brizcraft black page€¦ · implementation unit of the government of india financed by the world...

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Patron

Shri Dev MurtiChairman, SRMS Trust(Bareilly & Lucknow)

Patron

Shri Aditya Murti Secretary, SRMS Trust (Bareilly & Lucknow)

Advisory Committee

Professor Syamal GuptaDirector

Shri Ram Murti Smarak International Business

School, Lucknow

Professor A.M. Agarwal(Former Director, Birla Institute

of Technology International Centre, Muscat, UAE)

Professor A. K. Sarkar(DMS, M.J.P. Rohilkhand

University, Bareilly)

Professor K.C. Prasad(Dean, Faculty of Science, Ranchi University, Ranchi)

Professor H.P. Mathur (FMS, BHU, Varanasi)

Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Anant Kumar SrivastavaProfessor

Faculty of Management Science Shri Ram Murti Smarak

College of Engineering & Technology, Bareilly

About SRMS College of Engineering & Technology Bareilly

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology has an independent residential campus spread over 35 acres of land with all weather roads, lush green lawns, playgrounds, Multi-Purpose Hall, Gymnasium, Squash Court and 53020 sq.m. of built up area on the campus. The campus is aesthetically planned and designed with exquisite facilities.

The college offers courses of undergraduate and postgraduate levels, with a professional or vocational orientation to internationally recognized standards of excellence. All courses lay emphasis on practicals and are multi-disciplinary in approach. The college inculcates Values, Ethics in its students, so that the PRIDE of SRMSCET will become the ASSET of our Nation.

The College has demonstrated the perennial evidence for merit and quality. It is developing by leaps and bounds in terms of infrastructural facilities and human capital not only to fulfill the requirements of the current technological status but also to set itself as teaching and research centre of eminence in future.

20 YEARS OF QUALITY BASED EDUCATIONS :

ØCollege has been selected for the Technical Education

Quality Improvement Programme of National Project

Implementation Unit of the Government of India financed

by the World Bank.

ØAll B.Tech courses are accredited by NBA.

ØThe College is a STAR Performer College of UPTU and

winner of Excellence award in B.Tech., B.Pharm, MBA &

MCA in year 2009 and 2010 continuously.

ØRanked among best of all private colleges and government

colleges of UP Technical University in term of Gross

Average Intellectual Attainment Per Student

Ø Winner of Academic Excellence Award of UPTU for

MBA, B.Tech and B.Pharm in 2008

ØWinner of Academic Excellence Award of UPTU for

MBA, B.Tech and B.Pharm in 2009

i

ØConsistently ranked number 1 for its MBA course among

all institutions of UPTU.

ØWinner of National Awards for excellence in education -

2011 in Indian Education Congress -2011

ØApproved institutions for organizing INSPIRE by DST

Govt of India

Ø Winner of National Employability Award -2012 by

AMCAT

ØMOU with ICICI Bank for foundation course in Banking

for MBA students

Ø MOU with TCS and INFOSYS to run value addition

courses

ØEdupreneurs Award -2013 to the Chairman of this college

ØInstitutional Memberships of NASSCOM, NHRDN,

AIMA, CSI, RMA, AIMS

ØOver 7000 Alumni working at leading positions in reputed

companies of India and abroad

ØExcellent and valid placement record for all eligible

students

Editor

Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Gaur Professor and Faculty Incharge Faculty of Management Science

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering &

Technology, Bareilly

Associate Editor

Mr. Abhishek Gupta Assitant Professor

Faculty of Management Science Shri Ram Murti Smarak

College of Engineering & Technology, Bareilly

Designer

Editorial Office

Mr. Pramod Sharma

Faculty of Management Science

Ram Murti Puram, 13 Km Bareilly-Nainital Road, Bareilly (U.P.), India

Ph.: 91-581-2582331-32, 2582246, 249, Fax : 91-581-2582330

Website : www.srmscet.edu, Email : [email protected]

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology, Bareilly

ii

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology, Bareilly,

UP has been offering its prestigious management programme since 1996. MBA from this college is known for its quality & perfection and recognized by industries for its practical orientations. The alumni of MBA course from this college are working at leading positions in the companies of repute. The Faculty of Management Science department also conducts various value addition activities such as Campus Outreach Programmes, Management Development Programmes, Faculty Development Programmes & Interdisciplinary Seminars.

MBA from this college is ranked No 1 in the affiliating university since the beginning and awarded with Academic Excellence Awards of the university. A high degree of interaction is maintained with industries for imparting practical training. The department offers comprehensive management educa t ion b lended wi th Entrepreneurship development, Case study, Economic policy analysis etc. Certification courses in Finance,Insurance, International Business, Project management & HR Management provides extra edge to the students of SRMS Bareilly & they are ready by to move from campus to corporate.

The department is having well equipped Class Rooms, Computer Lab, Seminar Halls, Team Rooms etc. to provide best required infrastructure for effective teaching and learning process. In order to promote research, the department publishes management journal Bizcraft (ISSN: 2231-0231,

RNI No: UPEGN/2007/19207) and its newsletter 'Enterpriser'.

Bizcraft, the Journal of Management Sciences (SRMS FMS) is a bi-annual journal with national circulation.

It publishes original communications of research that advances, illuminates Management science and that educates the journal readers.

Manuscripts dealing management aspects will be considered for publication, provided. They contain results of original investigations. Articles need to be of general interest - e.g., they cross the boundaries of specialties or are of sufficient novelty and importance that the journal's readers, whatever their specialty, should be made aware of the findings.

Research papers reporting original research, review articles, correspondence on published articles will also be considered. Papers of routine nature which are merely records of interesting cases as also those dealing with modifications of routine methodology will not be encouraged.

The SRMS FMS prefers the original research work done by Faculties or Management for their research work.

The SRMS FMS strongly discourages duplication/reduplication of data already published in other journals. If and when duplication is detected after publishing in SRMS FMS, the journal will be forced to 'retract' such articles.

All papers submitted to SRMS FMS are subject to peer review process. All accepted papers will be suitably edited before publication.

Disclaimer Statement

The articles, which are published, in BIZCRAFT reflects the personal opinions and view of the author(s) and it do not reflects the view of BIZCRAFT or the publishing institute itself. The articles are published with the understanding that it is the original unpublished work of the author(s) and it does not contravene with copyright in any form.

All cares are taken to remove any type of errors however the editorial board will not be responsible for any type of printing errors.

About FMS(Faculty of Management Science)

About Journal

iii

Editor’s Profile

Prof (Dr) Mamta Gaur is Professor P r o f e s s o r a n d Faculty Incharge in Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and T e c h n o l o g y , Bareilly. She was Dean and PGP Chair in Vel tech Business School, Vel Tech University before taking up current

assignment . Dr. Gaur has rich and a vast experience of 16.9 years in teaching. She is also recipient of Best Teacher Award in Financial Management (Vijayavani National Educational Leadership Award) in 2015 during Asia pacific HRM Congress from 11-12 September 2015. She has received her Master in Business Administration from IMS, Jhansi and Doctorate in Management from Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. Prior to joining Vel Tech Business School, Dr. Gaur was associated with Galgotias University, IILM-GSM as a Associate Professor of OB & HR. She has served Institute of Management Studies and Institute of Economics and Finance, Bundelkhand University as a Assistant professor for 6 years. She carried out both Academic and Administrative roles.

