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Broadening Their Horizons: Preparing Police Leaders to Conduct Dependable Qualitative Research
A Presentation to the Distance Education Technology Symposium
June 13, 2008 - Edmonton, Alberta
Cynthia Blodgett, Ph.D. – ISIS Research Coach
Norman E. Taylor, MDE – ISIS Program Director
Canadian Policing
• 225 police agencies in Canada
• 100 have fewer than 25 members
• Range from 1 to 23,000 members
• Projected 50% turnover in senior leadership
• Different sources and levels of funding
• Differentiated staffing considerations
Institute for Strategic International Studies (ISIS)
• Conceived by senior police, military and justice officials in the wake of 9/11 in recognition of emerging challenges to police leadership development
• A unique executive development program for succession-ready senior leaders in policing
• Developed and executed by the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (CACP)
• Pilot version designed by national team of police educators assembled and led by CACP Executive Advisor Chief Trevor McCagherty (Ret.) and Norm Taylor, Program Director
• Third cohort (2003, 2006, 2008)
• Goal of advancing an intelligentsia in policing and bringing about systemic changes to police culture and practices in Canada
• Built on a problem-based learning (PBL) model
What is …. ISIS?
A problem-based learning (PBL) model that combines real-life challenges and deliverables with an online community of practice, academic learning, research and field study to address current challenges in Canadian policing
A rigorous and global developmental experience for current and future leaders
What is …. Executive PBL?
An educational approach that is based on “andragogy, philosophy, psychological educational research, teaching and learning, curriculum design … a process of building on prior knowledge, problem solving, using critical thinking approaches, and reflecting” (Haslett, 2001).
The problem drives the learning; an “instructional strategy in which students confront contextualized, ill-structured problems and strive to find meaningful solutions” (Rhem, 1998).
“The problem grows out of the conditions of the experience being had in the present … is within the range of the capacity of students’ experience … such that it arouses in the learner an active quest for information that is production of new ideas. The new facts and new ideas thus obtained become the foundation for further experiences in which new problems are presented” (Dewey, 1979).
A method of instruction “where behaviour and decision making follow from the individual’s own set of tools and resources” (Cooper, 1993).
In a PBL world, evaluation “becomes not a test of the subject matter under review but an examination of the extent to which people learn anything about themselves in relationship to the subject matter” (Scott 1998).
2003
A Multi-agency Prototype Design
Some History ….
A Global Survey Approach to Research
12 Police Leaders from 8 AgenciesRCMP – 4 (C/Supt., Supt., Insp.) OPP – 2 (D/Comm., Civ. Prov. Cdr.)
CDN Forces – 1 (Captain)
Municipal Police Services:• Ottawa – 1 (Insp., Civilian Director)• Durham – 1 (Supt.)• Waterloo – 1 (D/Chief)• Hamilton – 1 (Insp.)• Edmonton – 1 (Supt.)
IBPRP - 2003
For ISIS 2006:
Enhancements and Refinements
• A more overt concentration on PBL – student awareness
• A tighter mandate and research focus for the study
• Administrative and travel planning improvements
• Change of venue for workshops
• Broader range of expert inputs
• Increased use of the online community-of-practice model
• Budgeted resources for report writing
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Ontario
NorthwestTerritories
Nunavut
British ColumbiaAlberta
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Quebec
Yukon
Canada
Continue..
17 Police Leaders from 11 AgenciesRCMP – 6 (Supt., C/Supt., Insp.) OPP – 2 (C/Supt., Civ. Director)
Surete du Quebec – 1 (Capitaine) CDN Forces – 1 (Major)
Municipal Police Services:• Halifax – 2 (Supt., Insp)
• Ottawa – 1 (Supt.)
• Durham – 1 (Insp.)
• Toronto – 1 (Supt.)
• Waterloo – 1 (Supt.)
• Winnipeg – 1 (Insp.)
ISIS 2006
Policing that is Affordable, Accountable, Ethical and Sustainable
The Canadian Policing Community, others in the Criminal Justice System, and Government at all levels
are seeking a Newly Articulated Model for …….
