bryanlamble

8/2/2019 BryanLamble

1/30

Lithium-Ion Battery+ Nano-technology

An Overview of the battery technology thatpowers our mobile society.

Bryan LambleEnergy Law, Spring 2008

___________________________

?


2/30

Battery History andBasics

The modern battery was developed by

Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800.

Ingredients: Zinc, Saltwater paper, andSilver

An electrochemical reaction.

The Voltaic Pile


3/30


4/30

Battery Chemistry

101Electrochemical reaction - a chemicalreaction between elements which createselectrons.

Oxidation occurs on the metals(electrodes), which creates the electrons.

Electrons are transferred down the pile via

the saltwater paper (the electrolyte).

A charge is introduced at one pole, whichbuilds as it moves down the pile.


5/30

Primary vs.

Secondary BatteriesPrimary batteries are disposablebecause their electrochemical reaction

cannot be reversed.

Secondary batteries are rechargeable,because their electrochemical reaction

can be reversed by applying a certainvoltage to the battery in the oppositedirection of the discharge.


6/30

Standard Modern

BatteriesZinc-CarbonZinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C andD dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zincand carbon, with an acidic paste betweenthem that serves as the electrolyte.

(disposable)

AlkalineAlkaline: used in common Duracell andEnergizer batteries, the electrodes are zincand manganese-oxide, with an alkaline

electrolyte. (disposable)

Lead-AcidLead-Acid: used in cars, the electrodes arelead and lead-oxide, with an acidic electrolyte.

(rechargeable)


7/30

Battery types (contd)

Nickel-cadmiumNickel-cadmium: (NiCd)

rechargeable,

memory effect

Nickel-metal hydrideNickel-metal hydride: (NiMH)

rechargeable

no memory effect

Lithium-IonLithium-Ion: (Li-Ion)

rechargeable

no memory effect


8/30

Recharge-ability &

the memory effectRecharge-ability: basically, when thedirection of electron discharge (negative

to positive) is reversed, restoring power.the Memory EffectMemory Effect: (generally) When abattery is repeatedly recharged before ithas discharged more than half of its

power, it will forget its original powercapacity.

Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)


9/30

Lithium

Periodic Table Symbol: Li

Atomic Weight: 3 (light!)

Like sodium and potassium, an alkali

metal. (Group 1 #s 1 through 7)

Highly reactive, with a high energydensity.

Used to treat manic-depression becauseit is particularly effective at calming aperson in a manic state.


10/30

The Periodic Table


11/30

Lithium (Ion) Battery

DevelopmentIn the 1970s, Lithium metal was usedbut its instability rendered it unsafe andimpractical. Lithium-cobalt oxideLithium-cobalt oxide andgraphitegraphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.

The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly

lower energy density than Lithiummetal, but is much safer. Introduced bySony in 1991.


12/30

Advantages of Using

Li-Ion BatteriesPOWERPOWER High energy density means greaterpower in a smaller package.

160% greater than NiMH220% greater than NiCd

HIGHER VOLTAGEHIGHER VOLTAGE a strong current allows itto power complex mechanical devices.

LONG SHELF-LIFELONG SHELF-LIFE only 5% discharge lossper month.

10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd


13/30


14/30

Disadvantages of Li-

IonEXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.DELICATEDELICATE -- battery temp must bemonitored from within (which raises theprice), and sealed particularly well.

REGULATIONSREGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ionbatteries in bulk (which also raises theprice).

Class 9 miscellaneous hazardousmaterial

UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III,38.3)


15/30

Environmental Impact

of Li-Ion BatteriesRechargeable batteries are oftenrecyclable.

Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and canbe extracted from the battery,neutralized, and used as feedstock fornew Li-Ion batteries.


16/30

The IntersectionIn terms of weight and size, batteries have

become one of the limiting factors in thedevelopment of electronic devices.

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php

The problem with...lithium batteries is that noneof the existing electrode materials alone candeliver all the required performance

characteristics including high capacity, higheroperating voltage, and long cycle life.Consequently, researchers are trying to optimizeavailable electrode materials by designing newcomposite structures on the nanoscale.


