SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]

Project 2: Integration with Design Studio 5

(Calculation of Lighting & Acoustic)

Name: Ling Teck OngID. NO: 0303127

Length (mm)Type HE for max luminous efficiency Effect (W) and max luminous flux (Lumen)

1149 28 W, 2600 lm

There is a range of fluorescent lamps with different shapes, dimensions, effects and characteristics and they all have the benefits of high luminous efficiency and long lives.

The fluorescent lamp T8 has a diameter of 26 mm. Maximum luminous flux at approx. 25°C (ambient temperature at the tube). T8 is available with magnetic or electronic ballast.

Fluorescent Light Tubes

Compact fluorescent lamp

Type of Artificial Light used in the building: (Learning Space, Cafeteria, Retail Shop )

Symbol

Symbol

Learning Space:

Second Floor Plan

Location Learning Space

Dimension, m L= 3.6, W= 5.5

Area, m² 19.8

Height of ceiling, m 3.0

Height of work level, m 1.0

Type of light 23 Watt Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb

Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm

1650

Height of luminaries, m 2

Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m

1

Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 25-30

Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30

Floor Raw concrete with paint (medium grey)

25-30

Room Index Room Index

Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table)

0.5

Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44

Lighting Calculation for Learning Space:

Illuminance level required / E, lx

E= = 18.3 lux

MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx

Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 200 – 300 lux (Learning Space) 200lux (minimum)

Number of light required/ N

N = = 11

Spacing Height Ratio

SHR = =

=0.54

SHR = = 0.54,

Therefore, (s)= 0.54 x 3 = 1.61m

Fitting Layout by approximately

Fitting require along the 5.5m wall, 5.5 / 1.61= 3.42= 4 rows

Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 3.6/1.61= 2.23 = 3 rows

Therefore, 4 x 3 = 12 luminaires required

ConclusionTherefore, 11 lamps are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Learning Space.

Cafeteria:

Ground Floor Plan

Lighting Calculation for Cafeteria:

Location Cafeteria

Dimension, m L= 5.2, W= 11

Area, m² 57.2

Height of ceiling, m 3.0

Height of work level, m 1.0

Type of light 23 Watt Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb

Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm

1650

Height of luminaries, m 2

Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m

1

Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 25-30

Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30

Floor Ceramic Tiles (medium grey ) 30-35

Room Index Room Index

Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table)

0.52

Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44

Illuminance level required / E, lx

E= = 6.6 lux

MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx

Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150– 300 lux (Cafeteria) 150lux (minimum)

Number of light required/ N

N = = 23

Spacing Height Ratio

SHR = =

=0.63

SHR = = 0.63,

Therefore, (s)= 0.63 x 3 = 1.9m

Fitting Layout by approximately

Fitting require along the 5.2m wall, 6.2 / 1.9= 3.2= 4 rows

Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 11/1.9= 5.8 = 6 rows

Therefore, 6 x 4 = 24 luminaires required

ConclusionTherefore, 23 lamps are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Cafeteria

Retail Shop:

Ground Floor Plan

Location Retail Shop

Dimension, m L= 3.5, W= 2.5

Area, m² 8.8

Height of ceiling, m 3.0

Height of work level, m 1.0

Type of light 28 Watt Fluorescent Light Tubes

Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm

2600

Height of luminaries, m 2.5

Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m

1.5

Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 35-45

Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30

Floor Ceramic Tiles (medium grey ) 20-25

Room Index Room Index

Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table)

0.44

Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44

Lighting Calculation for Retail Shop:

Illuminance level required / E, lx

E= = 57.2lux

MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx

Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150– 300 lux (Retail Shop) 150lux (minimum)

Number of light required/ N

N = = 3

Spacing Height Ratio

SHR = =

=0.69

SHR = = 0.69,

Therefore, (s)= 0.69 x 2.5 = 1.73m

Fitting Layout by approximately

Fitting require along the 5.5m wall, 3.5 / 1.73= 2= 2 rows

Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 2.5/1.73= 1.45 = 2 rows

Therefore, 2 x 2 = 4 luminaires required

ConclusionTherefore, 3 Fluorescent Light Tubes are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Retail Shop.

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

Daylight factor and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)

a) Learning Space DF = x 100% DF = x 100% =0.88%

This space has poor daylight factor, hence the use of artificial light to enhance the space.

b) Cafeteria DF = x 100% DF = x 100% = 5.1%

This space has good daylight factor, hence the use of PSALI to control the use of artificial lightings.

c) Retail Shop DF = x 100% DF = x 100% = 2.2%

This space has fair daylight factor, hence the space still need to used use of artificial light to enhance the space.

Daylighting:

Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient

Area x Absorption Coefficient

Wall-Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame

9.35.8

0.030.18

0.281.04

Floor-Painted concrete

19.8

0.07

1.39

Ceiling-Painted concrete

19.8

0.06

1.19

People 5 0.46 2.3Air 59.4m2 0.01 0.59

Total Absorption 6.79

Reverberation Time CalculationLearning Space

RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound AbsorptionRT = 0.16 x 59.4 / 6.79 = 1.39 s

Conclusion of Learning Space The reverberation time for Learning Space is 1.39s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding.

Learning Space:

Second Floor Plan

Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient

Area x Absorption Coefficient

Wall-Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame

528

0.030.18

1.561.44

Floor-Painted concrete

57.2

0.07 4

Ceiling-Painted concrete

57.2

0.06

3.43

5 0.46 2.3Air 171.6 0.01 1.72

Total Absorption 14.45

Reverberation Time CalculationCafeteria

RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound AbsorptionRT = 0.16 x 171.6 / 14.45 = 1.9 s

Conclusion of CafeteriaThe reverberation time for Cafeteria is 1.9s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding.