She has Research Gate Score of 3.49 (15 Percentile). She has published 27 papers and 17 articles in the well known national and international journals and conferences. She also has 3 case study publications and 3 books to her credit.

Dr. Gaur has conducted workshop, international Conferences / seminars in emerging trends in Management, communication skills, training and development, joyful organizations, leading India

Dear Readers,

I feel really pleased and honored to introduce myself as the incoming Editor of BIZCRAFT Journal of Contemporary Management Perspective .

Welcome to the BIZCRAFT Journal of Contemporary Management Perspective. BIZCRAFT is a bi annual, peer reviewed, broad-scope publication aiming to publish high-quality research and expert knowledge on topics that guarantee the functionality of the building stock throughout management domain for the enhancement of research in different areas of management. The aim of the BIZCRAFT is to give a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come hence strong emphasis on interdisciplinary issues has been given as we’re conscious that many complex problems in the management require multi-disciplinary solutions.

We are pleased to publish the Vol. 8, No. 2, which includes different issues of international and domestic trends that are relevant for contemporary debate. These issues encompass E-banking, Rural Housing Finance, Performance Appraaisal Practives, Micro Insurance, Occupational Stress & Prospects of Tourism.

As the Editor-in-Chief of the BIZCRAFT, I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to authors who have chosen the BIZCRAFT to disseminate their research. Further, I would like to thank Managing Editor and other supporting staff at Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology, Bareilly for the success of this Journal.

Too often we forget that a journal, even a scientific journal, can survive only if it meets the expectations of its readers and is fruitful to them. However, authors, before being authors, were

Prof. Dr. Mamta Gaur

Editors Message

iv

in Management Education, and knowledge management and MDPs for various organizations such as Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board, UP Jal Nigam, SBI- Jhansi and City Hospital-Farrukhabad. She has been associated with Sanjeevani (NGO)¸ Qutub institutional Area¸ New Delhi for imparting Training in Counseling Skills . Has done programmes for managers in private and public sectors on issues in people management strategies¸ diversity management and employee relations. She commands in teaching Business taxation, Financial Management ,Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior through innovative teaching methods. The other interest areas of teaching are International Business Management , Global HRM¸ Diversity Management , Performance management system¸ Compensation management , Strategic Change through People Management Strategy, leadership development, New Industrial Relations¸ and Social Security Issues for Organized as well as Unorganized Sector Workforce and Employment Law. Her major areas of research and consulting are Financial Management and Performance M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m , C o m p e n s a t i o n Management, HR as Service concept, Creating role directory¸ Strategic Change through People Management Strategy¸ Joyful Organization¸ Strategies for Flexibility and Change.

readers; and every new work is – and shall be – inspired by a thorough literature search. New results shall always be validated by comparing them with the already existing ones. Moreover, today’s readers will probably be tomorrow’s authors. If we offer them a qualified, broad insight on the most innovative works in the management field, we not only serve them, but we also contribute to educate new generations of authors, thus ensuring a bright future for this journal.

We are more than happy to receive contributions for our next issue from academicians, scholars and practitioners to ensure the consistency and the success of the Journal. We welcome comments and suggestions that would advance the objectives of the Journal and help in progressing and improving to meet target of quality. I hope that these Volumes will help us to better serve our readers.

All this can be achieved through constant feedback from our readers. So, please, do not hesitate to contact me with your comments, complaints and suggestions. They will surely help me in making this Transaction more and more useful and desirable.

We look forward to welcoming your submissions.

With best wishes,

Prof. Dr. Mamta Gaur

v

Leadership Challenge: Managing the organizational Agility

Dr. Anant Kumar SrivastavaEditor-in-Chief

The rapidly changing business environment and emergence of various

faces of globalizations with changing socio-economic scenario have

changed the ways of leadership for managing organizational agility and

change. The talents of organization and use of those talents at suitable

time to solve the unique problem and /or leveraging the existing

resources to get advantages are considered as most challenging aspects

for the leaders who are managing organizational agility. It is rightly said

that a proactive business leadership has to demonstrate different set of

behaviours according to the changing needs of the emerging business

environment to anticipate and seize opportunities. Hence, the

organizations need to think about building a strong leadership at

different levels from the existing talent pool that have demonstrated the

right competencies.

In the contemporary scenario, the agility and sustainability are the prime

requirements for the success of an organization. It requires a

demonstrative leadership for meeting the fast pace of the changes that

could be considered as examples for everyone in the organization.

Managing the agility is emerging as an essential competency for the

leaders and it must be compatible to the needs of the changes in various

aspects. An organization must be structured to be more nimble and

flexible to be compatible with the evolving markets in term of demands

and structural changes for fast pace change management with

sustainability.

According to By Bill Wilder (Director of the Life Cycle Institute), the

sustainable and adaptive organizations must consists of ability to change

quickly, capacity for the change and minimizing the risks of due change.

Accordingly living organizations adapt to their changing environment.

It is further quoted by him that organizations that are doing well today

are those that demonstrate agility by adapting faster, resilience by

adapting more often and project success by mitigating risks. At this stage

it is desired that the concept of effective leadership must be understood

in term of demonstrative and exemplary leadership to manage

organizational agility.

In a recently published report of PWC it is mentioned that a successful

business leader must shape their organizations to be more nimble and

flexible, less hierarchical, and more networked, in short, better

organized to deliver value. Hence the focus should be on key emerging

vi

business revolutions i.e agility, authenticity, talent, and sustainability. In this context the leader’s

ability in form of talent and skills determines the extents to leverage and maximize the values for

people. The individual talents and skills with available workforce should be converted into collective

intelligence. Managing the collective intelligence and conversion of that intelligence into productive

outcome also demonstrate the extent of a supportive culture within the organization. The

compatibilities of the ability of people and business processes with the demand of changes and agility

need to be balanced in a synergetic way. It requires attention, engagement and motivations along with

proactively developed talents for the right people in the right areas. Sometimes, mentoring and

coaching are also required.

Agility is defined as the ability of an organization to renew itself for adaptation and change quickly

according to the needs. It helps in achieving sustainability in a rapidly changing, ambiguous, turbulent

business environment. Agility needs dynamic and stable foundations at structural and intellectual

level within the organisation. At dynamic capability, the ability to move fast, nimbleness,

responsiveness etc are prime considerations. A stable foundation of the organization defines a

framework which remains stable relatively. An agile organisation embraces change by moving

quickly, decisively and effectively to anticipate, initiate and take advantage of change, yet remains

robust enough to absorb any set-backs. Organisational agility is achieved by being responsive and

proactive to both internal and external environmental changes. It helps in identifying opportunities as

well as challenges and the ability to use available resources in a timely, flexible, affordable and

relevant manner, in order to respond to those changes effectively.