The ISIS Team will be challenged to develop a “Turning Point” document for the benefit of the CACP and the broader community – one that will draw lessons and insights from specific practices and global experiences with a view to advancing the bigger questions
facing police services and their stakeholders in Canada
ISIS 2006
Northern Ireland & Republic of Ireland
England & Wales
Austria & France
The Netherlands & Germany
ISIS 2006 Research Sites
ISIS 2006 Recommendations
• ISIS 2006 is calling for a National Policing Strategy
• CACP must take immediate steps to fully mobilize the Canadian police leadership community to become the legitimate “architects” of policing in Canada
• This framework must serve to:– define policing for all Canadians, – ensure adequate and uniform response to all levels of crime and threats
to public safety, – embed all policing at the local level, and – enable a self-stabilizing rationalization of national police resources
2008 Update:
The CACP will introduce its National Framework for Progressive Policing in Canada (NFPP) by way of a Members’ Resolution this August at Montreal.
For ISIS 2008:
Enhancements and Refinements
• Continued concentration on overt PBL
• A move toward interpretive social science and qualitative research methodology
• Advanced planning for academic publication of research
• Introduction of Dr. Cynthia Blodgett, ISIS 2008 Research Coach
• More diverse range of expert inputs (policing, human resources, sociology, criminology, political economy, political science, education and community services)
• Increased use of the online community-of-practice model
• Introduction of research tools: online databases, audio recording tools, consolidated data storage (25 gb of data assembled and catalogued by ISIS 2008 to date).
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Ontario
NorthwestTerritories
Nunavut
British ColumbiaAlberta
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Quebec
Yukon
Canada
21 Police Leaders from 13 AgenciesRCMP – 6 (C/Supt., Insp.) OPP – 2 (Supt.)
Surete du Quebec – 1 (Capitaine) CDN Forces – 1 (Lieut. Col.)
Municipal Police Services:• Halifax – 2 (Supt.)• Ottawa – 2 (Insp., Civilian Director)• Montreal – 1 (Insp.-Chef)• Peel – 1 (Supt.)• Halton – 1 (Supt.)• Waterloo – 1 (D/Chief)• York – 1 (D/Chief)• Edmonton – 1 (Supt.)• Vancouver – 1 (Insp.)
ISIS 2008
How is ISIS Structured?
Workshop 1 – Academic Study & Expert Inputs
Workshop 2 –Study Planning & Research Design
Workshop 3 – Synthesis & Interim Report
Global Field Studies
Presentation to CACP Peers
Sub-Team Final Report
Writing
Online Community Academics & Research
Online Community Academics & Research
JANUARY
JUNE
AUGUST
Total Program Time Commitment
Independent Study: 60 hrs
Workshop Study: 140 hrs
Field Study: 120 hrs
Writing Team: 30 hrs
Total Study Time: 320 – 350 hrs
ISIS Online (via Moodle)
• A private, dedicated e-learning platform
• A community-of-practice (CoP) concept
• Multiple Forums – Full Group and Sub-Teams
• Multiple Databases – Over 280 Research Documents
• Operates January through August
• Moving towards an ongoing Alumni CoP Site in 2008-09
SundayFebruary 24
MondayFebruary 25
TuesdayFebruary 26
WednesdayFebruary 27
ThursdayFebruary 28
FridayFebruary 29
A.M. The ISIS ProductCACP Strategy &
Intro: Steven Chabot2008 Theme:
Policing Capacity Challenge #1:2500 Officers?
