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Dndb L|yjdb

Pk`odn \gpgd|`f Jg}fkmp &

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4" Pk`odn |gpgd|`f p}|d}geogp

@fdq}g| ewomg

Fg} fkkcmmkgn sdb mo} fkkcmp}wh op mg sg|p`fgomgbfgom ddb ksg|ugeobegb }g }kbgb mog loi fg} q|k`gp sdb

pk`oddnkbmg|kgh mg hkq kq p}ghgb" Fg} sg|p`fon md} sddh uk|m} lgbdm|wh} op md} }wppgb hudb}o}d}ogc gb hudno}d}ogc

kbmg|kgh"

Mo} fkkcmp}wh sg|hgb}9

Mg dd|m sdb mg |gnd}og }wppgb }fgk|og gb kbmg|kgh9 mgmw`}ogc sp" obmw`}ogc" Gqop}gjknkeop`fg oppwgp. fg}eggb mg }g jdhgb fggc} jg} mg egp`foh}fgom sdb mg hgbbop ksg| mg pk`odng

ug|gnm"

Kb}knkeop`fg oppwgp. fg}eggb }g jdhgb fggc} jg} fg} cgo} md} ug mg pk`odng ug|gnm &e|kgqgb/ lgogb dnp og}pmd} ggb ngsgb fggc} gv}g|b ddb obmosomwgb. kc md} mg pk`odng ug|gnm eggb ngsgb pwo egbg|op hgb}"

Mg jdbog|gb udd|kq mgg oppwgp o`f sg|fkwmgb }k} mg }ugg }yqgp sdb kbmg|kghpjg}fkmgb9 hudb}o}d}ogcgb hudno}d}ogc"

Ob fkgsg||g lgbsnkgmgb mg udd|mgb mg q|dh}op`fg wo}skg|obe sdb fg} pk`oddnkbmg|kghpq|k`gp"

Ob}|kmw`}okb

]ugg qwb}gb oib |gngsdb}"

Pk`odng kbmg|kghpjg}fkmgp oib bog} bgw}|ddn. jdd| fkwmgb sg|ldbm jg} mg jdbog|gb udd|kqpk`oddnug}gbp`fdqqg|p fg} sg|ldbm }wppgb sg|p`fonngbmg sopogp ksg| mg bd}ww| sdb pk`odng ug|hgnoihfgom

gb mg jdbog| udd|kq mgg kbmg|k`f} jkg} uk|mgb. skk| kegb fgllgb"

Mdb op g| mg s|dde fkg jg}fkmgb sdb kbmg|kgh gb mg q|dh}oih sg|lob}gbop fkwmgb jg} mg l|gmg|g pk`oddn*ug}gbp`fdqqgnoihg kbmg|bgjobe" Kbmg|kghmd}d uk|mgb dn}oim sg|djgnm ob sg|ldbm jg} og}p" Md} og}p hdb

ggb fgg|pgbm pk`oddn q|klnggj oib. kc jgg| egl|wohgnoih. ggb }fgk|og"

Mo} lg}ghgb} bog} md} kbmg|kgh dn}oim egmo`}gg|m uk|m} mkk| }fgk|og" G| oib skk|lggnmgb sdb kbmg|kgh udd|ob

cgo}gb sg|djgnm uk|mgb"

]fgk|y dbm |gpgd|`f

Fg} op bog} skk| mg fdbm noeegbm kj fg} iwop}g sg|ldbm }g }yqg|gb }wppgb ggb }fgk|og &wo}nge ksg| udd|egbkjgb

cgo}gb/ gb fdd| kbmg|kgh" G| oib jgg|mg|g hugp}ogp sdb lgndbe. jdd| }ugg pq|obegb wo} fg} kke"

Mg s|dde ksg| ugnh }yqg }fgk|og jgb pq|ggh}" Yoib mg md}d sg|djgnm kj mg }fgk|og }g }gp}gb kc mg }fgk|og kq }g lkwugb;

Ufd} }yqg kc }fgk|y

Mg }g|j }fgk|og uk|m} egl|woh} kq sg|p`fonngbmg jdbog|gb. jdd| fg} jggp} dnp ggb sg|hnd|obe skk| egklpg|sgg|mg

|gegnjd}oefgmgb" Pk`oknkeop`fg }fgk|og ck`wp} sggndn kq }fgk|ogb jg} ggb fkke dlp}|d`}ogngsgn" Skk|lggnmgb sdb

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mo} pkk|} }fgk|ogb oib9 p}|w`}w|ggn*cwb`}okbdnopjg. pyjlknop`f ob}g|d`}okbopjg. fg} h|o}op`f jwn}oqnopjg. fg}

qkp}p}|w`}w|dnopjg g}`"