To manage the agility, the leaders must realize that change is unavoidable in the turbulent global

environment as the environment is complex, uncertain, and fiercely competitive. Hence an

intentional, proactive approach to change is required for sustainability. It is also expected that

emerging threats and opportunities must be continually scanned to leverage the organizational

resources productivity. It is said in various thought based literatures that the agile leaders are creative

thinkers with a deep sense of purpose. They actively engage diverse stakeholders, influencing and

learning from them at the same time. Their ability to examine situations from multiple perspectives

and to “connect the dots” between seemingly disparate issues allows them to generate novel strategic

insights. As a result, their visions for the future are innovative, purposeful, and compelling. Agile

leaders have a broad repertoire of behaviors that allows them to rapidly adjust their leadership style to

the demands of any given situation. They give appropriately balanced attention to short-term and long-

term priorities, to top-down direction-setting and meaningful participation, and to fostering individual

initiative and strong teamwork. In this context it would be justified to quote Hanry Ford .

“ A Market is never saturated with good product, but it is very quickly saturated with bad one”

Dr. Anant Kumar Srivastava

vii

SHRI RAM MURTI SMARAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Faculty of Management Science)

RNI No. : UPENG/2007/19207ISSN : 2231 - 0231

BIZCRAFT

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viii

Contents

SI. PARTICULARS Page No.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES

1. Assessment of E-banking in Selected Banks in India: A Customer-centric Approach

6-21

2. Rural Housing Finance: Scope for Indian Commercial Banks

22-32

3. Performance Appraisal Practices in India: An Assessment of

Techniques adopted by Public Sector Banks

33-40

4. Micro Insurance - A means for Protection & Enrichment of Rural India

41-48

5. A Scale Development Approach to the influence of country of origin in car purchase

49-57

6. Level of Occupational Stress among Female Teachers

58-64

7. Prospects of Tourism in Jharkhand and its Economic Contribution

65-96

Dr. Shalini Talwar & Dr. Satish Kulhari

Dr. Padmanava Mohapatra & Ms. Khirabdhi Tanaya Mohapatra

Dr. Pallavee Shrivastava, Priyanka Srivastava & Usha Kiran Rai

Mr. Ankit Goel & Mrs. Parul Garg

T. Frank Sunil Justus & T. Sunitha

Shivani Dhodi & Dr. Indu Bansal

Pranjal Kumar & Dr. Ashutosh Mishra

Sep. 2014 - Feb. 2015 , Vol.8 , No. 2

Journal of Faculty of Management Science

BIZCRAFT

ix

FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 ) 1

Research article

Assessment of E-banking in Selected Banks in India: A Customer-centric Approach

Approach

Dr. Shalini Talwar

Associate Professor-Finance

K J Somaiya Institute of Management

Studies and Research,

Dr. Satish Kulhari

Director

HRCT Group of Institutions,

Morta, Ghaziabad

AbstractThe adoption of e-banking in India has produced many advantages to both the banks and

the ultimate customers. The use of information technology has not only reduce the costs of

operation but also made banking operations more effective, easy to maintain, speedier and

highly competitive. The banks cannot remain standoffish from the concept of e-Banking

and they should bring requisite changes in their systems to meet the necessities and

challenges of e-banking. The main objective of this study is to measure and assess banking

customers’ perception with regard to e-banking in selected banks in India. To achieve the

objective of the current study, a close-ended questionnaire incorporating multiple-choice

options was used. A total of 350 customers from the selected banks were surveyed.

Key words: Banking system, e-banking Indian banks, information technology, traditional

banking.

INTRODUCTION

The economy of a country can function smoothly only if its banking system is flexible and capable of meeting the new challenges posed by the technology and other exogenous and endogenous factors. The importance and role of information technology in ensuring smooth functioning of banks cannot be over-emphasised. There is an immediate need for not only technology upgradation but also its integration with the functioning of banks to give them an edge in respect of services provided to the customers, better housekeeping, optimising the use of funds and building up of management information system for decision making. The technology has the potential to change methods of marketing, advertising, designing, pricing and distributing financial products and services, and cost savings in the form of an electronic, self-service product-delivery channel. The technology holds the key to the future success of Indian Banks. E-banking is the need of the hour, which cannot be lost sight of except at the cost of elimination from the competition. The use of e-Banking also becomes inevitable due to the standards required to be matched at the international level. Thus, the domestic as well as the international standards mandates the adoption of e-Banking at the earliest possible moment and at all levels.

The adoption of E-Banking in India has produced many advantages to both the banks and the ultimate customers. The use of information technology has not only reduce the costs of operation but also made banking operations more effective, easy to maintain, speedier and highly competitive. The banks cannot remain standoff from the concept of e-

Banking and they should bring requisite changes in their systems to meet the necessities and challenges of e-Banking. The challenges posed by e-Banking are mostly of procedural nature, which can be easily counterbalanced by adopting suitable technological and security measures. The domestic standards of banking have to be in conformity with the international standards making international dealings from India safe and fast, which are presently not liberal enough. No system or institution can hope to benchmark itself against international standards without making optimal use of technology. There is no doubt about the enormous potential and emancipated opportunities offered by advances in technology. However, there are pre-requisites and preparations, which have to be made before the full benefits of the technology can be harvested.

The face of banking has been altered irreversibly by

increased competition, technological advancement and

lifestyle changes. Nowadays, alternative modes and

channels are being researched and used by banks to deliver

services in a bid to differentiate themselves against their

competitors from both, the banking and non-banking sector.

The profile of customers, both corporate and retail, has

changed drastically. The new age customers expect basic

services of banks with no time-lag. They want their

financial transactions to be completed as and when they

want. They are not ready to wait in queues for the basic

services. These expectations of the customers can now be

fulfilled by banks due to rapid expansion in the number of

computer systems. The electronic mode of banking services

FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 )2

and completion of transactions is fast becoming the best and

the most effective way for banks to meet their clients’

expectations.

The current paper analyses e-banking in India from the point

of view of the end-users i.e. the customers of the bank. The

paper is organized in following sections: In section 2,

objectives of the study are presented along with a

description of the research methodology. Data analysis is

presented in section 3 followed by conclusion in section 4.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND OBJECTIVES OF

THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to measure and assess

banking customers’ perception with regard to e-banking in

selected banks in India. To achieve the objective of the

current study, a close-ended questionnaire incorporating

multiple-choice options was used. A total of 350 customers

from the selected banks were surveyed. A continuous

profile of education (from illiterate to highly qualified) was

achieved in the data collection.

The banks selected for the study have been chosen on

mainly to ensure diversity with at least one bank being

selected from the each category: nationalized banks,

regional private banks, new private banks and foreign

banks. Following is list of banks selected for the purpose of

the study:

Nationalized Bank SBBJ

Regional Private Bank Bank of Rajasthan

Private Bank of National Level ICICI Bank

Foreign Bank Citibank

While formulating the questionnaire, preliminary research

was undertaken by the researchers to find reasons, usage

and success of e-banking from the customers’ perspective.

The questionnaire incorporated various factors in the form

of questions related to services offered by the banks whether

the bank offers e-banking facilities or not. It also

incorporated whether the customers are aware of e-banking

facilities offered by various banks and which is the most

frequently used e-banking facility by the customers, in

general out of the various e-banking services offered by the

banks. The input questionnaire also attempted to compare

traditional banking vis-à-vis e-banking in terms of cost

saving, efficiency, time saving, secrecy along with quality

of services and complaint resolution. The respondents were

also asked to rate banks in terms of e-banking facilities

offered by respective banks.