Cafeteria:

Ground Floor Plan

Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient

Area x Absorption Coefficient

Wall-Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame

185.3

0.030.18

0.540.95

Floor-Painted concrete 8.8

0.07 0.62

Ceiling-Painted concrete

8.8

0.06

0.53

5 0.46 2.3Air 28.16 0.01 0.28

Total Absorption 5.22

Reverberation Time CalculationRetail Shop

RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound AbsorptionRT = 0.16 x 28.16 / 5.22 = 0.86 s

Conclusion of Retail ShopThe reverberation time for Retail Shop is 0.86s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding.

Retail Shop:

Ground Floor Plan

External Noise Sound Pressure LevelCombined SPL of External Noises

Traffic noise at Jalan Tun H.S.Lee, 83dB Activity noise at Jalan Tun H.S.Lee, 80 dB

83 = Antilog 8.3 =

= (2.995 x ) x () = 1.995 x

80dB = Antilog 8=

= (1 x ) x () = 1 x

Total Intensities = (1.995 x ) + ( 1 x ) = 2.995 x

Combined SPL = 10 log = 10 x 8.476 = 84.76dB

Conclusion:The combined SPL of the external noise of Jalan Tun H.S.Lee is 84.76dB

Source SPL (dBA)

Faintest audible sound 0

Whisper 20

Quite learning area 30

Soft stereo in residence 40

Speech range 50-70

Cafeteria 80

Pneumatic jackhammer 90

Loud crowd noise 100

Accelerating motorcycle 100

Rock concert 120

Jet engine 140

Figure above shows the sound pressure levels of common sound sources.

Sound Transmission Class

A) Learning SpaceAccording to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a learning space, (quite learning area) is 30dB which is considered as internal noise source.

The learning space consists of 48.2mbrick wall( 42dB) and a total of 12m² of curtain wall(33dB)

TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass)

42 = 10log Antilog 4.2 = T = T brick wall = 6.309 x

33 = 10log Antilog 3.3 = T = T window = 5.012 x

= 1.84 x

SRI overall = 10 = 10(5434.8) = 37.35 dB

84.76dB – 37.35dB = 47.41dB

Conclusion:Usage of material has reduced 37.35 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 37.35dB = 47.41dB

Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises:Noise at learning space, 47.41dB Human Conservation, 50dB

47.41 =

Antilog 4.74 =

= (5.5 x ) x (1 x ) = 5.5 x

50 =

Antilog 5 =

= (1 x ) x (1 x ) = 1 x

Total Intensities = (5.5 x ) + (1 x ) = 1.55 x

Combined SPL = 10 log = 10 log (155000) = 51.9dB

Conclusion:The total noise in the learning space is 51.9dB

B) CafeteriaAccording to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a cafeteria, (cafeteria) is 80dB which is considered as internal noise source.

The cafeteria consists of 59.2mbrick wall( 42dB) and a total of 21m² of curtain wall(33dB )

TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass)

42 = 10log Antilog 4.2 = T = T brick wall = 6.309 x

33 = 10log Antilog 3.3 = T = T window = 5.012 x

= 1.78 x

SRI overall = 10 = 10(5618) = 37.5 dB

84.76dB – 37.5dB = 47.26dB

Conclusion:Usage of material has reduced 37.5 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 37.5dB = 47.26dB

Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises:Noise at Cafeteria, 47.26dB Human Conservation, 50dB

47.26 =

Antilog 4.73 =

= (5.37 x ) x (1 x ) = 5.37 x

50 =

Antilog 5 =

= (1 x ) x (1 x ) = 1 x

Total Intensities = (5.37 x ) + (1 x ) = 1.537 x

Combined SPL = 10 log = 10 log (153700) = 51.87dB

Conclusion:The total noise in the learning space is 51.87dB

C) Retail Shop

According to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a Retail Shop, (speech range) is 60dB which is considered as internal noise source.

The Retail Shop consists of 36mbrick wall( 42dB) and a total of 3m² of curtain wall(33dB )

TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass)

42 = 10log Antilog 4.2 = T = T brick wall = 6.309 x

33 = 10log Antilog 3.3 = T = T window = 5.012 x

= 9.68 x

SRI overall = 10 = 10(10330) = 40.1 dB

84.76dB – 40.1dB = 44.66dB

Conclusion:Usage of material has reduced 40.1 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 40.1dB = 44.66dB

Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises:Noise at Cafeteria, 44.66dB Human Conservation, 50dB

44.66 =

Antilog 4.47 =

= (3 x ) x (1 x ) = 3 x

50 =

Antilog 5 =

= (1 x ) x (1 x ) = 1 x

Total Intensities = (3x ) + (1 x ) = 1.3 x

Combined SPL = 10 log = 10 log (1300000) = 61.1dB

Conclusion:The total noise in the learning space is 61.1dB

Reference:

a) Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. A msterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press.

b) LED light colour, CRI and experiment. (n.d). LED light colour, CRI and experiments. Retrieved December 2, 2014, from http://swhs.homexs4all.nl/fiets/tests/verlichting/experiment/index_en.html#cri

c) T regenza, P., & Wilson, M. (2011). Daylighting : architecture and lighting design. London: Routledge.

d) (n.d). .Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.conrad.com/.../Osram-36W-25WE14LED-Warm

e) Acoustics and Noise Control, R J Peters, B J Smith and Margaret Hollins