broadcast terminology.doc

7/25/2019 Broadcast Terminology.doc

1/82

Broadcast Terminology

The Medialink Broadcasting Glossary was prepared by and used withpermission from Richard Weiner from his book, "Webster's New WorldDictionary of Media and Communications"-- a 6!-page book with "#,$$$definitions of slang and technical terms from ad%ertising, film, &ournalism,

printing, public relations, radio, telecommunications, tele%ision, theater andother fields' To recei%e an autographed copy for only (") *including shipping+,call )-6$)-!$$# or -mail rweiner#.aol'comand mention Medialink fora )$-percent discount'

This glossary is being updated on an ongoing basis' /lease forward all

additions, comments or feedback to webmaster.medialink'com'

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

A and B roll editing:The production of a master tape by assembling segmentsfrom two tapes, 0 and B rolls, on the same input machine'

A and B rolls:Two separated reels of %ideo on which scenes are alternately

placed to perform special effects'

across mike:Referring to the techni1ue of speaking sideways to a microphone,rather than directly into it, to reduce hissing, popping, and e2plosi%e sounds'

acrosst!eboard:0 program or commercial scheduled at the same time eachday, generally Monday through 3riday4 also calledstrip'

actuality:0 li%e or taped news report broadcast from the scene, containing the%oice*s+ of the newsmaker*s+, as well as of the reporter'

ad !oc network:0 group of stations that is formed for a special purpose, suchas the showing of a one-time T5 program or series' 0d hoc is atin for 7forthis'7

AD:0rea of 8ominant 9nfluence'
http://www.all-links.com/dictionaryhttp://www.all-links.com/dictionarymailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ahttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Bhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Chttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Dhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ehttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Fhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ghttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Hhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ihttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Jhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Khttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Lhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Mhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Nhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ohttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Phttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Qhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Rhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Shttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Thttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Uhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Vhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Whttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Xhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Yhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Zhttp://www.all-links.com/dictionaryhttp://www.all-links.com/dictionarymailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ahttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Bhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Chttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Dhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ehttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Fhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ghttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Hhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ihttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Jhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Khttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Lhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Mhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Nhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Ohttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Phttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Qhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Rhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Shttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Thttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Uhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Vhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Whttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Xhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Yhttp://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#Z


2/82

ad#acency:0 commercial or program preceding or following another on aradio or T5 station or network, or the time period itself'

affida$it:0 notari:ed record of commercial and public ser%ice announcementsaired by a station, listing broadcast date and time, pro%ided to ad%ertisers4 also

called an affida%it of performance'

affiliate:0 station that contractually agrees to carry programs of the networkwith which it is affiliated' The station may be owned by the network butgenerally is independently owned'

air:The medium for radio and T5 broadcasting' 0 station or program, whenbroadcast, is on the airor airing'

air c!eck:0n audio or %ideo transcription or recording, made from an actual

broadcast, of a radio or T5 commercial or program' Technically, a typedtranscript is not an air check, although it sometimes is called that'

air date:The time of a broadcast'

air master:0 print of a film or a tape from broadcast use4 also called an airprint'

air ready:8escribing a commercial, program, or other material completed anda%ailable for broadcast use'

air s!ow:0 T5 program as actually broadcast4 if taped, the final edited%ersion'

airable:;uitable for use on a radio or T5 station *uncommon slang+'

air%lay:The broadcast of a record or tape'


3/82

alligator:;lang for a metal spring-clamp with serrated &aws used to attachlights and other items4 also called agator gripor bear trap' 9t is used by gaffers*electricians+ and called agaffer grip' The spring-loaded clamp has serrationsalong the edges and resembles the &aws of an alligator'

AM station:0 station that broadcasts with an amplitude-modulated signal' 0n0M signal is a long, direct radio wa%e that tra%els the earth=s surface, whereas afre1uency-modulated *3M+ signal is a straight broadcast signal that tra%els onlyas far as the hori:on'

American &ederation of Tele$ision and adio Artists (A&TA):0n 03->9< union of broadcasting workers' ?ead1uartered in @ew Aork, near theoffices of the ma&or networks, it is the primary organi:ation of broadcast talent,with "$ locals' /erformers who appear in T5 and radio commercials arere1uired to be members of this union andor other unions' ?owe%er,

spokespersons and others who are retained by public relations practitioners fortalk shows and other radio and T5 programs are not re1uired to be unionmembers, since they are generally not paid for their ser%ices' The acronym,03TR0, is pronounced af-tra'

American Women in adio and Tele$ision (AWT):0n association inWashington, 8>, of women who work in all areas of broadcasting'

am%litude modulation (AM):The encoding of a carrier wa%e *such as thesound wa%es or audio signals of a radio station+ by %ariation of its amplitude, or

power *not its fre1uency+'

analog:0 method of data storage and transmission by continuous or wa%elikesignals of pulses of %arying *greater or lesser+ intensity4 in contrast to digitaltransmission *on or off+'

anc!or:The key narrator of a newscast or other program4 also calledanchorman or anchorwoman' Two or more indi%iduals sharing these functionsare co-anchors' 0 local anchor works at a local station4 a network anchor, at anetwork' ;peciali:ed newscasters include sports anchor, weather anchor, and

weekend anchor' 0 field anchor reports from a studio outside the studiohead1uarters'

animatic:0 7rough7 of a T5 commercial, resembling an animated cartoon,produced on film or %ideotape from drawings that show the stages in thestoryboard'


4/82

animation:The process of creating static figures that appear to mo%e and seemali%e, such as cut-outs or puppets filmed a frame at a time, each slightlydifferent in a se1uence'

animator:0n artist who produces animation drawings, or the person in charge

of an animation production'

anncr*:0nnouncer'

announcement:0 printed notice or a message during a broadcast' 9t may bepaid *commercial announcement+ or free *public ser%ice announcement+,perhaps made by a performer *announcer+ in anannouncer's booth*smallstudio+'

antenna:0 metallic de%ice for sending or recei%ing electromagnetic wa%es,

formerly common on rooftops,now built into radio and T5 sets for recei%ing'The origin of the term is the sensory appendages on the heads of insects andother animals'

antenna farm:The location for the transmitting antennas for most or all of theT5 stations in an area4 sometimes also a cluster of radio transmitters'

a%%lause:0ppro%al, commonly e2pressed by clapping' 0n applause meterin abroadcast studio measures the sound %olume of the applause, and it also can beused to intensify the sound or pro%ide canned applause *the recorded sound of

applause for a taped or filmed program+'Applause mailis fan mailcommending a program or performer' 0n applause line in a script, such as aspeech, indicates a pause in anticipation of applause'

a%%ointment tele$ision:0 process in which T5 %iewers plan to %iew specificprograms, as if they were making appointments on their weekly calendars, ahabit that was common in the )CD$s among listeners of network radio programsand in the )C#$s among audiences of network T5 programs'

A+,:0%erage 1uarter hour rating'

Arbitron:0 firm in @ew Aork, owned by >eridian >orp', that measures thesi:e of broadcast audiences' 3ormerly called 0merican Research Bureau, 9nc',it is famous for its use of an automatic electronic meter de%ice *called 0rbitron,a name loosely based on the original corporate name+ attached to the T5 sets ofa sample of %iewers' The T5 ser%ice was terminated at the end of )CC"' Radioreports are pro%ided for more than ,$$ counties in the Enited ;tates, based on


5/82

diaries maintained by listeners' 0n 0rbitron market, called an area of dominantinfluence *089+, was a cluster of counties representing T5 markets'

arc:0 mini-series within a regularly scheduled program, such as a two-parter, athree-parter, or se%eral episodes with the same plot'

arcing:0 cur%ed mo%ement, as in the circular motion of a T5 pedestal camera,for which the instructions are arc left and arc right'

Area of Dominant nfluence (AD):The geographic boundaries of T5markets' The term 089 was coined by 0rbitron to indicate the cluster ofcounties in which T5 stations ha%e a greater share of %iewing households thanthose from any other area' 0 non-089 market is a county in which the

preponderance of T5 %iewers is not watching the local station or stations' 3ore2ample, %iewers in 0kron,


6/82

audience com%osition:The number or percentage or characteristics*demographics+ of the men, women, children, or other groups of %iewers oflisteners of a specific T5 or radio program or station4 also calledaudiencecomp, audience profile, orprofile'

audience du%lication:The number or percent of indi%iduals or householdse2posed more than once to the same message through the same medium*publication or broadcast+ or different media o%er a measured period of time'

audience flow:The e2tent to which listeners or %iewers remember the e%entson a radio or T5 show from one program to another'

audience format:0 type of programming on a station *generally radio, whichis more segmented than noncable T5+ to appeal to specific listeners'

audience !olding inde-:0 minute-by-minute or other detailed analysis of thenumber of listeners or %iewers of a program'

audience turno$er:0 measurement of the fre1uency with which the audienceof a radio or T5 program changes o%er a period of time4 specifically, the ratioof the net unduplicated cumulati%e audience o%er se%eral time periods to thea%erage audience of one time period4 also, the number of announcementsre1uired to reach half of a station=s cumulati%e audience in a specific time

period' 9t is also called turno%er or T


7/82

audiota%e:0 magnetic strip on which are recorded electrical signals that canbe con%erted to sound'

audio/$ideo (A0):;ound and sight, as in a script with the te2t of the dialogueand a description of the accompanying %isual action'

audio$isual (A0 orA*0*):9n%ol%ing both sound and sight'