The banking customers were also prompted to recall to as to

what is most significant contribution of e-banking, whether

customers are informed by their respective banks about e-

banking facilities offered by them and whether that

customers feels the e-banking is advantageous as compared

to traditional banking. Through the input questionnaire the

researchers also attempted to find out from the respondent

whether e-banking contributes to success of a bank, and

what is the significance of behavior of people (employees)

when a customer is using tele-banking services provided by

their respective banks. Further, the respondents were asked

whether the future of banking is e-banking.

The scope of present study necessitates the use of tools of

statistical analysis. A matrix of size 350x19 was formulated

and data entry was incorporated by providing the choices

selected by the respondents. The questions were formulated

in ascending order of inclination. The minimum inclination

was awarded zero value whereas five was awarded as the

highest inclination. Value four was omitted in inclination

allotment. The Pearson co-relation coefficient was

determined through statistical techniques for finding out the

correlation between various questions and has been

described in the data analysis. The Pearson co-relation

coefficients achieved have been highly realistic.

The objectives of the research are:

• To help the banks both the private as well as public

sector banks identify the benefits and the utilities

which customers are seeking and hence design the

offer.

• To examine the role of intermediaries in e-banking

• To assess alternative channels of distribution for

various banking products

• To study the promotional mix being used in promoting

various banking products

• To compare e-banking services of new private banks

vs. nationalized bank from banking customers’

perspective.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE

SURVEY RESPONSE DATA

Presented below is a tabulation and analysis of the response

received through the survey of 350 respondents who were

customers of the banks selected for the study.

3.1 Frequency distribution, analysis and interpretation of

the questions asked through the questionnaire:

3.1.1 Duration of association with a particular bank:

Source: Based on authors’ calculation

The majority of respondents who have been selected for this

study have been banking with their respective bank for

duration of 3 years or more. As is evident from the responses

246 respondents out of 350 are banking with their respective

banks for 3 years or more than 3 years. The researchers feel

that with such high percentage (more than 70%) of


respondents banking with one bank for more than 3 years,

the responses so collected can be assumed to be relevant and

valid responses. Thus, it is presumed that the input

questionnaire and responses to the questions by the

respondent can be taken as valid primary input data.

3.1.2 Reasons for changing the banks:


The input data against question number 3 gave the above

frequency of distribution form 350 respondents. A very high

percentage (66.9%) cited inconvenience as reason for

changing the bank. Another 33 respondents cited privacy as

a reason for changing the bank, whereas 63 respondents

cited poor facilities as reason for changing the bank.

As we see e-banking offers convenience of operation and

maintains privacy of operations in banking industry, it is

likely to keep the respondents glued to their respective bank.

We can conclude that consumers want convenience and

privacy in their banking operations, hence prefer bank

branches with e-banking faculties.

3.1.3 Consumer rating of services offered by the bank?


The input data against question number 4 gave the above

frequency of distribution for 350 respondents. A high

percentage (46.3%) quoted their bank services to be very

good, whereas 39.1% quoted their bank services to be

excellent. This outcome corresponds with the earlier input

wherein respondents quoted inconvenience as the reason for

changing the bank. This proves that if the e-banking is

offered by the respective bank, it adds to consumer

perception of excellent to very good services by the bank.

3.1.4 Whether e-banking is offered by the bank?

As is evident from table 4, the majority (67.7%) of

respondents who have been selected for this study, indicated

that their bank offered e-banking facility regularly. 317

respondents out of 350, which is greater than 90% of the

population, informed the e-banking services to be

sometimes or regularly. The researchers feel that with such

Table 1: Q2. For how long you are banking with this bank?

Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

One Year 7 2.0 2.0 2.0

Two Years 81 23.1 23.1 25.1

Three Years 180 51.4 51.4 76.6

Five Years 66 18.9 18.9 95.4

More than five years 16 4.6 4.6 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 3 0.9 0.9 0.9

Good 48 13.7 13.7 14.6

Very good 162 46.3 46.3 60.9

Excellent 137 39.1 39.1 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 3:Q4. How do you find the services offered by your bank in modern times?

Table 2: Q3. If you have changed your bank in the past, it was due to….


Poor quality 9 2.6 2.6 2.6

Bad behavior 11 3.1 3.1 5.7

Poor facilities 63 18.0 18.0 23.7

Inconvenience 234 66.9 66.9 90.6

Privacy reasons 33 9.4 9.4 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

high percentage of respondents utilizing e-banking quite

regularly, it can be presumed that the input questionnaire

and responses to the questions by the respondent can be

taken as valid primary input data.

3.1.5 Frequency of using E-Banking Facilities?


Table 5 makes it clear that the input data against question

number 6 gave the above frequency of distribution from 350

respondents. A very high percentage (61.4%) cited regular

use of e-banking facilities offered by their bank. Another 34

respondents have shown ignorance about the e-banking

whereas 84 respondents used the services sometimes. As we

see, e-banking services are more frequently used by the

customers rather than the traditional banking services and it

is likely that more and more customers will demand e-

banking products.

3.1.6 Most frequently used service of e-banking?


The input data, when subjected to statistical analysis,

showed a highly skewed (94.9%) utilization of ATM, which

is nothing but a digitized traditional banking service. The

utility of e-banking services has been negligible (single

digit respondents) which shows that only the simplest of the

e-banking services has been utilized by the respondents.

The research also indicates that the majority of the services

used by the customers are withdrawal/deposit of cash which

can be considered as the primary function of a bank.

3.1.7 Comparison with traditional banking from cost

saving :


The frequency of distribution, as arrived at in table 7, shows


Don’t know 16 4.6 4.6 4.6

Never 2 0.6 0.6 5.1

Rarely 15 4.3 4.3 9.4

Sometimes 80 22.9 22.9 32.3

Regularly 237 67.7 67.7 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 4:Q5. Does your bank offer e-banking facilities?Source: Based on authors’ calculation


Don’t know 34 9.7 9.7 9.7

Never 3 0.9 0.9 10.6

Rarely 14 4.0 4.0 14.6

Sometimes 84 24.0 24.0 38.6

Regularly 215 61.4 61.4 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 5: Q6. How often you use various e-banking facilities offered by your bank?


ATM 332 94.9 94.9 94.9

PC Banking 1 0.3 0.3 95.1

Electronic Funds Transfer 6 1.7 1.7 96.9

Direct deposit 5 1.4 1.4 98.3

RTGS 6 1.7 1.7 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 6: Q7. Which is the most frequently used e-banking facility by you?


a highly skewed (99%) categorization of good or superior

grade to good or above towards cost saving when e-banking

is compared with traditional banking. Only a few

respondents have awarded fair or poor category to e-

banking. The research also indicates that the majority of the

services used by the customers are withdrawal/deposit of

cash, which can be considered as the primary function of a

bank.

3.1.8 Comparison with traditional banking from

efficiency:


As is evident from the table 8, more than 99% of the

respondents (which can statistically be considered as the

entire population) graded good or superior efficiency while

comparing traditional banking with e-banking. This is

nearer to the reality since no personal involvement exists

while dealing with the e-banking. The research also

indicates that the majority of the customers feel that the

efficiency achieved by the respondents with the use of e-

banking has been near perfect.