Jommng*|dbeg gb e|dbm }fgk|y

Mg }fgk|og sdb jommgnld|g |gohuoim}g kc }fgk|og jg} lgqg|h}g |gohuoim}g &jommng |dbeg }fgk|y/ op ggb }fgk|og mog

eggb dnngpkjsd}}gbm sg|hnd|obepjkmgn logm}" Mo}pk`oknkeop`fg lge|oq ug|m kb}uohhgnm mkk| \klg|} H" Jg|}kb" Ggb

}fgk|og sdb jommgnld|g |gohuoim}g lgp}dd} wo} ggb lgqg|h} ddb}dn ddbbdjgp sdb udd|wo}

pqg`ocoghg fyqk}fgpgp dcegngom hwbbgb uk|mgb mog sg|sknegbp gjqo|op`f kbmg|k`f}hwbbgb uk|mgb" Mgg

fyqk}fgpgp uk|mgb sg|sknegbp obegqdp} ob ggb l|gmg| bg}ug|h sdb }fgk|ogb mog sknmkgbmg dlp}|d`}og jkg}gb

fgllgb kj jgg|mg|g sg|p`foibpgngb }g hwbbgb sg|hnd|gb"

Jg|}kb gb Qd|pkbp

Jg|}kb jddh}g mdd|jgg kbmg|p`fgom jg} mg e|dbm }fgk|ogp sdb Qd|pkbp" Udd| Qd|pkbp mg egfgng pk`odng

ug|hgnoihfgom uonmg sg|hnd|gb jg} oib jkmgn. nde loi Jg|}kb mg bdm|wh loi fg} gjqo|op`f }kg}pgb sdb fyqk}fgpgb"

Mg lge|oqqgb ob e|dbm }fgk|ogp kwmgb mg ug|hgnoihfgom bog} jgg| lgp`f|oisgb. jdd| mkk| fg} }g fkeg

dlp}|d`}ogbosgdw kbmg| lg}ghgbop |dhgb" Jg|}kb p}gnmg mdd|kj skk| kj dckbmg|noihg pk`oddn sg|p`foibpgngb }g

lgp}wmg|gb }k} fg} jkjgb} md} wo} mg }fgk|ogb sdb jommgnld|g |gohuoim}g wbosg|pgng ug}}gb egck|jwngg|m hkbmgb

uk|mgb kdnp ob mg bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgb"

Jg|}kb lgd|ewjgb}gg|m md} e|dbm }fgk|ogp ob pk`odng ug}gbp`fdq egnojo}gg|m oib ob egl|woh" Kkh dn ndd} fg}

skk|lggnm sdb fg} dlp}|d`}g `kb`gq} pk`odn `dqo}dn ogb md} ob pkjjoeg egsdnngb fg} egl|woh sdb e|dbm }fgk|y ugn

sdb bw} op"

Mg jommng*|dbeg }fgk|ogp oib jgg| egugbp} loi ggb ck`wp kq gjqo|op`f kbmg|kgh &ggb conkpkcop`fg lgbdmg|obe }k}

}fgk|g}opg|gb/. jdd| oib ugn lgqg|h} twd mkjgob" Jg} dbmg|g ukk|mgb sd|o|gb oi kq fg} eglogm sdb mg jd}g sdb

}kgqdppgnoihfgom" Jg|}kb ck|jwngg|mg mg omgg md} g| ggb }kgbgjgbmg }kgbdmg|obe op }wppgb }fgk|og &ob mg lg}ghgbop

sdb e|dbm }fgk|y/ gb gjqo|op`fg lgsobmobegb"

Jg} fg} e|dbm+jommng*|dbeg kbmg|p`fgom op mg s|dde Ud} op ggb }fgk|og g`f}g| bke bog} fgngjddn kqegfgnmg|m" Mo}

hkj} jgmg mkk|md} fg} lge|oq }fgk|og c|gtwgb} uk|m} egl|woh} ob mog ob md} fg} jgg| obfkwm} mdb mg

d`f}g|e|kbmno}g|d}ww| ob ggb pk`oddn kbmg|kghpmkjgob" Ob sgng egsdnngb bggj} mg d`f}g|e|kbmno}g|d}ww| mg qndd}p

ob sdb ggb d|}ohgn kc ggb lkgh. udd|mkk| mg ck`wp kq md} d|}ohgn kc lkgh kkh sg|muoib}" Fog|mkk| hdb mgg no}g|d}ww|

mg |kn sdb ggb gtwosdngb} skk| mg }fgk|og obbgjgb" No}g|d}ww| fdbmgn} dnp ggb ojqwnp jg} sg|p`fonngbmg

hd|dh}g|}|ghhgb9 mg kbmg|kghg| uon ggb ob`kbpop}gb}og }wppgb sg|p`fonngbmg lgsobmobegb kc sg|p`fonngbmg