Auntie:0 somewhat derogatory, though affectionate, slang term for the BritishBroadcasting >orporation *BB>+'

automatic dialogue re%lacement (AD):0 techni1ue for recording areplacement dialogue track in which the performer is cued by electronic beepsand other techni1ues' TheADR editorsuper%ises the post-production alterationsof the dialogue tracks'

a$erage audience (AA):The number of households tuned to a radio or T5program during a minute or other period, as e2pressed in an 00 rating'

a$erage 1uarter !our (A+,):The audience during a typical *a%erage+ )#-minute period of a radio or T5 program, the smallest unit of time used byrating ser%ices' 0F? /ersons is the estimated number of indi%iduals wholistened to a station during an a%erage 1uarter-hour' 0F? ;hare represents the0F? /ersons of a station e2pressed as a percent of the total persons listening toradio or T5 during that time period' 0%erage 1uarter-hour audience is an

a%erage of the number of people listening to a specific station or network for atleast fi%e minutes in each 1uarter-hour o%er a specified period of time, such as aday or week' The 0F? rating is the 0F? persons di%ided by the population inthe listening area'

back announce:0 recap or summary by a disc &ockey or announcer of therecords, tapes, or discs broadcast during the preceding period'

background:1 Background action:a part of a picture or scene that appears inthe distance or rear, a position of relati%e inconspicuousness or less importancethan the foreground' 0 background plate is a rear pro&ection slide or filmagainst which foreground action is photographed' 2 Backgroundmusic:subdued music or other sound faded to a lower or background le%el' To

background the sound is to reduce or fade it, as with a music background for a%oice-o%er'
http://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm#TOP


8/82

backtiming orback timing:0 techni1ue in li%e news, %ariety, or otherprograms in which the last segment is rehearsed and timed' Thus, in the actualbroadcast, as the time to begin this segment approaches, the director is preparedto stretch it, speed it up, or replace it' 9n T5 news programs, backtime is theclock time *the actual time+ at which the last segment should begin if the

program is to end on time'

band:10 thin strip4 groo%es on a record or disk with an entire song,mo%ement, or other section' 20 range of radio-spectrum fre1uencies *broadcast

band+, including 0M, 3M, E?3, 5?3, 53, ham, police, commercial, and >B'The use of letters for these bands was started by the military during the secondWorld War' etters, as in and ; bands, are not designations of the 3ederal>ommunications >ommission, though the letters are commonly used in the

broadcasting and communications industries'

bandwidt!:The amount of information that can be transmitted o%er acomputer network at a gi%en time' The higher the bandwidth, the more data can

pass o%er the network'

barker c!annel:0 cable T5 channel used to list or promote programs on otherchannels'

bars:0 reference signal recorded on the beginning of a %ideotape for thepurpose of aligning the playback of that tape' Most often, an audio reference*tone+ is usually recorded at the same time as the bars'

basic cable ser$ice:0 cable T5 company=s package of channels, including thebroadcast channels, which e2cludes certain 7premium7 or pay channels'

basic set:0 film, T5, or stage set with furniture and scenery but without props'

bay:0n editing room'

bcu:0 big close-up of a picture in photography, film, or tele%ision' >E is ane2treme close-up'

bee%:0n audio signal used for alerting or warning, as on the soundtrack of a%ideotape for editing or notice of the forthcoming beginning of a scene,

program, or commercial'

bee%er:0 telephone inter%iew' Radio stations used to be re1uired to insert abeep *audio signal+ on recorded inter%iews to indicate that they were not li%e'


9/82

Though this is no longer necessary, the term still is used to describe aninter%iew conducted o%er the telephone rather than in the studio' 9t is also usedto describe any long-distance inter%iew' With the use of satellites, it is now

possible to conduct long-distance inter%iews o%er tele%ision' 0 beeper line is aphone line connected to a tape recorder'

beginning of ta%e (B.T):The place on an audiotape or %ideotape at which theleader ends and the sound andor picture begins4 also called the load point'

Beta:0 type of )-inch %ideotape and %ideocassette recorder *Betama2+ madeby ;ony and others, primarily for home use but also used at T5 stations'

Betacam:Brand name of ;ony broadcast-1uality half-inch %ideotape andrecorders' 0 standard in news and low- to medium-budget %ideo productions,the camera and recorder are contained in one lightweight unit' The recorder

also has a 8olby encoder, an audio limiter, and the ability to record addresstrack time code' %en slow-motion playback of this format is a%ailable'

big fat wide s!ot (B&W2):0n instruction to a photographer or cameraoperator for a wide angle'

billboard:The opening or closing credits or an announcement of aforthcoming program or segment, as on a news or inter%iew program4 anannouncement related to a sponsor or ad%ertiser, perhaps not paid for, such as7this portion of the program is brought to you by '''7

billing:0 listing of performers and others on a program, mar1uee, sign, orad%ertisement, with position and si:e of type as indications of importance' Topbillingis the number-one position4 bottom billingis the lowest'

bird:0 communications satellite' Birding is slang for radio and T5transmission %ia satellite' The news %alue of a potential story for satellitetransmission, especially o%erseas, is called its birdability' To lose the bird is tosuffer an interruption of transmission'

birdie:0 tweeting noise due to malfunctioning sound e1uipment'

birdseye:0 spotlight with a reflector back in%ented by >larence Birdseye*)!!6-)C#6+, who is better known for de%eloping methods for 1uick-free:ingfoods'


10/82

bite:0 short segment, or a take, such as a )#-second sound bite that is repeatedon network radio and T5 news programs' The ma&or e2cerpt from an inter%iew,a %ery 1uotable sentence or two, is called thenews biteor bite-of-the da'0strong bite, the opposite of a weak bite, is dramatic' Topull a biteis to find ausable short section in a longer tape'

bite off:The premature cutoff of a commercial, record, or program'

black (B34):5ery dark' /itch black or pure black means totally without light'Tele%ision black reflects a %ery small amount of light from the screen, about "-

percent reflectance' Blank tape is not black tape'

black and coded ta%e:0 %ideotape on which a %ideo signal of black *'# 9Runits+ and time code has been recorded'

black cli%%ing:0 %ideo control circuit that regulates, or clips, the bottom, orblack le%el, of the picture signal so that it does not appear on the transmittedpicture'

blanking:1;uppression, as of a %ideo signal' ine blanking, or hori:ontalblanking, is a standard procedure in tele%ision transmission in which the %ideosignal is suppressed during the brief inter%al while the electron beam, orscanning spot, is retracing its path, that is, returning from the end of one line to

begin another line'!ield blanking, or "ertical blanking, is the suppression ofthe %ideo signal during the brief inter%al when the beam finishes scanning one

area, or field, and returns to the top to begin scanning the ne2t area' Theinter%al during which the signal is suppressed is the blanking period' The

pulses added to the %ideo signal to suppress it are the blanking signals' 2Theinter%al between picture frames' The standard T5 signal transmits "$ frames

per second, with inter%als so brief that the eye merges them to produce anillusion of motion4 the same concept applies to film *mo%ing pictures+'

blast:0 sudden rush or e2plosion' 9n broadcasting, blastingis e2cessi%e soundthrough a microphone'

bleeble:0 brief segment, such as a musical transition'

bleed:0 small amount of space at the edges of a shot to compensate for anyloss between the picture as it appears on the studio monitor and on the homescreen'

bleeder:0udio from an unwanted source'


11/82

bleedt!roug!:The bleeding through of the high-pitched whine of time codeonto the production track of three-1uarter-inch tape'

blink:To flash' 0 blinker is a light that flashes to con%ey a message orwarning, such as a signal to people in a studio' The off-and-on speed is

the blink rate'

bli%:0 brief interruption of sound on a program or tape4 to interrupt or deletesound, as in blipping an e2pleti%e from a T5 program'

block:0 group of consecuti%e time periods' Block programming is thescheduling of programs with similar audience appeal' 0ir time set aside forspecial programming or deliberately not sold is blocked out' 0 news blockis asegment de%oted to news, such as a one-minute segment in a T5 program'

blocking:The planned mo%ement of performers or the camera'

blocking ta%e:


12/82

boom:0 long mo%able stand, crane, arm, or pole for mounting and mo%ing amicrophone *boom microphone+ or camera' The boom arm is the circular armon a camera platform that controls the %ertical position of the camera' Thus,to boom upis to raise the dolly boom arm and camera in order to obtain a tiltdown, or downward shot' The opposite is a boom down, or tilt up, shot, in

which the dolly boom arm is lowered' 0 boom shot is a continuous single shotin%ol%ing %arious mo%ements of the camera boom' These shots also are calledcrane shots' The boom operator*formerly called boom man+ handles themicrophone boom and associated e1uipment'

bounce:1;ignals bounced off the ionosphere, satellites, or other bouncepoints' 20 sudden, unanticipated brightness in the picture'

bo- set:0 film or T5 setting in which a complete room or area is realisticallyreproduced e2cept for one wall and the ceiling, to allow for the camera to enter'