3.1.9 Comparison with traditional banking from time

saving:


Table 9 makes it clear that all 100% of the respondents i.e.

the entire population used good or superior category in time-

saving while comparing traditional banking with that of e-

banking. This is important as the customer need not spend

time in traveling to the mortar branch when he is using e-

banking facility. The time spend in the process is also very

low since no manual work is involved in the automated e-

banking facilities. The research also indicates that the

majority of the customers feel that the time saving achieved

by the respondents with the use of e-banking has been very


Poor 1 0.3 0.3 0.3

Fair 3 0.9 0.9 1.1

Good 53 15.1 15.1 16.3

Very good 239 68.3 68.3 84.6

Excellent 54 15.4 15.4 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 7: Q8. How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of cost saving?


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 3 0.9 0.9 0.9

Good 38 10.9 10.9 11.7

Very good 169 48.3 48.3 60.0

Excellent 140 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 8: Q9. How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of efficiency?


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Good 23 6.6 6.6 6.6

Very good 135 38.6 38.6 45.1

Excellent 192 54.9 54.9 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 9: Q10. How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of time saving?


high.

3.1.10 Comparison with traditional banking from secrecy

view point:


The input data, when subjected to statistical analysis, shows

that all 100% of the respondents i.e. the entire population

used good or superior category from secrecy view point

while comparing traditional banking with that of e-banking.

Considering the wide use of communications technology

the world is narrowing down, secrecy becomes an important

consideration.

3.1.11 Comparison with traditional banking from quality of

services:


The frequency of distribution as arrived at in table 11

against question number 12 gave the pattern from 350

respondents. A very high percentage (99.4%) cited good or

superior quality of services rendered by banks providing e-

banking facilities as against the traditional mortar banking

services. Less than one percent of the respondents indicated

fair or inferior services. As we can see, e-banking services

render superior quality service to the today’s quality

oriented customers and it is likely that more and more

customers will opt for e-banking services.

3.1.12 Comparison with traditional banking from

complaint resolution:


As is evident from table 12, the frequency distribution of

350 respondents, shows a highly skewed (98.0%)


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Good 26 7.4 7.4 7.4

Very good 192 54.9 54.9 62.3

Excellent 132 37.7 37.7 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 10: Q11 How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of secrecy?


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 2 0.6 0.6 0.6

Good 34 9.7 9.7 10.3

Very good 188 53.7 53.7 64.0

Excellent 126 36.0 36.0 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 11: Q12. How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of quality of services?


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 7 2.0 2.0 2.0

Good 50 14.3 14.3 16.3

Very good 187 53.4 53.4 69.7

Excellent 106 30.3 30.3 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 12: Q13. How do you compare e-banking with traditional banking in terms of complaint resolution?


satisfaction level of complaint resolution with the grading

of good and superior by the respondents. Since the time and

time value of money are important to the customers,

complaints, if any, are expected to be resolved at the earliest

possible time by the banks. In this regard, the decisions are

taken by the electronic mail and the counter entries are

incorporated keeping the customers informed. The

information to the customer about his complaint resolution

elevates him psychologically.

3.1.13 Rating of the Banks based on e-banking facilities:



that since the pace of technological change is faster than its

incorporation in the financial sector, it is almost impossible

to keep updated as far as the technology up gradation is

concerned. However, 20.9% of the respondents felt and

observed their banks to be up-to-date. The majority (61.4%)

of the respondents felt their banks to be dynamic. 16.6% of

the respondents gave the rating to be progressive. The

research indicates that the majority of the banks providing

the e-banking facilities are trying hard to keep the pace with

the technology.

3.1.14 Significant contribution of the e-banking:


The frequency of distribution, as arrived at in table 14,

shows more than 80% of the respondents feel that the most

significant contribution of e-banking is convenience to

them. The customers rate the reliability and secrecy as equal

contributing factors. Less than 1% of the population selects

the time saving and efficiency as their contributing factor.

The researchers feel that the convenience is the most

important factor for a customer to check, before entering

into the banking deals. The customers are not much

Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percen Cumulative Percent

Don’t know 25 7.1 7.1 7.1

Never 15 4.3 4.3 11.4

Rarely 33 9.4 9.4 20.9

Sometimes 189 54.0 54.0 74.9

Regularly 88 25.1 25.1 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 15: Q16. Are you informed about all the e-banking facilities offered by your bank?


Time saving 1 0.3 0.3 0.3

Efficiency 2 0.6 0.6 0.9

Convenience 285 81.4 81.4 82.3

Reliability 30 8.6 8.6 90.9

Secrecy 32 9.1 9.1 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 14:Q15. What is the most significant contribution of e-banking?


Traditional 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Modern 4 1.1 1.1 1.1

Progressive 58 16.6 16.6 17.7

Dynamic 215 61.4 61.4 79.1

Up to date 73 20.9 20.9 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 13:Q14. How do you rate your bank based on e-banking facilities?


interested in time-saving when compared with their

convenience.

3.1.15 Intimation e-banking facilities offered:


As is evident from table15, the customers are not informed

about all the e-banking facilities offered by their respective

banks regularly. Only one-fourth of the banks inform their

clients about new facilities. Nearly half of the respondents

were informed sometimes whereas the remaining one-

fourth of the respondents were rarely or never informed.

The researchers feel quite surprised to know that the

customers are not informed about all the e-banking facilities

offered by their respective banks regularly. However, it may

be possible that the information regarding latest

development and facilities offered/ introduced by the bank

is intimated to the customers through correspondence or

print media. It can be easily concluded that majority of the

customers keep themselves ignorant of the banking

developments due to time constraints or poor knowledge.

3.1.16 Comparative advantage of e-banking:


Table 16 exhibits the response to question number 17. It

shows that 93.4% of the respondents felt the e-banking to be

sometimes or regularly advantageous when compared with

the traditional mortar banking and other 6.6% were

ignorant. The researchers feel that the banks have to take a

giant leap in educating the customers about both the services

and advantages of the e-banking. It is quite surprising to see

that 23 out of 350 respondents were not aware of the

advantages of e-banking.

3.1.17 Opinion of customers about success of banks due to

e-banking:


Don’t know 23 6.6 6.6 6.6

Never 0 0.0 0.0 6.6

Rarely 23 6.6 6.6 13.1

Sometimes 126 36.0 36.0 49.1

Regularly 178 50.9 50.9 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 16: Q17. Do you feel e-banking is advantageous compared to traditional banking?


Don’t know 16 4.6 4.6 4.6

Strongly disagree 1 0.3 0.3 4.9

Disagree20 5.7 5.7 10.6

Agree 184 52.6 52.6 63.1

Strongly agree 129 36.9 36.9 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 17: Q18. Do you feel for a bank to be successful, it needs to offer e-banking facilities to the customers?


Poor 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fair 1 0.3 0.3 0.3

Good 57 16.3 16.3 16.6

Very good 175 50.0 50.0 66.6

Excellent 117 33.4 33.4 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 18: Q19. How is the behavior of employees, when you are banking using tele-banking with your bank?




that about 90% of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed

to the fact that for a bank to be successful, e-banking is a

must. Only about 5% of the population disagreed with the

fact whereas the remaining 5% were not clear about the

question and preferred to reserve their comments. The

research indicates that the majority of the customers feel

that the developments in the technology have to be

incorporated in the banks to be successful.