ob}g|q|g}d}ogp sdb lgsobmobegb sg|hnd|gb8 mg kbmg|kghg| hdb ggb bog} lgfdbmgnm dpqg`} sdb ggb }kqo` egskbmgb

fgllgb8 pkjjoeg omggb hwbbgb skk|eddbm bog} eg}gp} oib8 gbkskk|}

Pkjp oib ug}gbp`fdqqg|p egbgoem og}ud} bgg|lwoegbm }g p}ddb }gb kqo`f}g sdb kbmg|kgh udd|loi g eggb mo|g`}

sg|ldbm hwbbgb sobmgb jg} ggb }fgk|og" Ywnh kbmg|kgh bkgj} jgb bdosg gjqo|o`opj"

http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoriehttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologiehttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Mertonhttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesehttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirisch_onderzoekhttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsonshttp://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociaal_verschijnsel&action=edit&redlink=1http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universele_wethttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurwetenschaphttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurwetenschaphttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universele_wethttp://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociaal_verschijnsel&action=edit&redlink=1http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsonshttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirisch_onderzoekhttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesehttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Mertonhttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologiehttp://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie

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Gjqo|o`opj

Mg }g|j uk|m} egl|woh} kq ggb ddb}dn sg|p`fonngbmg jdbog|gb. udd|sdb g| }ugg kqsdnngb"

Fg} uk|m} egl|woh} skk| fg} ddbegsgb sdb ggb dnegjgbg lgbdmg|obe sdb mg p}wmog sdb mg ug|hgnoihfgom

mog pweeg|gg|} md} dnnggb hgbbop kqegmddb mkk| g|sd|obe gb fg} egmg}g`}gg|mg ddbsdd|mldd| op" Jg} dbmg|g

ukk|mgb. omggb jkg}gb kbmg|uk|qgb oib ddb kbmg|kgh. skk|md} oi dnp hgbbop lgp`fkwum hwbbgb uk|mgb"

Mg }uggmg lg}ghgbop op fog|ddb eg|gnd}gg|m gb sg|uoip} bdd| mg ksg|}woeobe md} mg kqp}dqgnobe sdb cgo}gb ggb

ngeo}ogj mkgn kq o`fgnc op" Jg} mgg lgbdmg|obe uk|m} pkjp bdosg gjqo|o`opj lgmkgnm"

Hgy `kb`gq} 4"4

]fgk|og op mwp og}p md} mg sg|djgnobe gb dbdnypg sdb md}d lgegngom} gb lgbsnkgm}" Kbmg|kgh uk|m} egmddb jg}

fg} kke kq fg} lgdb}ukk|mgb sdb }fgk|g}op`fg s|ddep}gnnobegb" Ggb dbmg|g jg}fkmg kj }gegb }fgk|og ddb }g hoihgb

op fg} cgo} md} }fgk|og qdp egsk|jm uk|m} bd mg sg|djgnobe gb dbdnypg sdb md}d" Ug p}gnngb mwp sdp} md} ggb

}uggmg lgndbe|oihg cd`}k| ddb }g qdp hkj}. bdjgnoih fg}sg|p`fon }wppgb obmw`}og gb mgmw`}og"

Mgmw`}osg dbm obmw`}osg }fgk|y

Mgmw`}ogsg }fgk|ogb sg|}gegbukk|moegb mg jggp} skk|hkjgbmg hoih kq fg} sg|ldbm }wppgb }fgk|og gb pk`oddn

ug}gbp`fdqqgnoih kbmg|kgh" Mg kbmg|kghg| mgmw`gg|} ggb fyqk}fgpg mog jkg} uk|mgb kbmg|uk|qgb ddb ggb

bdwuhgw|oe gjqo|op`f kbmg|kgh" Mgg hoih kq fg} kbmg|kgh op kkh mogegbg mog Jg|}kb ob egmd`f}gb fdm }kgb foi

mg jommng*|dbeg }fgk|og skk| kegb fdm" Mgg op sknegbp fgj 9 q|ob`oqdnny wpgm ob pk`oknk ey }k ewomg gjqo|o`dn

obtwo|y"Gg|p} p}gn ig ggb fyqk}fgpg kq. udd|bd ig mg md}d edd} sg|djgngb gb mg q|gmo`}og edd} }kg}pgb" Sg|sknegbped ig hoihgb kc mgg sg|kbmg|p}gnnobe hnkq} gb hdb ig g eddb sg|ug|qgb kc lgfkwmgb" Fg} gjqo|opjg op ggb omgg sdb

]fkjdp Fkllgp. mog go md} pgbpk|op`fg gb ob}woenoihg g|sd|obe mg q|ojdo|g gb gboeg `f}g l|kb op sdb hgbbop"