Bo5o bo-:0udio e1uipment linked to a T5 camera, so simple that e%en Bo:othe >lown could operate it' 0Bo#o filtereliminates or reduces the priority ofincoming -mail or %oice mail'

break:19ntermission4 a time segment--a few seconds or minutes--before,during, or after a radio or T5 program or other acti%ity4 an interruption, as in astation break' 2To mo%e or relocate a camera'

breaking news:>urrently happening or impending news4 also called

a breaking stor$ate-breaking news is e%en more 7of the moment'7

broadcast:0 single radio or T5 program4 the transmission or duration of aprogram' 0ny message that is transmitted o%er a large area, not necessarily by abroadcast station, is said to be broadcast' 3or e2ample, facsimile transmissionof a document to more than one fa2 machine is called broadcasting'

broadcast day:The period between the sign-on and sign-off of a radio or T5station'

broadcast editor:0 member of the editorial staff of a publication whopro%ides a report on a radio or tele%ision station, such as a health news reportbased on material from a health maga:ine'

broadcast !ome:0 household with one or more radio or T5 sets'


13/82

broadcast !ours:The total number of hours broadcast by a station during ayear'

broadcast 1uality:The technical specifications of the %ideo signal and theactual look of that signal' 0 technically perfect %ideo signal might look terrible'

3or instance, a 5?; tape, properly doctored through a digital effects generator,might meet a station=s technical re1uirements but might be re&ected because it isnot a broadcast-1uality picture' ach broadcast company, network, or stationhas its own le%el of 1uality'

Broll:;upplementary or backup material' With %ideo news releases, the B-rollgenerally follows the primary material on the same cassette' 9n film and tapeediting, alternate scenes are arranged on two reels, an 0-roll and a B-roll, andthen assembled'

BTA:Best time a%ailable'

BT2:Behind the scenes inter%iews and other filmed or taped material about theproduction of a film or T5 show, for publicity use'

BT0:Business tele%ision'

bulk eraser:0 large electromagnet that demagneti:es and wipes--erases--anentire tape without running the tape through the recorder, a degausser'

bum%:1To cancel a guest or segment' 20 photo or brief segment to announceor tease a forthcoming segment of a program, usually with the words 7comingup ne2t'7 %0sound bumpis a blip or other irregularity, perhaps due to poorrecording or editing'Bumping upmeans transferring from a narrow tape, suchas )7, to a wider one, such as "D7'

bum%er:0 transitional de%ice, such as fadeout music or 7We=ll return afterthese messages,7 between story action and a commercial4 also called aprogram

separator'

bum%er list:0 list of musical selections to be played before a break, such as tolead into *bump+ commercials'

burnedintime code:Time code is made %isible or 7burned-in7 to a dub' 0dub with a burned-in-time code can be pro%ided to a client so that they canchoose the e2act location of a shoot or soundbite in ad%ance of an edit sa%ing


14/82

substantial time and money' 3re1uently recorded on 5?; so you can 7penciledit'7

bus:0 central connection for se%eral audio sources or a row of buttons on a%ideo switching panel4 also spelled buss'

business tele$ision (BT0):5ideos and T5 programs sponsored by companies,generally about their business and transmitted free %ia closed circuit or otherdistribution'

button:0 strong musical or sound effect, such as the end of a commercial, or abit of music between segments of a program4 also called astinger'

buy:0 purchase, such as of time or space in the media4 appro%al or acceptanceof a proposal'

buy rate:9n pay-per-%iew T5, the percentage of subscribers that purchase aprogram'

byebye:0 transition phrase used by a broadcaster to indicate a locale change,such as 7That=s all from here in >hicago, and now a report from os 0ngeles'7

cable %enetration:The percentage of homes that subscribe to cable tele%ision,generally within a specified area'

cable %uller:0 person responsible for setting up and handling power, sound,and picture cables' Generally one cable puller is allocated to each camera'

cable tele$ision (cable t$ orcat$):0 tele%ision distribution system wherebyT5 signals are transmitted %ia cable *insulated wire+, rather than through theair, to T5 sets of subscribers in a community or locality' >able tele%isionsystems are generally called cable systems4 the companies that own and operatethem are known as cable sstem operatorsor cablecasters'

cablecasting:/rogramming carried on cable tele%ision, as opposed to o%er-the-air broadcasting4 also called cable origination'

call letters:The name of a radio or T5 station' Most stations east of theMississippi Ri%er ha%e call letters beginning with W4 west of the Mississippi,call letters usually begin with ' >anadian stations begin with >4 Me2ican


15/82

stations, with H' 0ll E';' radio stations e2cept a few of the oldest ones ha%efour letters'

camcorder:0 combination T5 camera and %ideotape recorder in one portableunit'

camera cue:0 red light or bu::er indicating that a T5 camera is shooting ascene for transmission, li%e or taped4 also called a cue light, tall light,or warning light'

camera left (orcamera rig!t):The left *or right+ as seen from the cameraoperator=s or %iewer=s position, as opposed to that of the performer4 hence, theleft *or right+ of the image when %iewed'

camera original:0 first-generation %ideotape from the original camera signal'

camera re!earsal:0 full-dress rehearsal, one with costumes, at which themo%ements of the camera are blocked4 more ad%anced than a reading or scriptrehearsal'

camera s!ot:That part of the sub&ect matter that is %iewed and photographedby the camera'

camera talk:0 situation in which a performer looks directly into the lens todeli%er a message to the audience'

ca%tioning:The process of superimposing subtitles at the bottom of a T5screen'

cart:;hort form of cartridge, a case containing magnetic tape' 0 cartmachineis a tape-cartridge playback machine, used with a stack of perhaps ado:en cartridges, mostly to store and broadcast commercials and public ser%iceannouncements on radio stations' 9n radio, a cart directoris a listing ofcartridges in a rack or other storage, containing information about the cartridgenumber, title, artist, and running time' Tele%ision talk shows often post notices

in the middle of a program to recruit participants for future shows4 theannouncement is called a cart, akin to a cart in an aisle'

cast commercial:0 broadcast ad%ertisement featuring the performers in theshow'


16/82

c!alk off:To mark *with chalk, or more generally, tape+ positions on the stagefloor for use as reference by the performers' &halking offa scene is generallycalled blocking a scene'

c!annel (c!6 c!6orc!*):0 fre1uency band assigned to a radio or T5 station'

Radio channel names generally are referred to with the word station followedby the call letters, particularly with 0M stations' 3M stations typically use thefre1uency number as identification' T5 stations are mostly referred to by theirchannel numbers'

c!aracter generator:0n electronic typewriter that creates letters and symbolsin %ideo, usually a%ailable for rent in editing bays'

C!romakey6 C!romakey6orc!roma key:0n electronic process that altersthe background scene without affecting the foreground, also called color-

separation o%erlay *abbre%iated >;lass 0 time is charged at the highest rate, followed by B,>, and 8'


17/82

clearc!annel station:0n 0M radio station authori:ed by the 3ederal>ommunications >ommission *3>>+ to dominate its fre1uency' ;uch a stationgenerally has the ma2imum power *#$kW+ and is protected *has no otherstations at its fre1uency+ for a distance of up to #$ miles' Many clear-channelstations can be heard at greater distances on clear nights' >lear channels are

specific fre1uencies to which the 3>> has assigned a limited number ofstations'

client:The person directly responsible for paying for andor super%ising asession, pro&ect, or other entity'

cli%:0 short segment of a program'

closeu% (C7):0 tight photograph or shot, generally of the face and shoulders4a close shot'

closed circuit:0 term referring to audio andor %ideo transmission forcontrolled reception, such as to theaters, hotels, meeting places for sportse%ents, con%entions, and other one-time transmissions' >losed-circuittransmissions are also regularly sent to stations for their own personnel or forre%iewers' >losed-circuit tele%ision *>>T5+ is transmitted o%er cable tospecific sites or broadcast in a scrambled format to sites that are pro%ided withunscramblers'

color bar:0 strip of gradation of primary colors and black, used for T5 testing

and for color standardi:ation and accuracy'

color burst:0 reference signal transmitted with each line of a %ideo betweenthe end of the line=s sync and the picture signal' The burst consists of a fewcycles of chroma signal of known phase'

color correction:The changing of color shadings in a %ideo picture' Theprocess of color correction is time-consuming, so it is much wiser to get thecolor balance right during the production' >olor correction can be as simple aschanging the hue on a time base corrector or as complicated as using a machine

that breaks down the %ideo signal into its original components and then ad&ustscertain elements of those components' 0 %ideo signal might re1uire colorcorrection because *)+ the camera was not white-balanced4 *+ one of thecamera=s color pickup tubes was not working correctly4 *"+ a playback was not

properly set up to bars during an original edit, re1uiring the shot be fi2ed tobalance the color of one or se%eral shots4 *D+ a color shot must be made black-and-white'


