business Process Automation (BPA)Business Process Improvement (BPI)Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
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Basic Process of Analysis (Determining Requirements)
Understand the “As-Is” systemIdentify improvement opportunitiesDevelop the “To-Be” system conceptTechniques vary in amount of change
BPA – small changeBPI – moderate changeBPR – significant change
Additional information gathering techniques are needed as well
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Business Process Automation
Goal:
Efficiency for users
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Business Process Improvement
Goal:
Efficiency andeffectivenessfor users
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Business Process Reengineering
Goal:
Radical redesign of business processes
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Characteristics of Analysis Techniques
Business Business BusinessProcess Process ProcessAutomation Improvement Reeingineering
Potential Business Low-Moderate Moderate HighValue
Project Cost Low Low-Moderate High
Breadth of Analysis Narrow Narrow-Moderate Very Broad
Risk Low-Moderate Low-Moderate Very High
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Interviews
Most commonly used techniqueBasic steps:
Selecting IntervieweesDesigning Interview QuestionsPreparing for the InterviewConducting the InterviewPost-Interview Follow-up
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Types of Questions
Types of Questions Examples
Closed-Ended Questions * How many telephone orders are received per day?
* How do customers place orders?* What additional information would you like the new system to provide?
Open-Ended Questions * What do you think about the current system?* What are some of the problems you face on a daily basis?* How do you decide what types of marketing campaign to run?
Probing Questions * Why?* Can you give me an example?* Can you explain that in a bit more detail?
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Post-Interview Follow-Up
Prepare interview notesPrepare interview reportHave interviewee review and confirm interview reportLook for gaps and new questions
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Joint Application Development
A structured group process focused on determining requirementsInvolves project team, users, and management working togetherMay reduce scope creep by 50%Very useful technique
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Questionnaires
A set of written questions, often sent to a large number of peopleMay be paper-based or electronicSelect participants using samples of the populationDesign the questions for clarity and ease of analysisAdminister the questionnaire and take steps to get a good response rateQuestionnaire follow-up report
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Document Analysis
Study of existing material describing the current systemForms, reports, policy manuals, organization charts describe the formal systemLook for the informal system in user additions to forms/report and unused form/report elementsUser changes to existing forms/reports or non-use of existing forms/reports suggest the system needs modification
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Observation
Watch processes being performedUsers/managers often don’t accurately recall everything they doChecks validity of information gathered other waysBe aware that behaviors change when people are watchedBe unobtrusiveIdentify peak and lull periods
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Selecting the Appropriate Requirements-Gathering Techniques
Type of informationDepth of informationBreadth of informationIntegration of informationUser involvementCostCombining techniques
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Selecting the Appropriate Techniques
Interviews JAD Questionnaires Document Observation Analysis
Type of As-Is As-Is As-Is As-Is As-IsInformation Improve. Improve. Improve. To-Be To-Be
Depth of High High Medium Low LowInformation
Breadth of Low Medium High High LowInformation
Integration Low High Low Low Lowof Info.
User Medium High Low Low LowInvolvement
Cost Medium Low- Low Low Low- Medium Medium