ISIS PresentationFeedback from Jack
Ewatski & Guest Panel
Police Leadership in Canada
The ISIS Research Model
Guest Speaker: Cynthia Blodgett
Athabasca Univ.Research Validity
Challenges
The ISIS 2008 Research Question
Consolidation
Guest Speaker:Geoff GrusonStatus Report &
Emerging Issues in HR from Sector
Council
Global Scan Developing Proposed
Travel Envelopes Consultations with
Liaison OfficersGroup Work
Fine-Tuning the Site Study Themes
Final Sub-Team Formations
Focus of ISIS 2008 Team ResearchIntroduce Mentor
Team(Mentors: A. Lockridge, M. Ennis, M. Sekela,
M. Mann)
ISIS 2008 Team
PresentationField Methods and
Logistical Considerations
Overview of Interim Planning ActivityFinal Site Liaison
Development Introduce Travel
Advisor(Advisor: Anna Spina)
Defining Initial Travel Support
RequirementsCLOSE – 2:00 pm
P.M. Arrival and Reception
(Guest Panel: L. Gravill, T. McCagherty, M. Ewles)
The ISIS ProcessStudy Teams and Topics, Target Sites and the Research Process
Qualitative Research
Methodology: Options and
ConsiderationsFor ISIS 2008Workshop
Challenge # 2:QL Focus Groups
Capacity to do What?
Focus-Sessions withC.W. Jefferys HS &
Business RepsFeedback from ISIS
on Focus GroupsResearch Model Working Session
Group Work Continued
Evening The ISIS JourneyTrevor
McCaghertyTeambuilding and Prep for Challenge
1
Group WorkAssembly of Pre-Work Research
Group WorkFine-Tuning the Core
Theme
Guest Speaker: Chief Brian MullanUpdates on Public &
Private Policing
Group WorkFinal Development of
Initial Study Plan Presentations
Ongoing Study Teams – Envelope and Topic DevelopmentGlobal Research – Site Selection and Travel Planning
Workshop # 1 – Agenda
Workshop # 2 –Agenda
SundayMarch 23
MondayMarch 24
TuesdayMarch 25
WednesdayMarch 26
ThursdayMarch 27
FridayMarch 28
A.M. Context:21st Century
Policing in CanadaN. Taylor: Presentation
and DiscussionContinued from Week 1
______________
Guest PresenterMichael Kempa
University of OttawaPolicing in the Context of Global Political Economy
New forms of Governance: Northern
Ireland
Guest PresenterJames Sheptycki
York UniversityBalancing Capacity with
Public Expectations – ILP and a Transnational Ethic
______________
Panel DiscussionISIS Team
Representatives and Guests
ISIS 2008 in ContextN. Taylor - Moderator
Field Studies and Combined Research Planning
Informal Working Day
Revisit ISIS Learning Model
Identify Challenges and Strategies for Field
EffectivenessReview of Technology and Communication
SystemsFurther Development of the Research Products
In-depth Field Study Planning and
Integration
In-depth Field Study Planning (continued)
Finalizing and Integrating Full
Team Presentation
Luncheon Speaker
Hon. Janet EckerPolitics and Leadership
in Public ServiceIncludes Guest VIP
Advisory Panel(C/Ewles, C/Torigian,
DC/Tetzlaff,C/Supt. Mazerolle)
ISIS 2008 Presentation to
Guest VIP Panel Discussion of Research
Goals and Study Outcomes
Informal Reception
ISIS Team and Guests
Full Team Review of Panel FeedbackFinal Issues and Strategies for EffectivenessIdentify Final Travel and Support RequirementsFinalize Processes for Ongoing Assembly and Synthesis of Field Research Data
P.M. Evening StartIntra-Team
Presentations & Discussion
Updates on Target Sites and Focus of
StudiesPreview: Development
of the Research
Products
TEAMS EMBARK ON FIELD STUDY
PHASE
Evening Individual Teams’ Working Time
Individual Teams’ Working Time
Ongoing Study Teams – Theme and Sub-Topic DevelopmentGlobal Research – Site Knowledge and Travel Planning
Workshop # 3 – Agenda
SundayMay 25
MondayMay 26
TuesdayMay 27
WednesdayMay 28
ThursdayMay 29
FridayMay 30
A.M. Final Guest Advisory Panel
Presentations and Discussion of
Research Outcomes and Proposed ISIS 2008 Report
ISIS Team
ReceptionTeams, Faculty Guests, Staff
P.M.