18/82

color corrector:0 machine that is capable of drastically altering the colorle%els of a %ideo signal'

comet tail:0 streak, generally caused by an o%erloaded camera tube' >omettails can be pre%ented or minimi:ed by means of an anti-comet tail *0>T+ gun

in the tube'

commercial break:0n interruption in radio or T5 programming for broadcastof one or more ad%ertisements *commercials+'

commercial load:The ma2imum amount of ad%ertising time a%ailable during abroadcast time period, such as eight national minutes and four local minutes perhour4 the total time of commercials actually broadcast during an hour or otherspecific time'

commercial %ool:0 selection of tele%ision or radio commercials that anad%ertiser has a%ailable for airing at any one time'

com%onent $ideo recording:0 technical method of recording a color pictureon %ideotape that separates the black-and-white portion of the signal from thechroma' This method is used in half-inch professional %ideo formats such asBetacam, Beta ;/, M99, and 8)'

com%osite:The encoding of complete %ideo information into one signal'


19/82

scenes, and shots flow smoothly and naturally in proper se1uence, without anyinconsistent transitions *continuit flaws+'

continuity book:0 daily file of all commercials, in chronological order, to bebroadcast on a radio or T5 station'

control room:The room in which the director, engineer, and others ad&ustsound andor %ideo'

control track:0 series of e%enly spaced electronic blips or spikes *calledsncpulses+ on %ideotape that function like the sprocket holes of film' The controltrack is essential in editing %ideotape'

corres%ondent (cor*6 corr*6 orcorres*):0 reporter who is a full-time or part-time employee of one of the media *not a stringer or freelancer+ and who is

based elsewhere than the head1uarters of the employer'

cost %er %oint (C88):The cost of purchasing or deli%ering one gross ratingpoint *GR/+' 9t is a measure of media efficiency and is determined by di%idingthe cost of the ad%ertising by the gross audience rating points'

coug! button:0 switch used by a radio announcer to cut off the microphoneduring a cough'

countdown:0 leader at the beginning of a program, which counts backward

until two seconds before the program' 0t two seconds, a brief audio beep isrecorded as part of the countdown'

co$er s!ot:0 wide or long-distance %iew, such as generally begins a se1uence,to establish the location' 0lso, a %ideo that co%ers, or replaces, as when theaudio part of an inter%iew continues and the %ideo is of a rele%ant e%ent4 alsocalled co"er footage'

co$erage (c$g):1J&ournalismK Media treatment, the e2tent to which an e%ent isreported' 2JbroadcastingK The geographical area *usually counties+ in which a

station is recei%ed by %iewers or listeners, as indicated on a co%eragemap' %Jfilm, tele%isionK The photographing of a scene from %arious %iews andusing %arious e2posures'

cow catc!er:10 series of comments made before the introduction of a showor broadcast to capture attention' 20 commercial preceding or at the beginningof a program'


20/82

crane:0 %ehicle with a mo%able arm or boom *generally hydraulic+ that mo%esa platform on which are a camera and a crew4 sometimes called a whirl' 0crane typically has three seats, for the director, camera operator, and cameraassistant or focus puller' The base of the %ehicle is called a trolley' >ranes areubi1uitous on mo%ie sets' 0 crane shotor boom shot is a shot taken from a

crane'

crawl:0 body of typed information, such as a news bulletin, promotionalmessage, telephone number, or cast credits, that is transmitted in a continuousflow across all or part of a T5 screen *often the bottom+4 also called a crawlroll' The effect is produced by mounting the te2t on a drumlike mechanism,thecrawl roll' The crawl can be hori:ontal *across the top or bottom of thescreen+ or %ertical *from the bottom, mo%ing up+' 9t is positioned in the crawl

space'

credit:0cknowledgment of work done' >redits may come at the beginning of aprogram *openingorhead credits+ or the end *closingortail credits+' 0 pre-credits se1uence starts a film or T5 program before the title appears'

crew:0 group of workers on a site or production, as distinguished fromperformers *cast+'

crosstalk:i%e con%ersation between broadcasters, as between ananchorperson and an on-site reporter'

cue:0 signal in words or signs that initiates action, dialogue, effects, or otheraspects of a production, such as an indication from a director for a performer orinter%iew sub&ect to begin or end' 2act timing is one cue' >ues may be gi%enwith a cue light, such as an


21/82

cue track:


22/82

daytime station:0n 0M radio station restricted by its 3>> license tobroadcasting between )# minutes before sunrise and )# minutes after sunset4also called a datimer'

dead air:0 broadcasting term for silence, perhaps resulting from a dead mike

*inoperati%e microphone+'

dead roll:0 techni1ue of starting a taped program or a film at its scheduledtime on a station but not broadcasting it, so that the preceding program,specifically a li%e sports or news e%ent, is continued' When the li%e programends, the dead rolling tape or film is telecast at the point it has rolled to, usuallywith the announcement, 7We now &oin the program already in progress'7

dead s%ot:0n area where broadcast reception is weak4 also called dead space'0 dead spot is also a broadcast commercial or program not aired, sometimes

called black space'

deck:(n deckis to be ready4 an on-deck camerais a T5 camera whose pictureis currently not being transmitted despite its readiness to become an on-aircamera'

delayed broadcast (D*B*):The broadcast of a radio or T5 program at a timelater than its original transmission, a common procedure in the /acific time:one'

demo:8emonstration, as in a demo record, or reel of a record or tape producedfor an audition'

demogra%!ics (demos):The e2ternal characteristics of a population, such asT5 %iewers, as related to age, se2, income, education, marital status, and other1uantifiable descriptions'

Designated Market Area (DMA):0 @ielsen Media Research term for a groupof counties in which a T5 station obtains the greatest portion of its audience'ach E';' county is part of only one 8M0' The 8esignated Market 0rea

Rating is the percentage of T5 homes within the area %iewing an indi%idualstation during a particular time period'

detail set:0 part of a set used for close-ups4 also called an insert set'

digital:The primary method of data storage and transmission, in which eachcode is gi%en a uni1ue combination of bits and each bit generally indicates the


23/82

presence or absence of a condition *on or off, yes or no, true or false, open orclosed+' 0 digital camera record images as pi2els'

digital effects generator:0 de%ice that produces electronic optical illusions'>ommon brands are 08< and 85'

digital $ideo:0 %ideo picture that recorded digitally' ;ome machines can storesingle frames and short segments of %ideo digitally on disks' There are alsotape machines that can store large amounts of %ideo digitally' Multiplegenerations of digital %ideo look e2actly like the camera original because the

picture is recreated by digital signals rather than by copying the signal'

dim:@ot bright4 unclear' To dim or dim down is to reduce the light intensity4 todim up or dim in is to increase the light gradually, and to dim out is to reducethe light to blackout'

direct broadcast satellite (DB2):0 high-powered satellite for broadcastingdirectly to homes'

director:0 super%isor4 generally refers to the person responsible for allaudience-%isible components of a program, film, or show, whereas the produceris responsible for the financial and other behind-the-scenes aspects' The

production director selects and manages the suppliers'

dirty:;oiled4 muddy, as a dirty tape'

dirty ta%e:Tape that has unwanted audio and other distortions under thedesired recording' This usually happens when an engineer or producer fails toade1uately erase the tape before using it'

disc #ockey (d*#*):0 radio or T5 performer whose program consists mainly ofrecords *discs+ or other recordings4 also called a)ockor dee )a'

dis!:0 microwa%e transmitter or recei%er with a conca%e *dishlike+ reflector toconcentrate and focus signals' 0 small dish can be attached to a microphone to

pick up from a large area4 a large dish can be set atop a tower or roof totransmit or pick up from a satellite' 0 communications satellite sometimes iscalled askdishorbig dish*in the sky+'

dissol$e:0n optical techni1ue to produce a gradual change in scenes' Theprogressi%e blending of the end of one shot into the beginning of the ne2t isproduced by the superimposition of a fade-out into a fade-in or by putting the


24/82

camera gradually out of or into focus *a cross-dissol%e+' When the images areboth at half-strength, they o%erlap4 the effect is called a lap, lap-dissol%e, mi2,or cross-lap' 0n out-of-focus dissol%e is a transition in which one shot is fadedout of focus while another shot is faded in' 8issol%e in is to fade in4 dissol%eout, to fade out' 8issol%e-lapse is a series of brief shots filmed at different

times and linked with fast transitions, similar to a time lapse'

distance s!ot:0 %iew in which the sub&ect is a long distance from the cameraor appears to be far away4 also called a long shot'

distant signal:9n cable T5, a station 7imported7 from a market other than theone in which the cable system is located'

ditty bag:0 small container, originally used by sailors to carry toilet articles4also called a ditt bo*' The ditty bag used by camera crews is a cloth or can%as

bag containing small items, sometimes attached to a tripod'

d# co%y:0 record with a recording on only one side, for use by a radio disc&ockey'

dolly:0 mobile platform with three of four wheels for carrying a microphone,camera, or other items' 0 doll shot*the process is called dolling tracking,or trucking+ shifts the %iewpoint of the camera, often by a crew member calleda doll pusherordoll gripand is taken while the dolly is in motion' To doll-in doll up, or camera upis to mo%e the camera platform closer toward the

sub&ect4 to doll-outis to mo%e it away and is also called camera back doll-back truck back, orpull back'

donut:0 commercial distributed to stations with a blank central section to be7filled7 with a local ad%ertiser=s message, which generally is li%e4 also called adoughnut commercial'

downlink:The portion of a signal from the satellite down to the recei%ingpoint, such as a dish *sometimes called a down link+'

dri$e time:Morning and afternoon hours when many radio listeners dri%e toand from work' The hours %ary depending on the area and time of year--generally 6 to )$ a'm' and D to p'm' on weekdays'

dro% frame time code:0 system that keeps the time of a %ideotape accurate bydropping two numbers e%ery minute to make up for the small error that results