X\gpgd|`f ob ck`wp 4"= D mgmw`}osg p}wmyZ

Fg} q|k`gp sdb mgmw`}og9

4" ]fgk|og

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Obmw`}og lgsd} kkh gngjgb}gb sdb mgmw`}og9 km|d ggb }fgk|og op egsk|jm. skne} g| kbmg|kgh kj mgg sg|mg| }g

lgsgp}oegb &kc sg|ug|qgb/" Mgg p}|d}geog uk|m}ob}g|d`}ogcegbkgjm"

Mg hg|b sdb obmw`}og9 fg} op ggb dn}g|bd}ogsg jdbog| kj }fgk|og gb kbmg|kgh }g nobhgb. fkgugn fg} kkh ggb

mgmw`}ogc gngjgb} lgsd}"

Mgmw`}og ]fgk|og

Klpg|sd}ogp+lgsobmobegb

Obmw`}og

]fgk|og

Ob mo} p`fgjd op }g jg|hgb md} fg} q|k`gp sdb obmw`}og gb mgmw`}og pojqgnuge fg} |gpwn}dd} op sdb fg} p}dbmqwb} }gbkqo`f}g sdb mg }fgk|og gb mg sg|djgnmg md}d"

XLkv 4"3 * Db obmw`}osg p}wmyZ

Gqop}gjknkeo`dn kbpomg|d}okbp

Udbbgg| ug fg} gqop}gjknkeop`fg p}dbmqwb} sdb ggb kbmg|kgh eddb lghoihgb. s|degb ug kbp dc ud} ddbsdd|mld|g

hgbbop op &kc ud} fg} kw jkg}gb oib/ lobbgb fg} kbmg|k`f}g mkjgob" Ygg| `gb}|ddn p}dd} mg s|dde kc mg pk`odng

ug|gnm hdb gb kw kbmg|k`f} jkg}gb uk|mgb sknegbp mggncmg q|ob`oqgp gb q|k`gmw|gp mog jgb loi mg

bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgb fdb}gg|}"

D bd}w|dn p`ogb`g gqop}gjknkey9 qkpo}osopj

Fg} qkpo}osopjg op ggb gqop}gjknkeop`f p}dbmqwb} md} mg }kgqdppobe sdb mg bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgnoihg jg}fkmgb kq

mg p}wmog sdb mg pk`odng ug|hgnoihfgom lgbdm|wh}+sg|mgmoe}" Lgndbe|oih oib sknegbmg qwb}gb9

4" Dnnggb gjqo|op`f sg|ocogg|ld|g hgbbop op mg gboeg iwop}g &`c" Fg} nkeop`f qkpo}osopjg/"

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@|o}o`dn |gdnopj9 }fgk|g}op`fg }g|jgb lgjommgngb kbg hgbbop sdb mg |gdno}go}" Kbmg|noeegbmg p}|w`}w|gb egbg|g|gb

udd|bggjld|g gsgb}p"

Ob}g|q|g}osopj

Fg} ob}g|q|g}osopjg op mg }g|j egegsgb ddb ggb `kb}|dp}g|gbmg gqop}gjknkeog jg} fg} qkpo}osopjg &bog}*

qkpo}osop}op`fg jg}fkmgp/" G| op ggb p}|d}geog sg|gop} mog |ghgbobe fkwm} jg} mg sg|p`fgomgbfgom }wppgb jgbpgb gb

fwb obp}o}w}ogp gb mg klig`}gb sdb mg bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgb" Mdd|kj |ddm} fg} mg pk`odng ug}gbp`fdqqg| ddb kj mg

pwlig`}ogsg lg}ghgbop sdb pk`odng d`}og ddb }g fkwmgb" Jgb uon mg ob

kb}fwnngb. udb} g| op eggb gvd`}g lgbdmg|obe jkegnoih" Hoih jdd| bdd| Uglg|p bk}og sdb Sg|p}gfgb &}k wbmg|p}dbm

&fg} ob}g|q|g}d}ogsg sg|p}ddb sdb pk`odng d`}og/. bog} kgg| }k gvqndob. fg} fkkcmobe|gmob} sdb fg} qkpo}osopjg/ kc

mg cgbkjknkeog &ggb sg|p`foibpgn ob oib }k}dno}go} kbmg|kghgb k e|kbmoe gb bdwuhgw|oe jkegnoih/"

Dnp jgb ob}g|q|g}d}ogc kbmg|kgh} hdb mg kbmg|kghg| sg|lddpm oib jg} oib lgsobmobegb. }gbjobp}g dnp foi g|

gv}g|b egogb sg| egbkge sdb dc p}dd}" Fg} ob}g|q|g}osopjg op lgbsnkgm mkk| fg} pyjlknop`fg ob}g|d`}okbopjg gb

q|klgg|} mg ug|gnm }g ogb wo} fg} qg|pqg`}ogc sdb mg d`}k|gb8 ggb pwlig`}ogsg |gdno}go}"