Evening
Ongoing
Final Report Writing Workshop (Kingston)Sub-Team Representatives (Volunteers) & Norm Monday to Wednesday (noon) Writing
Others Available Via Conference Call
Research Focus 2008:
The Policing Capacity Crisis in Canada
Qualitative Research to examine the relative success of existing solutions and experimental deployment models in a global context
The Policing Capacity Crisis in Canada
Qualitative Research to examine the relative success of existing solutions and experimental deployment models in a global context
At the Outset:
What does this mean?
Where in the world might we learn something of value?
Why should we go there?
Who do we know there?
Who do you want to work with?
When do you want to travel?
ISIS 2008
Qualitative Method Seminar
Changing Perspectives
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
Objectives:
• Develop a practical understanding – Interpretive thought– QL paradigm
• Appropriate research disciplines• Preparation for potential scholarly
publication of results
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
Exercises
• Assumptions• Research Question• Interview Questions• Interviewing• Synthesize Data• Test• Validity - Adequacy
The purpose of this multiple case study is to explore responses to societal and environmental conditions, in
select international settings, that have affected the ability of the policing sector to balance capacity with
public expectations.
Research Statement
As Developed by ISIS Team
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
Areas of Inquiry• Environment
• Types of policing, political changes, public expectations
• Pressures• Demographic, financial, political
• Responses• Legislative change, reorganization, restructuring, outsourcing
• Results• Public satisfaction, public safety, crime rates
• Future• Where they see themselves going
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
Validity - Adequacy
• Reflexive • Peer review• Triangulation• Test• Rich, thick descriptions• External audit
Outcomes
• Interpretive thinking• Investigating beyond numbers• Appreciation for differences• Broader and deeper focus on ‘lived experience’ of police
leaders, police service members, partners and communities• Heightened recognition of multiple dimensions to the
capacity question
ISIS 2008 - Qualitative Method Seminar
Personal Outcomes … In Their Own Words
ISIS 2008 Field Study Sites
• Australia, USA• Belgium & Switzerland• England, Scotland, Wales• Ireland & Northern Ireland• Israel & Palestinian Authority
Solutions for Policing Capacity in Canada: Key Themes
• Alignment with civil society• Leadership development• Service delivery and role of police in society• Human Resource systems and strategies• Technology and advantages• Accountable engagement and partnerships
ISIS 2008 Preliminary Findings – To be Developed in Final Report
The Future of ISIS
• ISIS is now represented by 50 Alumni across Canada in positions ranging from Chief (Regional Service), Deputy Commissioner (RCMP), Canadian Forces Deputy Provost Marshall, and multiple Deputy Chiefs, Chief Superintendents, Superintendents and Inspectors.
• To date, ISIS has involved 18 police and justice agencies.
• To date, ISIS has studied policing issues in 19 nation-state jurisdictions.
• The CACP Executive has approved ISIS 2009 and registrations are now underway.
• An ISIS Alumni-driven – Police Leadership Community-of-Practice – will be proposed to the CACP Board this August.
For Published ISIS Reports and Continuing Information Please Visit www.cacp.ca/isis
Thank you
References
Cooper, P.A., (1993). Paradigm shifts in designed instruction: From behaviourism to cognitivism to constructivism. Educational Technology, May 12-19.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Charmaz, K. (2007). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dewey, J. (1979). Experience and Education. First Touchstone Edition. Simon & Schuster Inc.
Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1992). Doing natural inquiry: A guide to methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Haslett, L. (2001). 1969: McMaster University introduces problem-based learning in medical education. In Daniel Schugurensky (Ed.), History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20th Century (online). Retrieved October 12, 2004 from: http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1969mcmaster.html.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Rhem, J. (1988). Problem-Based Learning: An Introduction. Retrieved October 12, 2004 from: http://www.ntlf.com/html/pi/9812/pbl_1.htm.
Scott, S. (1998). Philosophies in action. In S. Scott, B. Spencer & A. Thomas (Eds.), Learning for life: Canadian readings in adult education. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. p. 102
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.