25/82

from assuming that %ideo runs e2actly "$ frames per second *%ideo actuallyruns C'C frames per second+'

dro%in ad:0 local commercial inserted into a national program, or, moregenerally, an ad%ertising message inserted into a larger ad%ertisement, as for a

local dealer or retailer, or a phrase, such as a public ser%ice slogan, or symbol4also called a hitch-hike ad$

dro%out ordro%out:0 defect in a tape resulting in a black flash, color loss, orother gap' This signal loss can be concealed by a drop-out compensator'

dub:0 dupe or duplicate4 an insert in an audio%isual medium4 also used as a%erb, as in to dub something into the body of a radio or T5 program or motion

picture' Material to be dubbed may consist of a different language soundtrack,new or updated material, or other editing, or combining' When a duplicate tape

is made at a different speed or width from the original, the process iscalled dubbing downif the dub is slower or narrower than the original,or dubbing upif the dub is faster or wider' 0n editor may use a dubbing mi*er'

dubber:0 person who duplicates a film or tape *makes a dub+4 a machine suchas an audio playback machine used to make a copy of a tape4 a performer wholip-synchs or inserts dialogue into an e2isting film or tape, such as a translation*a dubbed%ersion+'

dubbing:The process of recording, such as making a duplicate of a film or

tape or replacing dialogue or a soundtrack with new material, as in a differentlanguage or with a singer, actor, or other performer replacing the original' The

process may re1uire a dubbing cue sheetwith the e2isting and new %ersionsand be recorded at a dubbing sessionin a dubbing studio or at a looping stage'

Dubner CB:0 character background generator, a de%ice that creates andmanipulates characters and graphic images on T5, named after ?ar%ey 8ubnerof 3ort ee, @L'

du%e:;hort for duplicate, a copy of a radio or T5 tape or other audio%isual

material, also called a dub' 8uping is duplicating'

ear %rom%ter:0 tiny ear plug connected to a small audio recorder, enabling aperformer to hear a recorded script while on stage or on camera'


26/82

ear s!ot:0 close-up of a person in profile'

early fringe:0 time period in T5 broadcasting, preceding prime time, usually# to ! p'm' on weekdays'

ear%!ones:0 de%ice, akin to a miniature loudspeaker, that reproduces soundand is worn o%er the ears4 more commonly called headphonesor a headset'

eart! station:1uipment for transmitting or recei%ing satellitecommunications, such as a parabolic or dish antenna that sends or recei%es T5signals o%er the air directly from satellites or other sources'


27/82

electronic camera:0 filmless camera in which images are recorded on acomputer disk and instantly transmitted to computer screens4 also called adigital camera'

electronic c!aracter generator (9C):0 typewriterlike machine that

produces weather reports, sports scores, identifications, and other lettering aspart of a T5 picture'

electronic cue:0n audio or %ideo signal indicating the end of a tape or otherinstruction'

electronic editing:The use of a computer or control board, rather than manualsplicing, for the editing, or cutting, of tape'

electronic field %roduction (9&8):The use of e1uipment *generally portable,

such as a minicam, or electronic camera+ outside a T5 studio to producenonnews material, such as programming or commercials'

electronic #ournalism (9;):i%e transmission or %ideotaping from a locationaway from the tele%ision studio, by an L camera crew'

electronic news gat!ering (9N):The use of an electronic, portable T5camera *minicam+ to %ideotape or broadcast news from outside the studio' Byeliminating film, @G has produced considerable sa%ings in time and

personnel and added a mobility to the news operations of T5 stations'

electronic setu% (927):The prebroadcast time during which e1uipment is setup and tested'

electronic s%orts gat!ering (92):The use of cameras, mobile units, andother e1uipment to produce a telecast of a sports e%ent'

electronic still store (922):0n electronic still-frame storage de%ice, with astorage area of photographic slides, titles, and other stills that can be selectedinstantly'

electronic $iewfinder (90&):0 small screen for monitoring while operating a%ideo camera' 9t may be built in or separate'

encry%tion:The process of encoding, as in the scrambling of T5 signals' /ay-T5 transmission often is encrypted, and subscribers ha%e de%ices that decrypt,or unscramble'


28/82

endcue:The last few words--generally four--of a taped report or inter%iew, animportant guide to the engineer, producer, director, and newscaster4 also calledan outcue'

end/end:0 notation at the end of a broadcast script or other item, similar to

and other notations'

9N:lectronic news gathering'

engineering setu% (927):0 T5 techni1ue to free:e an image on the screen' 9tis most fre1uently used, by an ;E operator, to pro&ect an image o%er theshoulder of the anchor, or news broadcaster, during the lead-in of a news item'

e1uali5er:0 process that attempts to enhance the 1uality of a recording byfiltering out distortions and other undesirable elements'

establis!ing s!ot:0n opening comprehensi%e %iew, a long or wide shot to setthe scene or ac1uaint the audience with the setting, characters, or plot, followed

by details and closer action4 also called an orientation shot'

e-treme closeu% (ecuor -cu):0 tight camera shot, close in and limited to onepart of the sub&ect'

eye bounce:0 techni1ue, recommended to speakers on T5 programs, in whichthe eyes do not mo%e hori:ontally' 9nstead, to achie%e a side-to-side mo%ement,

the speaker looks down and then to the side' ye bounce a%oids a gla:e or anappearance of being shifty-eyed'

eye contact:The practice of looking a person in the eyes' 9n film and T5, eyecontact is achie%ed by looking directly into the camera'

eyeline:The direction the eyes are looking' 9n T5, a cheated eyeline occurswhen a performer does not look directly at a sub&ect, such as another performer,

but turns somewhat toward the camera' >lear the eyeline is a cue to remo%e anypeople who are in the actor=s line of %ision, other than performers who are

supposed to be in the scene'

eyewitness news:0 T5 news format featuring on-the-scene reporters,generally shot with a minicam, a portable electronic camera'


29/82

face time:The amount of time that the head of a T5 newscaster or other personis shown on the screen'

fade:To %ary in intensity, as a gradual change of audio or %ideo, as in fade towhite *an instruction to change from dark to white+, fade to black, or fade to

red' 0 crossfadeis the fading out of one element while fading in another'

fade down:To gradually decrease the audio le%el of a recording'

fade under:0 direction, such as to reduce music or sound effects sufficientlythat they=re heard only in the background'

fade u%:To gradually increase the audio le%el of a recording'

fadein (&):0 shot that begins in darkness and gradually lightens up to full

brightness4 also called afade-up' The opposite isfade-outorfade to black$9nrelation to sound, fade-in can mean the gradual heightening of %olume'

fade bar:0 %ideo switch-control de%ice to dissol%e and fade the picture'

feed:Broadcasts sent by radio and T5 networks to local stations or by a localstation or medium to the head1uarters office or other media' The origination

point is called the feed point'

feedback:0 loud noise, s1ueal, or howl from a microphone or speaker, caused

by improper placement, circuit noise, accidental closing of the circuit, oranother error or problem'

feed!orn:9n satellite broadcasting, a part of a recei%ing antenna--a dish--thatcollects the signal reflected from the main surface reflector and channels it intoa low-noise amplifier'

field:The part of a scene--calledfield of "iew field of actionor action field--that=s %isible at any gi%en moment or the area of a %ideo screen on whichidentification titles or other te2t or art may be inserted' 0 field pickup is a

remote transmission, not from the studio' 9n T5 transmission in the Enited;tate, 6$ fields are transmitted per second, each one containing either the oddor e%en scanning lines of the picture *odd or e%en fields+, so that one fielde1uals half of a picture frame'


30/82

field %roducer:0 person who works outside the head1uarters studio--in thefield--to super%ise the production of programs or segments, as of a news

program'

file film:;tock footage from the library, or file, of a T5 station or other source'

When used as background material in a T5 newscast, file film generally isidentified by a line at the top or bottom of the screen with the date on which itwas originally taken'

fitting:0n ad&ustment' 0 T5 fitting is a type of rehearsal, generally of aforthcoming li%e news e%ent such as a political con%ention, in which stand-insare used to test camera angles and other technical details'

fi$e and under:0 T5 role in which a performer has a ma2imum of fi%e lines'0 larger number re1uires a higher payment'

flags!i% station:The principal or showpiece station of a broadcast network orgroup'

flig!t:0n ad%ertising campaign, generally for radio or T5, that runs for aspecific period, such as four weeks'

fli% card:0 board or card with a title, name, or message, used on T5 or in ashow or presentation4 also called a cue card'

fli%o$er orfli%o$er:0 transitional optical effect, akin to turning o%er a page4also called aflip flip frame flip wipe flipo"er wipe flopo"er optical flop,orturnaround$

foldback:0 type of small loudspeaker commonly used in a T5 studio or on astage so that performers can hear music or other sound4 also calledplaback$

follow s!ot:0 mo%ement of a camera to follow the action4 also calledafollowing shot action shot mo"ing shot running shotor tracking shot'

footage:ength' 0 portion of a film is calledfootage, such as dailfootageor news footage'

format:The general character of the programs, such as all-news, classical, orcountry-and-western music'


