NAME:________________________________________ UNIT 6: MeteorologyPERIOD:________ REGENTS EARTH SCIENCE

Class Notes Packet: Weather and Climate

UNIT TRACKING CHART

Assignment Date Submitted?

UNIT TRACKING CHART

Assignment Date Submitted?

AIM:______________________________________________________________?

Do Now:

What page in the ESRT diagrams the Earth’s atmosphere? _________

The Atmosphere:

- is the layer of _____________________________________________________.

- The atmosphere ________________ as you travel _____________ from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect.

Pressure Changes

Atmospheric pressure -

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Examine the diagram:How does air pressure at low altitudes compare with air pressure at high altitudes?

Temperature Changes

- Temperature _______________ within each layer of the atmosphere.

• This information can be found on _________________

What other information is found on these charts?

________________________________________: Since water vapor is necessary for clouds and weather, the presence of water vapor indicates the layer in which all weather happens.

Examine the diagram:What is the relationship between altitude and water vapor content?

Layers of the Atmosphere

Troposphere:

0 to 14 km __________________________________________________________ Temperature _____________________ as you rise higher

Stratosphere:

14 to 50 km Contains Ozone Layer _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ ozone depletion – _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________o Contains ______________; which are high speed winds that influence

____________________________________o Temperature _____________________ as you rise higher.

Mesosphere:

50 to 80 km Meteoroids ___________________________________________________

“shooting stars” Temp. ___________________ as you rise higher.

Thermosphere:

above 80 - 600 km Contains “_____________”

AKA _________________________________________ Temperature __________________ as you rise higher. Contains the _______________________which influences

____________________________________.

AIM:______________________________________________________________?

Do Now:

An air temperature of 95ºC most often exists in which layer of the atmosphere?

____________________________________

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Vocabulary

Heat - ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Heat moves from _______________________ to ____________________

Temperature - ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Temperature conversions can be found ________________________

Now Try These . . . 1. At what temperature does water boil?

______ OC ____ OF ______ K

2. What is room temperature? 3. ______ OC ____ OF ______ K

4. At what temperature does water freeze? ______ OC ____ OF ______ K

4. What temperature is the same on both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales ________________________

Three Methods Of Energy Transfer:

Conduction - Convection- Radiation -

On which page is this diagram found? ______________

1. Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength?

2. What color has the shortest wavelength?

3. What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible light, and radio waves?

AIM:______________________________________________________________?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through the vacuum of space.

Do Now:

What are the three states of matter and what are the major differences between each state?

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Phase Changes: In the boxes for each phase draw a small picture of how the molecules are arranged. THEN label the arrows with the name of the phase change that is occurring.

Phase Change Graph

Latent Heat-______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Properties of Water:

- __________________________ and __________________ GAIN heat

- _______________________ and __________________ LOSE heat

1. Which phase change requires water to gain 2260 J/g?

2. During which phase change of water is the most energy released into the environment?

AIM:___________________________________________________________?

Latent Heat-______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Can be found on pg.

_________________

Do Now:

QUIZ

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Air Pressure:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Factors that Affect Pressure

1. Altitude

• Air becomes _____________________ with increasing altitude

• Pressure ALWAYS _________________ as you move up in the atmosphere.

2. Temperature

3. Humidity

Cold Air

• _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

• _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

• _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

• Humid air is ______________________________.

• Lighter means it has ________________________________________.

• Air Pressure is measured using a ____________________________.

** An increasing barometer means the weather will be _____________________.

** A decreasing barometer means the weather will be _____________________.

Aim:______________________________________________________________?

**When air pressure ___________, the mercury in the tube ____________. **

**When air pressure __________________, so does the height of the mercury column.**

Do Now:

What is the relationship between temperature and barometric pressure?

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Humidity – is a measure of how much _________________________________

** Warmer air can hold __________ water vapor than cooler air.**

Relative Humidity (RH) – ___________________________________________

• Since warm air expands it can ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

When the Relative Humidity is 100%

• the air is ______________________

• ________________________ may occur

The Relative Humidity changes when:

• Water vapor ___________________________ the air.

• ____________________________________________.

The Dew Point Temperature is the ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

• (______________________________)

The closer the air temperature is to the dewpoint temp:

• Precipitation takes ____________________________

• Evaporation puts ____________________________

When temp is less then DP ___________________________

___________________________

When temp is more the DP

________________________

_________________________

• _______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________

Relative Humidity and Dewpoint charts :

• Can be found on _________________

• Dry bulb is the __________________________________________

• Wet bulb is the __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

• Wet bulb depression is the _______________________________, it tells how much evaporation has occurred

Aim: ______________________________________________________________?

Do Now:

1. What is the relative humidity when the air temperature is 86° and the wet bulb is 82°? _______

2. What kind of weather would you expect with an air temperature of 73° and a dew point of 73°? Why?

___________________________________________________________________

Formation of Clouds

1. Form when air rises in the atmosphere and ________________________ ____________________________________________________________

2. Liquid water condenses around ________________________________ _______________

3. Tiny droplets then float in the air

When do clouds form? Whenever moist air rises,

1. When two air masses meet2. Orographic Effect:

o Occurs when mountains ____________________________________

________________________________________________________

o As air is pushed over the mountain, __________________________

________________________________________________________

** When air expands, _______________________, and when it’s compressed, __________________________. **

CLOUD FORMATION

W - warm

R - rise

C - cool

C – condense

Aim: ___________________________________________________________?

