bruce mayer, pe licensed electrical & mechanical engineer bmayer@chabotcollege
DESCRIPTION
Engineering 10. Chp.6 Energy EROEI - Nuclear. Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer [email protected]. EROEI. E nergy R eturned O n E nergy I nvested Energy Invested – in order to: ACQUIRE energy, it TAKES ENERGY To PROCESS (Refine) energy, it TAKES ENERGY - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt1
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Bruce Mayer, PELicensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
Engineering 10
Chp.6 Chp.6 EnergyEnergyEROEI - EROEI - NuclearNuclear
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt2
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEIEROEI
Energy Returned On Energy Invested Energy Invested – in order to:
• ACQUIRE energy, it TAKES ENERGY
• To PROCESS (Refine) energy, it TAKES ENERGY
• TRANSPORT a form of energy, it TAKES ENERGY.
• STORE energy, it TAKES ENERGY.
• USE energy, it also TAKES ENERGY
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt3
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEIEROEI
Energy Returned On Energy Invested Energy Returned:
• After you have taken into account all the energy used in the last slide...how MUCH ENERGY do you have left?
• OR How much energy does it actually COST in order to USE a particular form of energy?
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt4
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEI - AnalogyEROEI - Analogy Say that you have $100 that you want to
INVEST at a bank. The bank is offers an account for a year that
pays 10% interest. Check the TOTAL Gain or LOSS From this Investment
• What if you didn't have a car so you take the Bus to the Bank. It costs you $4 to catch the bus round-trip to go to the bank and deposit the money.
• After a year, you pay another $4 to catch another bus to the bank to withdraw your money and interest.
The math on This investment:• $100 + 10% interest = $110 at the end of the year.• MINUS $4 for the first bus and another $4 for the 2nd bus
= $8 total.• Subtracting the $8 from the $110 that leaves a total of $102;
the REAL return on your investment = 2/100 = 2%• Not such a good deal after all
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt5
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEI GraphicallyEROEI Graphically
If there is NO Surplus, then Eout/Ein <1, and We have WASTED energy
Note: EROI ↔ EROEI
BackWork
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt6
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEI – Fuel (Thermal) EnergyEROEI – Fuel (Thermal) EnergyEnergy Form EROEI/EROI
Oil & Gas: 1940's Discoveries > 100.0
Oil & Gas 1970's Production 23.0, discoveries 8.0
Coal (mine mouth) 1950's 80.0
Coal (mine mouth)1970's 30.0
Oil shale 0.7 to 13.3
Coal liquefaction 0.5 to 8.2
Geopressured gas 1.0 to 5.0
Ethanol (sugercane) 0.8 to 1.7
Ethanol (corn) 1.3
Ethanol (corn residues) 0.7 to 1.8
Methanol (wood) 2.6
Solar space heat (fossil backup)
1.9
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt7
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEI – Electrical EnergyEROEI – Electrical Energy
Energy Form EROEI/EROI
Coal 9.0
Hydropower 11.2
Nuclear (light-water reactor) 4.0
Solar Photovoltaics 1.7-10
Geothermal 1.9-13 From these Lists We Spot a Couple of Dicey
Propositions• Solar Electricity
• Corn Ethanol as a fuel
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt8
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
EROEI Life Cycle Analysis ExampleEROEI Life Cycle Analysis Example
Consider the Production of a Wind Turbine with a 20-25yr Operating Life
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt9
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Wind Turbine NacelleWind Turbine Nacelle
http://www.vestas.com/en/about-vestas/sustainability/wind-turbines-and-the-environment/life-cycle-assessment-(lca).aspx
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt10
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Wind Turbine LCAWind Turbine LCA Turbine Production
Environmental NEGATIVE Impacts• Manufacturing of raw
materials
• Production of components
• The wind turbine’s energy production
• De-commissioning of the wind turbine
Energy Source Energy Consumption[MJ/kWh produced]
FOSSIL FUELS
Crude oil 2.46E-02
Hard coal 1.95E-02
Lignite 3.38E-03
Natural gas 2.24E-02
Nuclear power 2.05E-02
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Biomass, dry matter, fuel 7.29E-04
Biomass, dry matter, raw material 2.54E-05
Hard wood, dry matter, raw material 1.26E-04
Primary energy from hydro power 6.07E-03
Primary energy from wind power 4.51E-07
Renewable fuels 2.08E-08
Total (MJ/kWh produced) 9.82E-02
Total (kWh/kWh produced) 2.73E-02
Total Energy Invested (kWh/turbine) 4,304,222
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt11
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
3.0 MWe Wind Turbine EROEI3.0 MWe Wind Turbine EROEI
Energy Invested = 4,304 MWh/turbine Energy Returned = 173,580 MWh/turbine
• 7,890,000 kWh/Turbine٠Year
• 22 Year Operating Life
The EROEI Calculation:
3.40304 4
580 173EROEI
An EXCELLENT Return!