17/30

Nano-Science and

-TechnologyThe attempt to manufacture and controlobjects at the atomic and molecularlevel (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter(10-9)

1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble :Earth

1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers


18/30

Nano S & T (contd)Nano-scienceNano-science: research of thediffering behavioral properties ofelements on the nano scale.

Conductivity (electric/thermal),strength, magnetism, reflectivity....Sometimes these properties differon the nanoscale.

Carbon is particularly strong on thenano scale.

C60 = Fullerene, a.k.a buckyball


19/30

Nano S & T (contd)Nano-technologyNano-technology: the use of nanoscalematerials in critical dimensions ofmechanical devices.

Nanotubes -- carbon molecules havegreater mechanical strength at lessweight per volume.

Nanotransistors -- the computer industrysbest technology features microchips withtransistors as small as 45nm.

Batteries with nanoscale materials deliver

more power quickly with less heat.


20/30

Environmental Impacts

and Use ofNanotechnology

Smaller scale technology means lessresources used and less waste.

The EPA recently issued research grants

to use nanotechnology to develop newmethods of detecting toxins in water.


21/30

An example of the

intersection...From graphite to metallic tin (electrodes),but metallic tin isnt great eitheryet.

...the biggest challenge for employingmetallic tin...is that it suffers from hugevolume variation during the lithiuminsertion/extraction cycle, which leads to

pulverization of the electrode and veryrapid capacity decay."

But nanotechnology could offer a solution...


22/30

The Director of the Institute ofChemistry at the Chinese Academy ofSciences published a paper in Februarydescribing the novel carbonnanocomposite above as a promising[electrode] material for lithium-ionbatteries.


23/30

Another example...The storage capacity of a Li-Ion battery

is limited by how much lithium can beheld in the battery's anode, which istypically made of carbon. Silicon has amuch higher capacity than carbon, but

also has a drawback.Silicon placed in a battery swells as itabsorbs positively charged lithium atomsduring charging, then shrinks during use

as the lithium ion is drawn out of thesilicon. This cycle typically causes thesilicon to pulverize, degrading theperformance of the battery.


24/30

The Nano-technology

solution...The lithium is stored in a forest of tinysilicon nanowires, each with a diameter

one one-thousandth the thickness of asheet of paper. The nanowires inflate tofour times their normal size as they soakup lithium but, unlike other silicon

shapes, they do not fracture.

See next slide


25/30

Photos taken by a scanning electron microscope ofsilicon nanowires before (left) and after (right)absorbing lithium. Both photos were taken at the samemagnification. The work is described in High-performance lithium battery anodes using siliconnanowires, published online Dec. 16 in NatureNanotechnology.


26/30

The Potential of Li-Ion

BatteriesElectrodes that dont deteriorate

metallic tin with carbon hollow

spheres

silicon nanowires

2D & 3D battery design

Forested rods on a thin filmelectrode

Stacked rods in a truck bed


27/30

Nano + Li-Ion = ?

Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applicationsin the commercialcommercial sector are apparent...

lighter, more powerful batteriesincrease user mobility and equipment

life.

DeWalt 36volt cordless power tools

Nanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in

the residentialresidential sector are not soobvious...

HVAC system batteries? Micro-

generated energy storage?


28/30

Micro-Generated

Energy StorageLi-Ion batteries high energy densityallows batteries them to power complexmachinery.

Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly andhold their charge longer, which providesflexibility to the micro-generator.

particularly helpful for wind and solargenerators!

Lightness, and power per volume allowfor storage and design flexibility.


29/30

Finally, an interesting

idea...Background:battery research results in annualcapacity gains of approximately 6%

Moores Law: The number oftransistors on a computer microchipwill double every two years. (40years of proof!)

Idea: If battery technology haddeveloped at the same rate, a heavyduty car battery would be the size of a

penny.


30/30

Links to References

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm

http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batt

http://www.batteryuniversity.com

http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanow

http://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery6.htmhttp://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batteryhttp://www.batteryuniversity.com/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.htmlhttp://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.htmlhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.htmlhttp://www.batteryuniversity.com/http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batteryhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery6.htm

bryanlamble

Documents