Kb}knkeo`dn `kbpomg|d}okbp

Fg} kb}knkeop`fg dpqg`} fkwm} o`f lgoe jg} ugnhg |gdno}go} g| op gb udd|ddb mog kbmg|fgsoe op" Mg `gb}|dng

egmd`f}g edd} kj fg} qwb} kc pk`odng gb}o}go}gb lgp`fkwum jkg}gb uk|mgb dnp klig`}ogsg gb}o}go}gb mog ggb |gdno}go}

fgllgb mog gv}g|b op ddb mg pk`odng d`}k|gb. kc md} mog pk`odng gb}o}go}gb jkg}gb uk|mgb lgp`fkwum dnpkc g uk|mgb

kqeglkwum wo} mg qg|`gq}ogp gb fdbmgnobegb sdb mg d`}k|gb" Bdd| mgg p}dbmqwb}gb sg|uoip} jgb |gpqg`}ogsgnoih

dnp fg} klig`}osopjg gb fg} `kbp}|w`}osopjg"

Klig`}osopjg

Fg} klig`}osopjg op ggb kb}knkeop`fg qkpo}og ugnhg ojqno`gg|} md} mg pk`odng cgbkjgbgb gv}g|bg cgo}gb oib. mog

lwo}gb kbp lg|goh p}ddb" Yg kwmgb kbdcfdbhgnoih oib sdb mg egm|deobegb sdb mg pk`odng d`}k|gb" Mog d`}k|gb

uk|mgb bdjgnoih eglk|gb ob ggb |ggmp lgp}ddbmg ug|gnm &skk|kqegp}gnmg }dhgb/" Pk`odng h|d`f}gb gb |gegnp

kgcgbgb m|wh wo} kq d`}k|gb kj o`f `kbck|j }g egm|degb &og Mw|hfgoj/"

Loiskk|lggnm9 `wn}ww| lgp}dd} kbdcfdbhgnoih sdb d`}k|gb mog uk|mgb egpk`odnopgg|m ob fwb goegb udd|mgb"

@kbp}|w`}osopjg

Fg} `kbp}|w`}osopjg op ggb kb}knkeop`fg qkpo}og ugnh ge} md} pk`odng cgbkjgbgb gb fwb lg}ghgboppgb kbmg|

`kb}obwg obsnkgm p}ddb sdb mg pk`odng d`}k|gb" Ggb e|kgq fggc} eggb ngsgb pwo egbg|op" Fg} ojqno`gg|} md} pk`odng

cgbkjgbgb gb `d}gek|ogb bog} gbhgn uk|mgb egq|kmw`gg|m mkk| jommgn sdb pk`odng ob}g|d`}og. jdd| md} g kkh bke

ggb ob ggb skk|}mw|gbmg p}dd} sdb |gsopog p}ddb"

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\gnd}okbpfoq }k pk`odn |gpgd|`f

Udbbgg| ug pq|ghgb ksg| pk`oddn ug}gbp`fdqqgnoih kbmg|kgh. hwbbgb ug bog} dbmg|p mdb }g hoihgb bdd| fg}

kb}knkeop`fg dpqg`}" Kb}knkeop`fg dppwjq}ogp gb lghkjjg|boppgb fgllgb fwb obl|gbe ob mg jdbog| udd|kq

kbmg|kghps|degb uk|mgb egck|jwngg|m gb mg jdbog| udd|kq fg} kbmg|kgh bdd| lwo}gb uk|m} egl|d`f}"

Sgng jg}fkmknkegb jdhgb jdhhgnoih ggb kbmg|p`fgom }wppgb hudno}d}ogc gb hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh kj mg

kbmg|kghpjg}fkmgb }g po}wg|gb"

Hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh hdb uk|mgb lgp`fkwum dnp ggb jdbog| sdb kbmg|kgh mog egl|woh jddh} sdb bwjg|oghg

md}d kj }k} ggb }fgk|og }g hkjgb" @gb}|ddn p}dd} mg md}d|gmw`}og gb mg egbg|dnopd}og }k} mg |wojg|g mkgne|kgq" Sggn

skk|hkjgbmg kb}ug|qgb oib pw|sgyp gb gvqg|ojgb}gb"

Hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh &ls" ob}g|sogup kc g}bke|dcog/ hdb uk|mgb egogb dnp mg jg}fkmg sdb fg} wo}skg|gb sdb ggb

kbmg|kgh md} egl|woh jddh} sdb skk|dn dncdbwjg|oghg md}d kj }k} ggb egcwbmgg|mg `kb`nwpog }g hkjgb"