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt12
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
WindPower is NONDispactchable• Can NOT call it up at any time
– Needs Supplemental STORAGE
WindPower DownSideWindPower DownSide
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt13
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Energy Sources – Fact & FancyEnergy Sources – Fact & Fancy QuestionQuestion – Which Energy Source Has
These Attractive Aspects• NO HydroCarbon or NOx Emissions• NO GreenHouse Gas Emissions• Very High Energy Density
– Easy to Transport Fuel
• Plug-Compatible With Existing Electrical Grid
• Can Easily Produce Hydrogen During “Off Peak” Hours
• Low Energy Inputs to Produce?
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt14
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Answer Answer → → Nuclear (Fission) PowerNuclear (Fission) Power
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt15
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Energy Sources – Fact & FancyEnergy Sources – Fact & Fancy
Nuclear Fission Limitations• Waste Handling is a Political Issue
– Have Technological SolutionsWaste Concentration, and Then Storage in Water-
Free, Geologically Stable Salt-Mine Structures
• Fear of Accidental Radiation Releases Due to Loss of Coolant Accidents Such as TMI– New Designs are Fail-Safe; LoCA’s can Be
Engineered OUT
• ByProduction of Nuclear-Weapons Compatible Materials; e.g., Plutonium
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt16
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Energy Sources – FutureEnergy Sources – Future Any of the Previous Techniques Could
Benefit from Technology “BreakThrus”• Possible Examples
– A BioEngineered Fermentation Enzyme Greatly Reduces Energy Required to Make Ethanol
Nuclear FUSION• Fission: Break a Heavy Atom (Uranium) to
Liberate Heat (and Neutrons)• FUSION: Combine Light Hydrogen Atoms
to Liberate Heat (and Make Heavier Helium Atoms)
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt17
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Energy Sources – Future contEnergy Sources – Future cont
• Fusion Produces MUCH LESS Radioactive Material Than Fission Reactors– But it’s NOT Zero
• Fuel is “Heavy Water” Isotopes That are in More than Sufficient Supply in Sea Water
• Fusion Limitations– An EXTREMELY Difficult Technical Problem;
Must Generate Local Temperatures That Approximate those found in STARS
– 50 Years of Intense Study Have barely Even Reached the Energy Break-Even Point
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt18
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Fission & Fusion Nuclear ReactionsFission & Fusion Nuclear Reactions
Fission → Splitting 2nSr Xen U 100134235
Fusion → Joining n He H H 432
Dueterium → H with 1 Neutron (2 nucleons)
Tritium → H with 2 Neutrons (3 nucleons)
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt19
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
California Electricity Production Mix - 2006
36.7%
21.9%
16.4%
10.8%
6.0%
4.5%
1.9%
1.5%
0.2%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Gas
Imports
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Coal
Geothermal
BioMass
Wind
Solar
Ele
ctri
cal
Po
wer
So
urc
e
Fraction of Total Electrical GenerationCA_Electricity_Mix-0711.xls
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt20
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electric Cars?Electric Cars?