31/82

frame:0 complete scanning of an image *## lines in the E';' system+,re1uiring )6$ of a second each for the odd- and e%en-numbered lines for a totalof )"$ of a second' 0 half-picture, consisting of either the odd- or e%en-numbered lines, is called afield' Theframe fre,uencis the number of times

per second the picture area is co%ered or scanned' 9n T5, it is "$ cycles per

second *cps+'

frame time code:0 process, established by the ;ociety of Motion /icture andTele%ision ngineers, of identifying each frame of a %ideotape' The drop-in

frame time codecounts "$ frames per second, but omits *drops+ two framese%ery minute as the actual speed is slightly less'

frame u%:0 director=s command to ad&ust the picture'

free5e frame:0 techni1ue in which a single frame is repeated or reprinted in

se1uence to gi%e the effect of fro:en, suspended, or stopped motion' 0lsocalled hold frameorstop frame, the techni1ue often is used at the end of atheatrical of T5 film as a final scene that remains motionless for a short period'

fre1uency modulation (&M):The encoding of a carrier wa%e, such as thesound wa%es or audio signals of a radio or T5 station, by the %ariation--modulating--of its fre1uency, resulting in little or no static and high fidelity inreception' 3M radio stations, from !! to )$! megahert: produce receptionsuperior to that of 0M or amplitude modulation stations, particularly of musicin the high-fre1uency range'

fringe area:The outermost or weakest area of a broadcast signal or apublication=s distribution'

fringe time:0 transitional period of a broadcast schedule, immediately beforeor after the peak period *prime time+'

from t!e to%:3rom the beginning, a show-business e2pression' The oppositeisfrom the bottom' The term originates from the days when each scene in ascript started at the top of a page'

f/- orf-:;pecial effects, a motion-picture term for animation, ob&ects, andother techni1ues and de%ices that are not real4 also, an abbre%iation for soundeffects' The name of the cable T5 channel 3H is based on its owners, 3o2Broadcasting >ompany'


32/82

gaffer:The head electrician'

gain:9ncrease of signal power, particularly sound %olume' The control thatregulates the %olume or another le%el is called the gain, as inturn up the gain'To ride the gainis to monitor the control indicator' Togain-up is to

increase4 digital gain-upis a feature on %ideo cameras that electronically storesan image for a fraction of a second to accumulate light so that a dark picturecan be lightened'

gallows mike:0 gooseneck microphone hung from a support base and used ona broadcasting table'

generation:0 class of ob&ects deri%ed from a preceding class' 9n films andtapes, the master, or original, is the first generation' 0ny copy made from themaster issecond generationcalled a cop dupe, orduband a copy of a

second-generation dupe is of the third generation'

genny:0n electricity generator, particularly a portable generator on a film orT5 set'

glitc!:0 mishap, error, or malfunction, as in mechanical, electrical, orelectronic e1uipment'

go:0 command to e2ecute, such asgo theme, an instruction from the directorto the audio-control operator or sound engineer to start the theme music'

go to black:To let the image fade out entirely4 a direction in film andtele%ision'

going off:;peaking while mo%ing off-stage, off-camera, or off-mike'

green room:0 room or waiting area for guests'

gri%:0 general assistant in a stage, broadcast, or film production'


33/82

!alfinc! $ideo:Two types of half-inch %ideo are a%ailable-%ideo for home useand broadcast-1uality %ideo' 5?; and Betama2 are the two home use formats'They ha%e been used for broadcast %ideo, but they ha%e %ery poor resolutionand usually wide blanking' Betacam and M99 are the two ma&or broadcast-1uality half-inch %ideo formats' This term is commonly used to describe 5?;

dubs'

!a%%y talk:0 format of T5 news programs, featuring light banter among anensemble of newscasters'

!ard news:Reports of e%ents of timeliness andor importance' 0 hard-news-show setgenerally has the newspersons, or anchors, at a desk4 asoft-news-showset--such as the maga:ine-style daytime programs--often has a couch or otherfurniture suggesting a li%ing room'

!ead:The pro&ecting part--for instance, the head of a tape recorder, whichrecords and plays back the magnetic signals4 the designation of parts of a T5camera' The camera consists of the camera head *the lens, tubes, %iewfinder,and cable+, panning head or pan head *platform and handle, for turning+, andmounting'

!eadline:The title or description at the top of a page in a book or atop a newsrelease or article, as a synopsis or to attract attention4 called ahead heading,or hed' ?eadlines are used in broadcast and other media, in addition tonewspapers' 3or e2ample, the lead item or indication of a forthcoming item on

a broadcast may be referred to as a headline' The preliminary indicationsometimes is called a billboard$

!ead%!one:0 radio or telephone recei%er held to the ear or ears by a band o%erthe head'

!eadroom:The field of %ision between the top of a performer in a film or T5program and the top of the motion picture or T5 screen' 9n a close-up, theheadroom is diminished'

!eadset:0n earphone, generally with an attached mouthpiece transmitter'

!ig!definition tele$ision (,DT0):0 system with higher resolution, orpictorial clarity, and other 1ualities that are superior to techni1ues currentlyused by E';' tele%ision stations' 9n ?8T5, more lines per picture frame aretransmitted than is standard *## lines per frame in the Enited ;tates+, resultingin sharper, more %i%id images'


34/82

!oldo$er audience:That portion of a tele%ision or radio audience for oneprogram who were tuned to the pre%ious program on the same station4 alsocalled an inherited audience or a carry-o%er audience'

!omes using tele$ision (,7T):0 @ielsen Media Research term for the

households, located in a specific area, that use one or more T5 sets during aspecific time period'

!ot bo-:0 bo2 in which lighting cables are plugged4 also called a )unction bo*'?ot refers to electricity'

!ouse!old:


35/82

in!ouse:Referring to a di%ision or unit that is part of or within a companyorgani:ation, as differentiated from a %endor or an outside agency'

in%oint:The beginning, or first frame, of a %ideo edit4 also calledin-time'

insert ear%!one:0 small recei%er that fits in one ear, as used by broadcasters'

insert edit:9n %ideotape editing, the independent editing of the audio and %ideotracks, separately or together, without affecting the control track' 0lso, to put ascene between two other scenes'

insert set:0 part of a set, or scene, used for close-ups in film and T54 alsocalled adetail set'

insert studio:0 small T5 studio, sometimes used for inter%iews'

intercutting:0 rapid series of shots, generally of the same scene, taken fromdifferent angles' 0 shot, called an intercut, of part of the scene may be inserted

between two shots of the entire scene'

nternational Telecommunications 2atellite .rgani5ation (ntelsat):0norgani:ation in Washington, 8>, that owns and operates the internationalsatellite system that pro%ides the ma&ority of telecommunications ser%icesoutside the Enited ;tates to o%er )$$ member countries' 9t was formed in )C6D'>omsat is the E';' signatory'

interru%tible feedback line (&B):0 telephone line for a producer or adirector to talk to a newscaster or an inter%iewer during a broadcast'

interstitial %rogramming:The placement of short programs between full-length programs' 3or e2ample, ?ome Bo2


36/82

#oin in %rogress (;8):0n instruction to a station to cut in and start

broadcasting a program already started, such as li%e co%erage of a news e%ent'

#um% cut:0 transition in a film or T5 program that breaks continuous time byskipping forward from one part of an action to another, ob%iously separatedfrom the first by a space of time' 0lso, a transition in which an ob&ect mo%es*&umps+ from one place to another'

#unction bo-:0 unit that connects se%eral electrical sources'

key station:The station from which a program in a network or group broadcastoriginates4 also called a master station'

kilocycle (kc):),$$$ cycles per second, or ),$$$ alterations of current or soundwa%es per second4 also called a kilohert: *k?: or kh:+' The number ofkilocycles determines a radio station=s fre1uency, and thus its position on thedial'

kinesco%e:0 film of a transmitted tele%ision picture4 also calledkine,

pronounced 9@-ney' inescopes, which ha%e been replaced by %ideotape, areno longer common'


37/82

la% dissol$e:0n optical effect or type of transition in which one scene isgradually replaced by a new image4 also called a lap, cross lap, cross-dissol%e,or mi2'

la%el mike:0 small microphone clipped to a lapel, necktie, shirt, or elsewhere,

or worn hanging around the neck4 also called a la%aliere'

laryngo%!one:0 throat microphone, attached more closely to the neck than alapel mike4 pronounced la-R9@G-guh-fone'

last telecast (3TC):0 term used at a T5 station to indicate the last program ofthe broadcast day or the final time of a schedule of commercials or programs'

late fringe:The time period following prime time, usually after )) p'm'

laug! track:The audio component of a T5 situation comedy or other programon which audience laugher is inserted, from tape cassettes with %arious types ofactual or artificial laughter'

la$aliere (la$):0 microphone worn like a necklace'

lead off:The first item in a newscast, or the first program in a series'

leader:@on-magnetic strips of tape *either paper or plastic+ at the beginningand end of audio cassette or reel-to-reel tape'

leadin:0n introduction, such as by a newscaster preceding a report or a briefsegment at the beginning of a sitcom or other program'

letterbo- format:The ratio of width to height *the aspect ratio+ used inshowing a film on T5 so that the film has the same relati%e dimensions as it didwhen shown in a widescreen mo%ie theater' 3ilms shown on a T5 screengenerally do not ha%e their original aspect ratio'

le$el:The degree of sound %olume' 0 radio engineer or recording-studio

technician may ask for a le%el--that is, re1uest that the performers speak inorder to determine a general setting of the %olume controls'

lift:0 portion of a radio or T5 commercial for use as a shorter, separatecommercial' 3or e2ample, to sa%e on production costs, a "$-second commercialcan be produced with a )$-second lift within it, for use as a separate )$-secondidentification'