3.1.18 Behavior of the employees at tele-banking:


The frequency of distribution as arrived at in table 18, shows

that almost 99.7% of the respondents i.e. the entire

population used good or superior category from behavior

view point of the tele-operators. Only one respondent

categorized the behavior of the tele-operators as fair while

none awarded poor behavior. Since the attitude and

behavior of the employees has been good or very good,

more and more customers are likely to get attracted to e-

banking.

3.1.19 Comparative advantage of e-banking:


As is evident from table 19, almost all 98.6% of the

respondents agreed or strongly agreed to the fact that the

future of the banking is e-banking. Only 5 respondents out

of 350 interviewed, disagreed. Nearly 60% of the customers

strongly agreed and believed that in future, all banks will use

e-banking operations.

3.2 KARL PEARSON’S COEFFICIENT OF

CORRELATION

Among several mathematical methods of measuring

correlation, Karl Pearson’s method, popularly known as

Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is most widely used in

practice. The Pearson coefficient of correlation is denoted

by symbol r. It is used universally to describe the degree of

correlation between two series. The value of coefficient of

correlation always lies between ± 1. When r = + 1, it means

there is perfect positive correlation between the two

variables. When r = – 1, it means there is perfect negative

correlation between the variables. When r = 0, it means there

is no relationship between the two variables. However in

practice, we generally get values that lie between + 1 and – 1

such as + 0.8, – 0.26. Thus, +0.8 would mean the correlation

is positive because the sign of r is + and the magnitude of

correlation is 0.8. Similarly 0.26 means low degree of

negative correlation. While analyzing the data in the present

study, SPSS software was employed to arrive at coefficient

of correlation between various variables to establish the

degree of association.

3.2.1 Pearson Correlation – Duration of banking with a

particular bank and reasons for change


When the weighted values of responses to question number

2 and question number 3 are correlated, the value of r comes

out to be 0.191 i.e. positive correlation which is low,

indicating insignificant correlation. We can conclude that

the reasons for changing the bank may be positively

correlated to various variables enumerated in the input

questionnaire like poor quality, bad behavior, poor

facilities, inconvenience and privacy. However, generally

customers will not change the bank on account of these

factors. This outcome may be assigned to individual identity

and personalized treatment a customer expects in the

banking industry.

3.2.2 Pearson Correlation – Evaluation of services,

Q2 Q3

Q2 1.000 0.191

Q3 0.191 1.000


Don’t know 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Strongly disagree 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Disagree5 1.4 1.4 1.4

Agree 137 39.1 39.1 40.6

Strongly agree 208 59.4 59.4 100.0

Total 350 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 19: Q20. Do you feel that the future of banking is e-banking?


Q4 Q5 Q6

Q4 1.000 0.141 0.200

Q5 0.141 1.000 0.252

Q6 0.200 0.252 1.000

provision of e-banking services and frequency of usage of e-

banking services

Source: Based on authors' calculation


4 and question number 5 are correlated, the value of r comes

out to be 0.141 i.e. positive correlation which is low,

indicating insignificant correlation. We can conclude that

the evaluation of banking services with the provision of e-

banking facilities are not strongly correlated. This weak

correlation significantly proves that the consumers’

perception of quality of services is not influenced by

provision of e-banking facilities offered by the bank.

When we take the weighted value of responses to question

number 4 and question 6, the value of r = 0.200. Again,

positive but not very significant correlation which proves

that the quality of services are not correlated strongly to

usage of e-banking facilities by the customers.

A significant finding here is that when the weighted values

are correlated between responses question no.5 and

responses to question no.6, the value of r = 0.252. This

comparatively high value of Pearson coefficient explains

that if a bank offers e-banking facilities, more and more

customers are willing to use it. This reflects a positive trend

towards preference of e-banking facilities.



7 and question number 8 are correlated, the value of r =

0.059 i.e. positive but very weak correlation. While the e-

banking facility commonly used by most respondents is

ATM facility, it does not significantly influence consumer

perception of e-banking.


7 and responses to question number 9 are correlated, the

value of r = -0.010, a negative correlation that conclusively

proves that usage of e-banking facility does not, in any way,

influence consumer perception of efficiency in the banking

industry, if e-banking facilities are offered by the concerned

bank.

When the weighted values of question number 7 and

question number 10 are correlated, the value of r = 0.108, a

positive but very weak correlation which implies that e-

banking does not influence consumer perception in terms of

time saving with most of the respondents.


7 are correlated with the weighted values of responses to

question number 11, the value of r = 0.026, a positive but

weak correlation. This again means that e-banking usage

does not influence consumer perception of privacy in

banking in general.


7 are correlated to responses to question number 12, the

value of r = -0.012, a negative correlation between these two

variables proves that consumers do not significantly

perceive e-banking as adding to the quality of banking

Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14

Q7 1.000 0.059 -0.010 0.108 0.026 -0.012 -0.015 0.177

Q8 0.059 1.000 0.249 0.222 0.098 0.163 0.075 0.116

Q9 -0.010 0.249 1.000 0.206 0.177 0.207 0.070 -0.083

Q10 0.108 0.222 0.206 1.000 0.233 0.169 0.255 0.080

Q11 0.026 0.098 0.177 0.233 1.000 0.019 0.076 0.077

Q12 -0.012 0.163 0.207 0.169 0.019 1.000 0.135 0.084

Q13 -0.015 0.075 0.070 0.255 0.076 0.135 1.000 0.136

Q14 0.177 0.116 -0.083 0.080 0.077 0.084 0.136 1.000

3.2.3 Pearson Correlation – Evaluation of specific e-banking, comparison of e-banking with traditional banking

in terms of cost saving, efficiency, time-saving, secrecy, quality of services, complaint resolution and perception

of the bank based on e-banking facilities it offers


Q15 Q16 Q17

Q15 1.000 -0.202 -0.186

Q16 -0.202 1.000 -0.069

Q17 -0.186 -0.069 1.000

services in the banking industry.

Similarly, when the weighted values of responses to

question number 7 are correlated with responses to question

number 13, the value of r = -0.015, a negative value

signifying that consumers do not perceive that e-banking in

any way is contributing to complaint resolution in banking

industry.

Further, when the weighted values of responses to question

number 7 are correlated with the responses to question

number 14, the value of r = 0.177, a positive but weak

correlation signifying that consumers do not rate their bank

very high based on provision of e-banking facilities by the

bank.

3.2.4 Pearson Correlation – the most significant

contribution of e-banking, information about the e-

banking facilities offered by the bank and feeling of

respondents that e-banking is advantageous compared

to traditional banking


When the weighted values of responses to question nos. 15

are correlated to responses to question number No.16, the

value of r = -0.202 a negative correlation which proves that

the consumers do not attach much significance to the

contribution of e-banking and intimation of e-banking

facilities offered by the bank.

Similarly when the weighted values of responses to

question nos. 15 are correlated with responses to question

number no. 17, the value of r = -0.186, a negative correlation

showing that consumers do not perceive the contribution of

e-banking to be a significant advantage over traditional

banking.

Further when the weighted values of responses to question

nos. 16 are correlated with responses to question number no.