Egcwbmgg|m lg}ghgb} fog| md} mg }fgk|og kqlk||gn} wo} mg md}d &`c" E|kwbmgm }fgk|og/"

Mgg hudno}d}ogsg jg}fkmg &mog ob cgo}g mg pwlig`}ogsg jgbobegb mog mg d`}k|gb fgllgb uon kbmg|kghgb/ fggc}

ddbmd`f} skk| ud} g| }oimgbp mg md}d|gmw`}og sg|nk|gb edd}" Egbg|dnopd}og op bog} fg} q|ojdo|g mkgn"

Hudb}o}d}ogc Hudno}d}ogc

\gnd}og }fgk|og # kbmg|kgh Mgmw`}ogc9 }fgk|og }gp}gb Obmw`}ogc9 }fgk|og lkwugb

Gqop}gjknkeop`fg k|ob}d}og Bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgb gb

qkpo}osopjg

Ob}g|q|g}osopjg

Kb}knkeop`fg k|ob}d}og Klig`}osopjg @kbp}|w`}osopjg

jd|h}kbmg|kghgb. gvqg|ojgb}gb "" ob}g|sogup. g}bke|dcogb ""

Obcnwgb`gp kb }fg `kbmw`} kc pk`odn |gpgd|`f

Ug fgllgb egogb md} pk`oddn kbmg|kgh mkk| sggn cd`}k|gb uk|m} lgbsnkgm9 ]fgk|og. kb}knkeog. gqop}gjknkeog.

udd|mgb gb q|dh}op`fg cgo}gb" Udd|mgb m|whhgb mg qg|pkkbnoihg p}dbmqwb}gb gb sg|kbmg|p}gnnobegb wo} sdb ggb

kbmg|kghg|" Mo} hdb obsnkgm fgllgb kq ud} mg kbmg|kghg| uon} kbmg|kghgb. fkg foi oib kbmg|kghps|degb

ck|jwngg|}. mg hgwg sdb mg egl|woh}g jg}fkmg. G`f}g| jkg}gb kbmg|kghg|p ksggn jkegnoihudd|mgs|oi oib kj

fg} kbmg|kgh bog} }g sg|}ghgbgb"

Kkh lgndbe|oih oib mg q|dh}op`fg ksg|ugeobegb" Mg hgwgp sdb ig kbmg|kghpp}|d}geog. ig kb}ug|q gb ig jg}fkmg

jkg}gb lg}|ghhobe fgllgb kq ig kbmg|kghps|dde gb ig }kqo`" Fg} kbmg|kgh jkg} fddnldd| oib. bog} gbhgn twd }oim

jdd| kkh ob sg|ldbm jg} egnm gb mg|egnoihg jgg|" Kkh fg} cgo} kc g| dn skk|eddbmg no}g|d}ww| op egqwlno`gg|m op

lgndbe|oih"

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Hgy Qkob}p

Hudb}o}d}ogc gb hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh hgbbgb sg|p`fonngbmg lgbdmg|obegb bdd| pk`oddn kbmg|kgh gbuk|mgb mdd|loi eghgbjg|h} mkk| lgqddnmg kb}knkeop`fg gb gqop}gjknkeop`fg ksg|ugeobegb"

]fgk|og hdb kjp`f|gsgb uk|mgb dnp og}p md} dcegngom uk|m} wo} kbmg|kgh &hudno}d}ogc }fgk|ogbegbg|g|gb/. kc md} kbmg|kgh skk|dc edd} &hudb}o}d}ogc }fgk|ogb }kg}pgb/"

Gqop}gjknkeop`fg ksg|ugeobegb oib sg|ugsgb ob ksg|ugeobegb sdb kbmg|kghpjg}fkmgb" Dnegjggbegbkjgb nkppgb g fg} q|klnggj kq ud} lg}|gc} fg} egl|wohgb sdb bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgnoihg jkmgnngb &gb

pqg`ocogh9 qkpo}osopjg/ kc ob}g|q|g}d}ogsg"

Kkh kb}knkeop`fg ksg|ugeobegb oib lgndbe|oih9 klig`}osopjg sg|pwp `kbp}|w`}osopjg" Udd|mgb hwbbgb fg} kbmg|kghpq|k`gp kq sg|p`fonngbmg jkjgb}gb ob mg }oim lgbsnkgmgb" Q|dh}op`fg ksg|ugeobegb jg} lg}|ghhobe }k} lgpnoppobegb ob sg|ldbm jg} kbmg|kghpjg}fkmgb oib g|e

`|w`oddn"

S|kwugnoihg kbmg|kghg|p q|gcg|g|gb lnoihldd| hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh. fkgugn g| hndd|lnoihgnoih lguoip opmd} fog| ggb hgb}g|obe ob hkj}"