38/82

lift micro%!one:0 directional microphone with an acoustical transmission linein front of the transducer, often with a pole at least feet long' >ommonly usedin film and T5 studios, it sometimes is called a shotgun microphone'

liner cards:arge inde2 cards with typed copy, for use by radio announcers

and disk &ockeys' The cards contain slogans, information about currentpromotions and upcoming programs, and other on-air remarks, messages, andchatter'

lineu%:The arrangement of items in a newscast4 a group of stationsbroadcasting a specific program'

listener:0 person in the audience of a radio program' The listening area is thegeographical span of a station=s co%erage *the term applies specifically to radio,

but sometimes is used to refer also to T5+' 0listener diaris the record, or log,

of programs heard by a respondent in an audience-rating sur%ey' istenercharacteristics are the demographics of a typical listener of a program orstation'

listening s!ot:0 film or T5 shot of an inter%iewer or performer listening,usually called a reaction shot or cutaway shot'

li$e:Referring to a real or actual performance that is simultaneouslytransmitted, as by ali"e action camera*0>+, as distinct from a taped ordelayed broadcast'

li$e on ta%e:Referring to a T5 or radio program of an actual performance,recorded and broadcast subse1uently and therefore not really li%e'

li$er:0 li%e report without accompanying tape or other material'

location:0n actual setting, as distinct from a studio, used for a film or T5show' To film or tape on location is to shoot a motion picture or to tape in sucha setting'

locked in:0 %ideotape or other recorder that is mo%ing at its regular speed andis ready to accept a feed'

locking u%:The brief period when a %ideocassette wobbles as it starts to play,before it is stabili:ed and runs smoothly'

lock out:The closing credits of a program'


39/82

long s!ot (32):0 camera %iew that takes in the full %ista, or breadth, of a sceneor that is taken far away from the sub&ect'

long take:0 film or T5 camera shot maintained for an e2tended period'

lose t!e lig!t:To ha%e insufficient light for filming4 a T5 direction indicatingthat the tally light on a camera has gone off, meaning that the camera no longeris on'

louder:0 broadcasting instruction, signaled by an upraised palm or a raisedhand' The cue directs a performer or other indi%idual to speak more loudly oran engineer to increase the intensity of the sound'

lower t!ird:The bottom third of the T5 screen, on which identifications andother captions generally are displayed'

low%ower tele$ision (38T0):0 type of T5 station, authori:ed by the 3ederal>ommunications >ommission in )C! in an effort to allow se%eral thousandstations with secondary status to pro%ide limited-range ser%ice in a small area'

luminance:ight4 brightness' 0 T5 signal is made up of luminance *whichcarries the black-and-white portion of the image+ and chrominance *whichcarries the hue+'

maga5ine conce%t:9n broadcast ad%ertising, the scattered placement ofcommercials during a program on a participating or spot basis' The oppositeisprogram sponsorship, in which all the ad%ertisements aired during a programare from the same sponsor'

make local:To insert a station identification in a network program'

make system:To identify a network, such as the >olumbia Broadcasting;ystem'

man on t!e street (M.2):0n inter%iewing techni1ue in which the opinions ofthe general public are sought'

marc! on:


40/82

matc! cut:0 1uick transition, or cut, from one film or T5 camera to another,or a smooth transition from one shot to another, with the action appearing tocontinue seamlessly'

matc! dissol$e (MD):0 film and T5 techni1ue in which a shot fades, or

dissol%es, into another of similar form or action, perhaps to suggest the passageof time'

media escort:0 person who accompanies an inter%iewee to T5 stations andother media and pro%ides transportation and other assistance'

media tour:0n itinerary of cities or markets in which a spokesperson or otherpublicity representati%e is sent, generally for a day or two'

media training:>ounseling and rehearsal to prepare indi%iduals for inter%iews

on T5 programs and other media, pro%ided by a media trainer, often in a T5studio to simulate an actual inter%iew'

medium closeu% (MC7):0 camera position that is between a medium shotand a close-up, generally showing a person=s head and shoulders and part of thechest4 also called a medium close shot *M>;+ or loose close-up' 0 mediumclose-up generally does not show the hands or forearms'

medium s!ot (M2):0 camera position between a close-up and a long shot--forinstance, the %iew of a person from the head to the waist or lower4 also called

amidshotor half-shot$

mediumlong s!ot (M32):0 camera position between a long shot andmedium shot4 also called afull shot'

middle break:0n interruption in the middle of a radio or T5 program for acommercial or station identification'

M:0 half-inch broadcast format de%ised by /anasonic4 it uses helical scancomponent recordings, is capable of using address track time code, and has four

audio channels'

mike:Microphone' 0 mike boomis a crane or arm that holds a microphone'0 mike bo*is a unit connecting one microphone with others, as on a lectern ortable at a press conference' 0sitting mike is a table microphone' 0 rifle mike isa long narrow, directional microphone that can be aimed like a rifle' 0ro"ing


41/82

mikeis hand-held microphone, cordless or on a long cord, used by talk showhosts, reporters, and others to mo%e through the theater or other sites'

mike mugger:0 speaker who is too close to the microphone'

mike sock:0 co%er, such as a foam rubber slee%e, that fits o%er a microphoneto reduce e2ternal sounds such as wind'

mike stew:Enwanted background sound picked up by a microphone'

miking:The setup and arrangement of microphones, such as their placementon a stage or on performers' /erformers are miked when their microphones areattached and are o%ermiked when the amplification is too loud or artificial-sounding' &lose mikingis the placement of a microphone %ery close to thesound source4 the opposite isloose miking'

minicam:0 small, self-contained portable T5 camera for %ideotaping on-sitenews e%ents' When linked to a mobile transmission unit *minicam %an+, theminicam can pro%ide li%e co%erage at relati%ely low cost' 9t thus hastremendously changed T5 news programs at all types of stations'

minimicrowa$e:0 term for the transmission of a %ideo signal from anonstudio site--such as a news e%ent--to a mobile unit or a transmitter on anearby roof' The transmitter then sends the signal directly to the station or

possibly to one or more intermediate points, such as atop a tall building or other

high point'

miniseries:0 short series or se1uence of related programs, such as one e%erynight for fi%e consecuti%e nights rather than one a week o%er a )"-week orother e2tended period'

mi-:To record separate soundtracks into a single track *to subdub+, or to blendaudio and %isual components to produce a master *from which copies aremade+, an optical dissol%e, a rerecording, or some other combination ormi2ture, called a mi2'

mi- minus:0 feature that pre%ents a broadcaster from hearing his or her own%oice echo back'

mi-down:0 combination of two or more audio sources, sometimes producedwith a comple2 mi2er called an automated mi2down' To mi2 down is to createsuch a combination'


42/82

mi-er:The unit that controls and blends audio andor %ideo signals4 thetechnician who operates the unit *also called a rerecording super%isor or chiefrecording mi2er+' 9n a T5 studio or on a film set,the work is done by a floormi2er' 0 music mi2er edits recorded music' The mi2ing console *generallycalled simply a mi2er+ combines premi2ed tracks *as in the first phase of

mi2ing+ with signals from playback machines and other sources, including ami2ing panel *a small mi2er+, based on instructions on a mi2ing cue sheet'

mobile unit:0 %ehicle for originating broadcasts from on-the-spot locations,away from the studio, or for carrying e1uipment for on-location film or tape

production4 also called a mobile production unit$

mock inter$iew:0 simulated inter%iew, generally conducted by a professionalcommunicator, to help de%elop the communications skills of the inter%iewee'

modulate:To change the fre1uency, phase, or amplitude of a carrier wa%e *asin radio transmission+' 0 modulator is a de%ice to change such a wa%e'

monitor (mon):0 de%ice for checking or regulating performance--for instance,an instrument that recei%es T5 signals by direct wire rather than o%er the air, asin a T5 studio or closed circuit, sometimes without the sound'

monitoring ser$ice:0n organi:ation that checks maga:ines, newspapers, andother publications for mention of a company or other client, or for otherrecording and e%aluation purposes' 0 broadcast monitoring ser"icechecks the

electronic media'

montage:0 combination of items, photos, or scenes, often to indicate thepassage of time, such asstraight cuts*abrupt transitions+ andsoft cuts*gradualchanges, with bridges or other effects+'

moray:0 %ideo disturbance caused by flashy &ewelry, brightly colored apparel,or other sources, commonly called a mora pattern, named after a type of

brightly colored eel called a moray'

morning:The early part of the day' 9n radio, morning dri%e is a key period toreach listeners in their cars, such as 6 to )$ a'm' The announcer sometimes iscalled the morning man$ /orning #oois a radio station format with one or more:any announcers'

mor%!ing:0 computer process that transforms one photograph or image intoanother, commonly used in %ideos and film' 0 morph is a form'