17, the value of r = -0.069, a very small and negative

correlation showing that consumers do not feel that

information about e-banking is linked to the advantage of e-

banking over traditional banking.

3.2.5 Pearson Correlation – the need of e-banking

facilities, the behaviour of tele-banking employees and

the future of banking is e-banking


When the weighted values of responses to question nos. 18

are correlated to responses to question number no. 19, the

value of r = -0.016, a negligible and negative correlation

indicating that the consumers do not significantly perceive

the need of e-banking facilities and the behavior of bank

employees during tele-banking interaction with the

consumers.

Similarly when the weighted values of responses to

question nos. 18 are correlated with responses to question

number no. 20, the value of r = 0.166, a positive correlation

showing that consumers perceive that e-banking facilities

are the future of banking industry.

Further, when the weighted values of responses to question

nos. 19 are correlated with responses to question number no.

20, the value of r = 0.300, a positive and reasonably large

correlation indicating the perception of consumers that

good behaviour of bank employees during tele-banking

leads to the future of the banks using e-banking facilities.

4. CONCLUSION

Through the input questionnaire, the researchers collected

primary data, which was statistically analyzed using

frequency distribution of various responses and Pearson

correlation coefficient to compute the correlation between

various factors that contributed to the increased usage and

success of e-banking.

The banks feel e-banking is advantageous compared to

mortar banking in two fold manner. One, the use of

information technology for delivery of banking services,

which has not only impacted the banking products but also

facilitated new outlets, for example, ATMs, internet, etc.

Two, it has renewed focus on the high net worth customers,

which has created a different type of private banking in the

Indian banks. The banks are now not only conscious of the

customer needs but are focused on customer relationship

management as well.

Q18 Q19 Q20

Q18 1.000 -0.016 0.166

Q19 -0.016 1.000 0.300

Q20 0.166 0.300 1.000


5. REFERENCES

1 Agarwal, RK Analysis of Financial Statements, Jaipur: Printwell Publishers. 1998

2 Avadhani, VA Marketing of Financial Services, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. 1999

3 Basu, AK Fundamentals of Banking Theory and Practice, New Delhi : S. Chand & Sons. 1999

4 Chandra, P Financial Management Theory & Practice, New Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. 1999

5 Foster, G Financial Statement Analysis, New York : Prentice Hall. 1986

6 Kothari, CR Research Methodology : Methods & Techniques, New Delhi : Vishwa Prakashan. 1999

7 Kotler, Philip Marketing Management, New Delhi: Pearson Education Asia. 2003

8 Lovelock, C Services Marketing, New Delhi : Pearson Education Asia. 2002

9 Mathur, BL Banking Management, Jaipur: Arihant Publishing House. 1994

10 Rangarajan, C Innovations in Banking: The Indian Experience, New Delhi. 1973

11 Shah, Manubhai New Role of Reserve Bank in India’s Development, Mumbai : Vora & Co. 1972

12 Varshney, PN Indian Financial System & Commercial Banking, New Delhi : Sultan Chand & Sons. 2001



Research article

Rural Housing Finance: Scope for Indian Commercial Banks

Dr. Padmanava MohapatraAssistant Professor,

Asian School of Business

Management,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Ms. Khirabdhi Tanaya

Mohapatra

Faculty, Centre for Management

Studies,

Odisha Engineering College,

Bhubaneswar

AbstractEvery human being aspires to have his/her own house to live in. After food and clothing, housing is the third most important human requirement. Housing, however, is a major expenditure and cannot be funded out of a family’s normal monthly income or savings. Loan is offered to purchase/build a new house on the basis of his/her eligibility and the bank’s lending rules. Commercial banks play a dynamic role in providing housing finance by it’s widely spread branches all over India. Unfortunately, the contribution of rural housing finance is negligible. This paper exclusively studies the rural housing finance with the objectives like- scope for commercial banks in rural, satisfaction level on rural housing finance services and future course of action. The paper in order to study the objectives took a sample of 794 family heads from costal districts in the state of Odisha as respondent and analysed their opinions. It is found that a large group of intended rural people are untapped by the banks under the housing finance. Thus, the commercial banks have huge scope for this product and to work for future in costal Odisha.

Keywords: Rural housing finance, Commercial banks, Satisfaction level

INTRODUCTION

After food and clothing, housing is the third most important

human requirement. On an average a person spends almost

two-thirds of his life in a house which is his sanctuary in his

old age. Every human being aspires to have his/her own

house to live in. Housing, however, is a major expenditure

and cannot be funded out of a family’s normal monthly

income or savings. Loan is offered to purchase or build a

new house on the basis of their eligibility and the bank’s

lending rules. Government indirectly gives encouragement

for housing financers by offering number of tax concessions

to individuals. As a result tax payers are putting their interest

for housing finance. Thus, a number of players were entered

in housing finance. Today there are 350 housing finance

companies registered with the registrar of companies, of

these 29 have been approved by National Housing Bank for

financial assistance.

The housing loan market in India has grown at a rapid and

alarming rate of over 40% over the period of the last four

years, i.e. from 2013 and back. It was found that commercial

banks are very popular among the customers these days.

The trust level that the customers have with these banks is

very high in comparison to others. Inadequate housing

facilities have led to the rapid growth of slums and

unauthorized settlements, unhygienic dwelling and poor

quality of services. In rural areas the situation is even more

alarming. People don’t have a comfort living due to

deplorable and unhygienic dwelling house. Majority of

them are in need, desire also but don’t have because of

financial hindrances and ignorance of housing finance.

LITERATURE REVIEW

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 1943) says, the world housing

has a general meaning covering conditions and statistics

applying to all the dwellings of the community. It is used to

refer to the problem created by deficiency in number or

defects in conditions of the dwellings. (Ministry of

Information and Broadcasting, 1988-89) suggested certain

minimum standard housing is essential for healthy and

civilized existence. Shelter is a basic human need and as an

intrinsic part of human settlement, is closely linked with the

process of overall socio-economic development

(Krishnamachar, 1980).

In the opinion of (Paul, 1983) the financial burden of

investment in housing is generally very heavy, when the

owner does not have sufficient funds available to pay for the

site and the entire cost of construction, one must make

arrangements to obtain funds from some other sources.

(Naik, 1981) is of the opinion that housing loans are usually

advanced against, the security of mortgage of land and the

building to be constructed with the loan. Housing finance is

therefore mortgage finance. (Kamraj & Somu, 2013) states

that the scope for banking industry is very bright and the

banks can succeed only if they perform well in this

competitive environment. The housing loan schemes

offered by banks in order to give a enhance to the housing

scenario in India and to narrow down the margin between

the housing demand and the availability of houses (Naik,

1981). (Chaudhary & Janjhua, 2011) suggested that higher

satisfaction level among the respondents indicates that the

bank is responsive to the needs and problems of the

customers. The success of the housing companies in the

market rest on the availability of customized product and

also the service quality offered to customers. The future

growth of the companies depends upon its qualitative

service to the customers. At this juncture, the banks should

evaluate their services and identify their distinction from

others. Changing customer needs and uncertain economic

conditions in are exerting pressure on housing companies

while testing their ability to survive. The only way to

succeed in the market is the formulation of differentiated

service to different customer segments (Nallusamy, 2012).