QUIZ

______________________________________________________________

Wind – ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

• Air moves from ______________________________________

Pressure Systems:

Measuring Wind:

Low Pressure System(AKA ________________________ )

• Humid dry air ________________

• Wind blows ___________________ and ____________

High Pressure System(AKA _________________________ )

• Cool dry air ___________________

• Wind blows ___________________ and ____________

There are two basic wind measurements: _______________ & _____________

Wind Direction

• Measured using a _______________________

• If it blows more often from one direction it is called a _____________________________

• In the US, the westerlies consistently move weather ________________

Wind Speed

• Measured using an ______________________

• Measured in ___________ or ______________

Local Winds:

• Local winds are caused by _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• Example - ___________________________________

Specific Heat –

• Specific heat is _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

• Every object has it’s own specific heat listed on ______________

• Liquid water has the ___________ specific heat

• This mean, water needs __________________________________________________________to heat up or cool down.

Sea Breeze • __________________________________

___________________________

Aim: _____________________________________________________________?

Sea Breeze • __________________________________

___________________________

Land Breeze • _______________________________

______________________________• The air flows from

_____________ _____________________________

Do Now:

Why are the beaches that are located on the southern shore of Long Island often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer afternoons?

1. A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of land.2. A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land.3. The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are.4. The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are.

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Global Winds

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• These winds blow _____________________________________________

• At the equator, warm air _____________ and moves toward the _______________.

• At the poles, cold air __________________ and moves toward the ______________

• Wind is named based on _______________________________________

• Planetary winds can be found on ___________________________

• These winds do NOT travel in a straight path because of the ____________________________

Aim:_______________________________________________________________

The Coriolis Effect –

• Is cause by _____________________ ______________________________

• Is responsible for _______________ _____________________________

• In the Northern Hemisphere _______________________________

• In the Southern Hemisphere _________________________________

Do Now: See-Think-Wonder

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Ocean Currents

• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Everything you need to know about ocean currents can be found on ______________________

Aim: _____________________________________________________________________________?

Do Now:

Which ocean current warms the climate of the northwestern coast of Europe?

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I. Air Masses and Front

• ________________________ - a large parcel of air with approximately the same temperature and humidity

• _________________________ - location where an air mass forms. Gives the air mass its characteristics

ContinentalMaritimeTropicalPolarArctic

• cA =

• cP =

• cT =

• mT =

• mP =

• Air masses are named after their source region and are designated by letters

• When two unlike air masses collide a ________________________ is created

• The boundary between the two different air masses is represented on a map with a symbol

Fronts

• The side that the shapes are on shows the direction the front is moving towards

• __________________________ - cold, dense air pushes warm air out of the way by moving under it and forcing it up and away. COLD AIR WINS

• Weather: thunderstorms, heavy rain, and sharp decrease in temperature

• _____________________________ - warm, less dense air pushes colder air out of the way by moving on top of the cold air mass and” pushing”. WARM AIR WINS

• Weather: low clouds and widespread rainfall

• ________________________ – forms where a cold air mass meets a warm air mass, but neither can push the other away

• Weather: long widespread rain

• _________________________ - a boundary where a very fast moving cold air mass pushes a warm air mass entirely off the ground sliding beneath it.

• Weather: long widespread rain and thunderstorm

Aim: _____________________________________________________________________________?

Do Now: QUIZ

____________________________________________________________________________________

I. Cyclonic Weather

• Hurricane -

• Hurricane Statistics

• Largest of all the storms

• Approximately per year

• Nearly deaths per year

• Saffir-Simpson Scale -

Strength Wind Speed Storm Surge

Category 1 74 - 95 4 - 5

Category 2 96 - 110 6 - 8

Category 3 111 - 130 9 - 12

Category 4 131 - 155 13 - 18

Category 5 > 155 > 18

• Hurricane Dangers

• Severe winds from mph

• Wind direction is and

• Hurricane Dangers (continued)

• Storm Surge -

• Hurricane Formation

1. The Sun heats up ocean water (especially near the equator)

2. By the end of the summer, ocean temperatures reach into the 80’s

3. A thunderstorm moves westward off of Africa and into the Atlantic Ocean

4. When upper wind velocities are low, thunderstorms are given a chance to gain strength

5. The fast rising air (supplied by the warm ocean) allows the thunderstorm to gain strength

6. As it grows, Earth’s rotation causes it to spin counterclockwise (coriolis effect)

7. As they build thunderstorms change to , then a , and finally a

• Tornado -

• Tornado Statistics

• Most violent storms

• Approximately per year

• Nearly deaths per year

• Tornado Dangers

• Severe winds from mph and above

• Tornado Formation

1. Develop from an intense thunderstorm

2. Heating is very intense and warm air rises in strong convection currents

3. The rising air causes a low pressure center

4. As air rushes into the center it starts to spin upward

Aim: ____________________________________________________________________?

Do Now: 1. What is one precaution a community might take to be prepared for a hurricane?

2. What is one action an individual might take to protect themselves during a tornado?

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I. Station Model -

*MODEL FOUND ON ___________________ OF ESRT

Data Found on Station Models

_____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

Barometric Pressure = Air Pressure

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Decoding Pressure

1. If the number is 500 or higher, place a “9” in front.

2. If the number is less than 500, place a “10” in front.

3. Place a decimal between the last two digits

Example:

1) 009 =

2) 690 =

Encoding Pressure

1. Remove the decimal point

2. Report the last three digits

Example:

1) 980.9 =

2) 1009.3 =