43/82

M.2:Man on the street'

mo$e in (M):0 direction to mo%e a camera or microphone closer to thesub&ect'

mo$e out (M.):0 direction to mo%e a camera or microphone away from thesub&ect'

mo$ing off:Mo%ement by a sub&ect away from the camera or microphone4 alsocalledfade off$

mo$ing on:Mo%ement by a sub&ect closer to the camera or microphone4 alsocalledfade on$

mo$ing s!ot:0 filming or %ideotaping techni1ue in which the camera follows

the action4 also calledfollow shot running shot, oraction shot$

mult bo-:0n electrical de%ice that combines and regulates the flow ofelectricity and distributes a regulated or consistent audio feed' 9t is used byradio and T5 crews, particularly at e%ents with considerable e1uipment,tapping into the speaker=s lectern or other site'

multicam:The use of two or more cameras simultaneously to shoot a scenefrom more than one angle'

National Association of Broadcast 9m%loyees and Tec!nicians

(NAB9T):0n 03->9< union in Washington, 8>, of about $,$$$ technicalworkers in broadcasting, at o%er #$ locals, including many engineers at @B>'

National Association of Broadcasters (NAB):0 ma&or organi:ation of radioand T5 stations and networks, based in Washington, 8>'

National Tele$ision 2ystem Committee (NT2C):0 unit of the 3ederal

>ommunications >ommission, Washington, 8>, that establishes tele%isionstandards in the Enited ;tates, such as @T;> >olor, a standard for color thatalso can be recei%ed on black-and-white sets'

NAT89 nternational:0n organi:ation based in ;anta Monica, >0, formerlycalled the @ational 0ssociation of Tele%ision /rogram 2ecuti%es'


44/82

natural sound (ornat sound):0nimal noises, weather conditions, and otheractual sounds recorded for broadcast or other use, as contrasted with artificialsound or sound effects'

N9M.:0 remote pickup, a broadcast not originated by the station transmitting

it4 pronounced @-moe' The acronym is for not emanating from main office'

net audience:The number of indi%iduals or households reached by a mediumo%er a specified period of time, such as those reading a single issue or tuned toa specific broadcast or broadcast period, such as a day'

net rating:0 percentage of total potential audience to which a radio or T5commercial, program, station, or network is e2posed, with duplicationsdeducted or omitted' ach percentage is a net rating point*@'R'/'+'

net weekly audience:The number of indi%iduals or households tuned in atleast once a week to a daily radio or T5 program or to a program broadcastmore than once a week' Thenet weekl circulation is the number of indi%idualstuned to a radio or T5 station for at least fi%e consecuti%e minutes during aweek'

network:0 group of radio or T5 stations that broadcast the same programs'The stations can be owned by a head1uarters company--the network--that is thesource of the programs or can be independent--an affiliate or network affiliate'

network feed:The system of telephone lines, coa2ial cables, microwa%erelays, satellites, and other means of transmitting a signal from a source to

broadcasting stations' 0 program or program ser%ice pro%ided by the networkto stations also is called a network feed, such as the afternoon news

feedtransmitted to affiliated stations for subse1uent broadcast'

network identification:The name or identification of a radio or T5 networkmade at the beginning of each hour andor the beginning and end of thenetwork programs'

network %romo:0n announcement broadcast by a network to promote aspecific program or the network itself, generally at the end of a network

program'

network time:0 time period, such as prime time, during which a local radio orT5 station agrees to broadcast network programs4 also called network optiontime, since the network has the option to use it'


45/82

news:3resh information' ?ard news refers to reporting of current e%ents,whereassoft newsis more likely to be human-interest features or less current orless urgent news' 0 news featureis an elaboration on a news report' The newsdepartment of a radio or T5 station or network, headed by a news director,

prepares andor broadcasts news reports'

news en$elo%e:0 brief news segment, such as a 6$-second news update on alocal, network, or syndicated program, with its own local or national sponsor'

newsbreak:0n e%ent worthy of reporting, used in tele%ision to describe a briefsegment, about one minute long, with a few news items'

newscast:0 straight news program on radio or tele%ision with relati%ely fewfeatures'

nonair commercial:0 commercial not intended for broadcast use, such as forpresentations or testing'

.


46/82

offline edit:0 non-computeri:ed, rough assembly of segments with abrupttransitions, followed by a computeri:ed, on-line edit with smooth transitionsand other impro%ements'

offnetwork:0 program a%ailable for syndication after it has been broadcast

on a network'

omnies:>rowd noises as picked up by an omnidirectional microphone thatpicks up sound from all directions'

on t!e air:0 broadcast in progress'

on t!e fly:9n a hurry, e2temporaneous'


47/82

original:3irst4 fresh4 the initial source from which copies are made, such as anoriginal master tape'

originate:To produce and transmit a program or other material' 9nbroadcasting, the origination point is called thefeed point'

out:The end4 to remo%e, as in a script notation to remo%e a sound'Theoutcueis a signal that a program, scene, film, or tape is about to end'The outpoint indicates the end of a scene or se1uence on a film or tape' 0lso, acompleted communication, as in o"er and out' The out timeis the time at whicha program ends'

out of frame:0 sub&ect or action that is off-camera and not seen within theframe of the picture'

out %eriod:0 hiatus, as when a schedule for commercials is suspended'

outcue:The last few words--generally four--of a recorded song or a tapedreport or inter%iew, an e2tremely important guide to the engineer, producer,director, disk &ockey, and newscaster4 also called anendcue' The outcue of acommercial or other taped segment is scripted, so that the li%e announcerknows when to start'

outro:The standard conclusion of a radio or T5 program4 an e2it speech in ascene4 a tag at the end of a commercial'


48/82

focused on the spot at which the performer is looking4 also called H;, foracross shoulder'

o-ide:The easily magneti:ed, brown o2ide of iron material onto which the%ideo and audio signals are recorded'

%ack:0 package, packet, or container4 0 mike-packis a small package ofbatteries and wires, attached to a performer=s body, and connected to a cordlessmicrophone'

%ackage:0 radio or T5 program or a combination of radio or T5 programs orcommercial spots offered to a sponsor as a unit, usually at a discount4 a taped

tele%ision report, generally ID# *D# seconds+ to I"$ * ) minutes+--ashortpackage' 0 long package is a special report or a report to be edited andbroadcast o%er a period of days *a two-parter, three-parter, four-parter, or fi%eparter+'

%aid for:0 line, re1uired by federal law, spoken at the end of a broadcastpolitical commercial or inserted at the bottom of a printed ad%ertisement,indicating the source of payment *7/aid for by the Lones for >ongress>ommittee7+'

8A3:/hase-alternation system'

%an:0 direction gi%en to the person operating the camera, so that camera eyemo%es slowly and e%enly, %ertically or hori:ontally, in a panorama *the sourceof the term+' 0pan shotalso is called a blue pan swish whipshot, or wi# pan'The process of laterally mo%ing the camera to photograph a wide %iew iscalledpanning'

%an and scan:0 techni1ue for changing the aspect ratio of the frame of awide-screen film so that it can be transmitted for T5'

%artial s%onsors!i%:The sponsorship of a T5 or radio program by se%eralad%ertisers4 also called co-sponsorship'

%artici%ation %rogram:0 radio or T5 program that has se%eral sponsors' 0naudience-participation program in%ol%es the studio or home audience in the

broadcast'


49/82

%arting gifts:/roducts or ser%ices announced or ad%ertised during *generallyat the end of+ T5 talk or game shows, in return for promotional considerationfrom the manufacturer or dealer--such as hotel accommodations and airlinetransportation for the guests on the program'

%ause control:0 de%ice on a machine, such as a tape recorder, that pro%idesfor a brief stop or interruption without the machine ha%ing to be turned off'

%ay tele$ision (%ay T0):?ome tele%ision programming for which the %iewerpays by the program or by the month4 also calledpa-tele"ision subscriptiontele"ision*;T5+, or toll-T5' /ay tele%ision includes o%er-the-air transmission*with scrambled signals+ and cable transmission *pay cable+'

%ay%er$iew T0 (880):0 system in which payment is made for a singleshowing of a program' ;ubscribers of the pay-tele%ision company can phone in

their 7orders7 prior to a showing, acti%ate the system--that is, clear thescrambled channel--or press a button to utili:e two-way e1uipment thatacti%ates the system'

%eo%lemeter:0 de%ice that is part of an audience measurement system of@ielsen Media Research' 9ntroduced in )C!, the peoplemeter is used by about#,$$$ selected families' 9t electronically records which person or persons in thehousehold are watching a T5 channel at a specific time and replaces thehandwritten diary system'

%ersons using radio (%ur):The percentage of the o%er-)-year-old populationin an area listening to radio at a specific time'

%ersons using tele$ision (%ut):The percentage of the o%er-)-year-oldpopulation in households with tele%ision that is watching T5 at a specific time'

%!oner:0n inter%iew, as on a radio program, conducted %ia telephone'

%icku% (87or%/u):The reception of sound or light, or the apparatus used forthe reception4 a place *also called a remote+, outside the studio where a program

is broadcast or aired4 also, the electrical system connecting the remote to thestation

broadcast terminology.doc

Documents