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Soic kbmg|kghpkb}ug|qgb9

4" Gvqg|ojgb}ggn

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Ob}g|bg sdnomo}go}9 Mo} `|o}g|od edd} kj mg s|dde kc ggb `kb`nwpog mog ggb `dwpddn sg|ldbm }wppgb }ugg kcjgg| sd|odlgngb }|gh}. ud}g|mo`f} op"

Dnp ug g|sdb wo}eddb md} v mg kk|ddh op sdb y. jkg}gb ug ghg| ug}gb md} y bog} sg|kk|ddh} uk|m} mkk| ggb

dbmg|g sd|odlgngb mog mdd|jgg pdjgbfdbe} loiskk|lggnm"

Fg} op egl|wohgnoih kj }g |gcg|g|gb bdd| mg cd`}k| mog mg `dwpdng ojqd`} fggc}. dnp mg kbdcfdbhgnoihg sd|odlgnggb fg}

gccg`} dnp mg dcfdbhgnoihg sd|odlgng" Gv}g|bg sdnomo}go}9 mo} `|o}g|od fkwm} sg|ldbm jg} mg s|dde kc mg |gpwn}d}gb sdb ggb p}wmog egegbg|dnopgg|m

hwbbgb uk|mgb. lwo}gb mg `kb}gv} sdb fg} kbmg|kgh" Ob mgg `kb}gv} op fg} `|w`oddn fkg jgbpgb

egpgng`}gg|m uk|mgb kj jgg }g mkgb ob ggb kbmg|kgh" mo} op ggb sdb mg fkkcm|gmgbgb udd|kj

hudb}o}d}ogsg kbmg|kghg|p k egm|gsgb oib ggb |gq|gpgb}d}ogsg wo}hkjp}gb }g q|kmw`g|gb"

G`knkeop`fg sdnomo}go}9 mo} `|o}g|od fkwm} sg|ldbm jg} mg s|dde kc pk`oddn*ug}gbp`fdqqgnoihg lgsobmobegbsdb }kgqdppobe oib kq jgbpgb fwb mdegnoihp ngsgb. ob ggb bd}ww|noihg kjegsobe"

\gnd}og jg} kbmg|kghpp}|d}geog

Mg hbgnqwb}gb oib jggp}dn sdb }kgqdppobe kq hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh. jgg| mdb hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh9

Lg}|kwuldd|fgom gb jgg}obepsdnomo}go} oib gppgb}oggn sdb }kgqdppobe kq mg dmgtwd}og sdb jg}obegb. mog fg}

jggp} nkeop`f skk|hkjgb loi hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh"

Ob}g|bg sdnomo}go} edd} kj fg} sobmgb sdb ggb pqg`ocogh `dwpddn sg|ldbm. ggb qwb} md} jggp}dn skk|hkj} loi

hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh"

G`knkeop`fg sdnomo}go}fkwm} sg|ldbm jg} mg bd}ww|noihfgom sdb fg} kbmg|kgh gb noih} ksg|ugegbm |gngsdb} skk|

hudno}d}ogc gb hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh"

Pkjjoeg p`f|oisg|p fgllgb egq|klgg|m kj mg `kb`gq}gb sdb lg}|kwuldd|fgom gb sdnomo}go} }kg }g qdppgb kq

hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh. jdd| dbmg|g lgd|ewjgb}g|gb md} mg e|kbm sdb mgg omggb ob hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh

jddh} md} g kbegp`foh} oib skk| hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh"

P`f|oisg|p dnp Ho|h gb Jonng|fgllgb `kb`gq}gb sdb sdnomo}go} gb lg}|kwuldd|fgom}kgegqdp} kq hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh.

jdd| fgllgb mdd|loi mg jdbog| udd|kq mg }g|jgb egl|woh} uk|mgb bg} ud} ddbegqdp}"

Pkjjoeg hudno}d}ogsg kbmg|kghg|p p}gnngb pkjp skk| md} mg p}wmogp mog oi q|kmw`g|gb lgkk|mggnm kc egsdnwgg|m

jkg}gb uk|mgb ddb mg fdbm sdb `|o}g|od mog sg|p`fonngb sdb mog ob |gnd}og p}ddb jg} hudb}o}d}ogc kbmg|kgh"

Nob`knb gb Ewld p}gnngb skk| md} dn}g|bd}ogsg }g|jgb gb jdbog|gb sdb }kgqdppobe sdb hudno}d}ogc kbmg|kgh bkmoe

oib" Loiskk|lggnm9 oi p}gnngb skk| kj mg }g|j lg}|kwuldd|fgom }g bgjgb dnp ggb `|o}g|og sdb fkg ekgm ggb

hudno}d}ogsg p}wmog op" Gnh dpqg`} sdb lg}|kwuldd|fgom fggc} ggb qd|dnngn jg} mg skk|eddbmg `|o}g|od mog fog|lksgb

oib lgpq|khgb"