The USA consumes about 140 BILLION Gallons of Gasoline per year• As discussed by Dr. Mike Carnall in his
Ethanol presentation
Lets make an estimate of how much electricity would be needed to replace the amount of gasoline used by on-road vehicles
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt21
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity Estimate AssumptionsElectricity Estimate Assumptions
95% of Gasoline is used in Cars/Trucks Gasoline heat of combustion = 45 MJ/kg Gasoline Density = 737 kg/cu-m Piston Engine Thermal efficiency = 25% Electricity Transmission Efficiency = 96% Battery charging efficiency = 80% Battery discharging efficiency = 80% Electric Motor efficiency = 90% 1 cubic meter = 264.2 gallon [US, liquid]
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt22
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
95% of Gasoline used by Vehicles
Gal 13395.0Gal 140 BB
133B gallons to Cu-m
33
m 503.0264.2Gal
m 1Gal 133 BB
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt23
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Mass of 503M cu-m
kg 37195.0m
kg737m 503
33 BM
Thermal Energy in 371B kg of Gasoline
TJ 000,695,16kg
MJ 54kg 371 B
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt24
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Energy delivered to DriveShaft using 25% Engine Efficiency
TJ 174000,425.0TJ 16695000
This is the amount of Mechanical Energy that must be delivered to the DriveShaft by the electric motor that REPLACES the gasoline engine• Now Work BACKwards
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt25
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Electrical Energy applied to the motor using motor efficiency
TJ 000,797,58.0TJ 000,638,4 Electrical Energy applied to Battery Charger
using charger efficiency
TJ 000,246,78.0TJ 7970005
Energy stored in Batteries to Power the motor using Battery efficiency
TJ 000,638,49.0TJ 4174000
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt26
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Electrical Energy produced at the PowerPlant using Transmission Efficiency
TJ 000,548,796.0TJ 000,246,7 Thus the ADDITIONAL electric energy that power plants must
produce to run vehicles is about 7 550 000 TeraJoules in a year
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt27
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Convert TeraJoules per year into MegaWatts-Electric (MWe)
s
TJ
s
hr
hr
day
day
yr
yr 2393.0
3600
1
24
1
365
1TJ 000,548,7
And a J/s is a watt, so the MWe equivalent:
MWe 300,239TW
MW 000,000 1,TW 2393.0 MWe
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt28
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Now a BIG nuclear PowerPlant such as Diablo Canyon is rated at about 2000 MWe – Use this to Calc the NEW Power Plants needed run vehicles
PlantsPwr 120MWe 2000
PwrPlant 1MWe 300,239
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt29
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Thus to Run our vehicles on Electricity we would need to open a NEW Nuclear PowerPlant EVERY MONTH for TEN YEARS
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt30
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
New Electricity for Cars ComparedNew Electricity for Cars Compared
The TOTAL generating Capacity in the USA is about 1 070 000 MWe• The Electricity for Cars would add about
25% to the USA total
The Total generating Capacity in the CALIFORNIA is about 56 000 MWe• The Electricity for Cars would require
about 4 NEW Californias
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt31
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Energy SummaryEnergy Summary In My Humble Opinion ENERGY
PRODUCTION is the SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT Technology Issue Facing Human Kind• A Low-Cost, Low-Environmental-Impact
Energy Source GREATLY Facilitates The Solution of All Technical Problems– Food Production
– Medical Advances
– Water Production
– Housing & Shelter
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt32
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
All Done for TodayAll Done for Today
NationalIgnitionFacility
Fusion in LIVERMORE
Cool Videos
https://lasers.llnl.gov/multimedia/video_gallery/
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt33
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
Electricity EstimateElectricity Estimate
Engery delivered to DriveShaft using 25% Engine Efficiency
TJ 174000,425.0TJ 16695000 Electrical Energy applied to the motor using
motor efficiency
TJ 000,638,49.0TJ 14174000
[email protected] • ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt34
Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering
DT ReactionDT Reaction