Dpqg`} sdb

lg}|kwuldd|fgom

Qd|dnngn`|o}g|od Skk|lggnms|dde

@kbco|jdlono}y Ob}g|bg sdnomo}go} Fkg egnkkcudd|moe oib mg lgsobmobegb;

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]|dbpcg|dlono}y Gv}g|bg sdnomo}go} Yoib mg lgsobmobegb sdb }kgqdppobe kq dbmg|g `kb}gv}gb;

Mgqgbmdlono}y Lg}|kwuldd|fgom Op fg} udd|p`foibnoih md} mg lgsobmobegb kkh sdb }kgqdppobe

oib kq dbmg|g }oimp}oqqgb+jkjgb}gb;

@kbco|jdlono}y Klig`}oso}y Fggc} mg kbmg|kghg| oib udd|mg jgg nd}gb ugegb ob fg}

kbmg|kgh;

Fdjjg|pngy

Fdjjg|pngy &4??

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Bd}w|dnopjg

Bd}w|dnopjg op ggb skk|lggnm sdb ggb. egnwhhoe gnmddj. gvgjqndd| sdb ggb }g|j mog bog} dnnggb sg|p`fonngbmg

lg}ghgboppgb fggc}. jdd| kkh }gegbp}|oimoeg"

G| oib m|og sg|p`fonngbmg lg}ghgboppgb }g kbmg|p`fgomgb9

4" Bd}w|dnopjg lg}ghgb} fg} lghoihgb sdb dnng p}wmogklig`}gb bd}ww|noihg kc pk`odng dnp ggb mggn sdb mggncmg

ug|hgnoihfgom gb ggb kbpgtwgb}g }|kwu ddb mg q|ob`oqgp sdb mg bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdqqgnoihg jg}fkmg"

Mgg lg}ghgbop fggc} p}g|hg ksg|ggbhkjp}gb jg} fg} qkpo}osopjg" Fg} ojqno`gg|} md} dnng ggbfgmgb }k} mg

gncmg k|mg sdb mobegb lgfk|gb. k md} g| eggb gppgb}oggn sg|p`fon op }wppgb mg klig`}gb sdb mg

bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdq gb mog sdb mg pk`oknkeog" Mo} lg}ghgb} md} g kkh kq mggncmg jdbog| lgp}wmgg|m uk|mgb"

Mo} op mg mgcobo}og sdb p`f|oisg|p mog skk|}lkwugb kq ggbob}g|q|g}osop}op`fg gqop}gjknkeog dnp dnp bog}}|kwu

ddb mg pk`odng ug|gnm. kjmd} g| eggb sg|p`fonngb oib }wppgb jgbpgb gb mg klig`}gb sdb mg bd}ww|ug}gbp`fdq"

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Hndppogh gvqg|ojgb}ggn kb}ug|q

Ggb hndppoghgvqg|ojgb}dn mgpoeb fggc} jggp}dn }ugg e|kgqgb9 mg gvqg|ojgb}dn e|kwq gb mg `kb}|kn e|kwq" Ug oib

egb}g|gppgg|m ob mg |gpwn}d}gb sdb mg gvqg|ojgb}dn e|kwq. udb} oi h|oiegb ggb gvqg|ojgb}dn }|gd}jgb}" Mg `kb}|kn

e|kwq mogb} kj soidbmoeg sg|hnd|obegb sdb mg lddb }g sgegb &}k gnojobd}g/" Fog|skk| jkg}gb mg q|kgcqg|pkbgb dm

|dbmkj ob mg `kb}|kn gb gvqg|ojgb}dn e|kwqp egqndd}p} uk|mgb" Yk ed|dbmgg|} jgb mg ob}g|bg sdnomo}go}"

Fg} hndppoghg gvqg|ojgb}ggn kb}ug|q uk|m} kkh sddh ddbegfddnm dnp fg} |dbmkjogm gvqg|ojgb} kc |dbmkjogm

`kb}|knngp }|odn&\@]/" Kjmd} lgomg e|kgqgb uonnghgw|oe oib egpgng }gg|m9 |dbmkj dppoebjgb}oib mg kbmg|kghg|

ghg| md} dnnggb mg sd|odlgng mg sg|kk|dhg| op sdb fg} gccg`}. }oimgbp mg gvqg|ojgb}gng jdboqwnd}og dnnggb"

Hndppogh gvqg|ojgb}ggn kb}ug|q

&jg} onnwp}|d}ogp sdb fg} gccg`} sdb sg|ud`f}obegb sdb mg ng|dd|/

Q|g*}gp} 6 jddbmgb Qkp}*}gp}

\dbmkj

dppoebjgb}

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