Most of the housing finance companies in India have

introduced several new home loan products in order to meet

the needs of a wide variety of customers. The various home

loan schemes have market. The customer can choose those

schemes which he feels is good for him and have the

capacity to repay it on that specified time period was

suggested by (Rajalakshmi, Pappeswari, & Venkatesh,

2013).

(Munjee, Gupta, & Hutheesing, 1990) opines that credit

flows into the housing sector originates either from formal

or informal sector. The formal sector includes budgetary

allocations, of central and state governments, financial

institutions like the LIC, Unit Trust of India, Commercial

Banks, Provident funds and Public Sector Institutions such

as HUDCO. The home loan market in India has grown at a

rapid and alarming rate of over 40% over the period of the

last four years. And it is evident that these are very little

chance that these will be any significant decline in growth

rates in the future. The Indian housing finance sector is

expected to grow significantly. The economic boost,

emerging global markets exposure, changing lifestyles and

international cultural influx will continue defining the new-

age Indian home loan customer and the industry at large.

Housing market is one of the major contributors to the

Indian economy. The growing purchasing power of the

lower-and middle-income population, changing

demographics and government and regulatory support,

have all been driving the demand for housing finance

(Sridharan, 2014).

(Tiwari, 2007) says in the whole discussion about

devolution of power at local level, the core issue of funding

is being marginalized. Whatever be the level of devolution

of power, adequate funding is a prerequisite. Decades of

negligence of funding in the housing sector and low

incomes have all contributed to present problems with rural

housing. Low-income households would require

investment in social housing to eliminate poor quality

kutcha housing. PRIs without adequate fiscal clout cannot

be expected to sort out housing and other related problems.

It is important to recognize that rural housing problem is a

national problem and cannot be funded only at the local

level.

About 25% of the world’s population does not have

sufficient shelter and live in sub-human conditions. The

shortage of housing in India persists since independence.

According to the planning commission the shortage of

dwelling units are expected to reach 41 million. This

resulted due to the growth of population shift in

demographic pattern and rising income of the middle class

vis-à-vis the availability stock. In order to rectify this

mismatch between demand and supply the government

encouraged the housing finance institution and banks

(public and private) for bridging the resource gap (Mishra,

2011).

(Thingalaya, Shetty, & Moodithaya, 2010) narrates housing

for all should not remain a distant dream in India; it should

be made a reality without any further delay. In the Indian

context, the demand for housing finance remains and

continues to remain insatiable and it requires more need-

based schemes and not greed induced programs as happened

in subprime lending in the US. The percentage share of rural

housing loans in total housing loans declined from 10

percent in 2001 to 8 percent in 2007. As against this, the

metropolitan centres have improved their share

significantly from 39 percent to 55 percent during this

period. Surprisingly, there was a significant decline in the

shares of semi-urban and urban areas. The share of semi-

urban areas has declined from 22 percent to 12 percent,


whereas in the case of urban areas, the share in total housing

loans declined from 29 percent to 24 percent.

(Singh, 2013) says that in India, there is a big gap in the

housing finance market which is being addressed mainly by

the Central government. In recent years, financing to the

housing sector has been liberalized by the government and

RBI. There are a number of players in the housing market

and each player has a unique niche. These are commercial

banks, housing finance companies, cooperative banks and

non-bank finance companies. In India, urbanization has

been progressing rapidly from around 11 per cent in 1901 to

31 per cent in 2011 and is expected to reach 41 per cent by

2030 or a little more than 600 million persons in 2030 from

about 360 million persons in 2011.

(Sridharan, 2014) with the housing gap expected to

considerably further increase by 2030, the Indian housing

finance sector is expected to grow significantly. The

economic boost, emerging global markets exposure,

changing lifestyles and international cultural influx will

continue defining the new-age Indian home loan customer

and the industry at large.

Majority of the customers are not aware of the various other

home loan products offered by HDFC, other than the

product availed by them. Awareness can be created through

display boards within the office and newspaper inserts

(Vanaja & Sindhuja, 2013).

“Housing for all” is an important national agenda of the

Government of India. The Rural population account for

nearly 68.33 per cent of the country’s total population and

are the backbone of the country’s economy. However, the

quality of rural housing as also the volume of rural housing

shortage in the country is emerging as a critical and unique

challenge considering the varied dimensions of the rural

landscape and lifestyle (National Housing Bank, 2012).

Rural houses are financed by formal and informal sources of

finance. At present, a house being a pre-ponderous asset of a

household, people build their houses gradually as their

savings and availability of funds from informal sources

permit them. The present outreach of formal housing

finance institutions in the rural areas is minimal. Initiatives

were undertaken by the Ministry of Rural Development to

enhance the role of formal housing finance institutions in

rural areas through provision of equity capital to HUDCO

(Tiwari, 2007).

There is a requirement of the Banking sector including

Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks to step in

with appropriate instruments/programmes for lending to

rural housing so as to overcome the barriers/constraints in

rural housing finance which in turn can change the current

status of institutional financing for rural housing (National

Housing Bank, 2012)

Looking at the literatures above pertaining to the rural

housing finance the following three research lines are

identified and this paper includes these as its main

objectives to explore.

OBJECTIVES

1 To discover the scope of commercial banks as

regards to the rural housing finance

2 To study the satisfaction level of respondents on

banking services as regards to the rural housing finance.

3 To study the level of association and involvement

of the commercial banks in sharing knowledge of rural

housing finance among the rural people.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study has gathered information both from primary and

secondary sources. The secondary sources of information

are congregated from bank publications, research journals,

review reports and others like, business magazines, leading

business newspapers etc. The primary data have been

gathered through a structured questionnaire by

administering to 794 rural family heads of different revenue

villages in the costal districts of the state Odisha. Primarily

questionnaires were administered to 812 respondents but

responses from 18 were rejected due to abnormal and unreal

answers. The literatures above find that the income and

occupation profiles of people have momentous role in

construction of residential houses and availing loans for the

same. Thus, the demography of respondents is categorized

under income and occupation profile for the purpose of

study.

Research tools- The paper uses mostly the mean and

percentage study for analysis and interpretation of the

primary data.

RESULT AND FINDINGS


Demography- The population of the research is very high

and adoption of random sampling is seems to be difficult.

Convenient sampling although not defined as a method of

sampling still it has been adopted for this research looking at

the reality and appropriateness to the Indian research

environment. The demography of the respondents is

categorized under income and occupation profile for the

purpose of study.

Source: Primary data. (Figures represent number of

respondents)

It is observed that the sample covers majority of agricultural

landlords (land owners) followed by government sector

employees. Agricultural and daily wage labourers-

grouped under the head ‘Others’ are prone to the residential

houses available under various government schemes as per

criteria thus purposefully constitute negligible numbers in

the sample. In addition to these three groups other three

occupation groups like, private sector employees, self

employed and businessmen are taken

as demography. Income of the family

plays a dynamic role in construction

of residential houses in the rural

areas. Therefore, the income profile

of respondents has been grouped

under five sub-heads as per their

annual family income like, Very Low

(below Rs.50,000), Low (Rs.51,000 -

Rs.1,50,000), Middle (Rs.1,51,000 –

Rs. Rs.3,00,000), Upper Middle

(Rs.3,01,000 – Rs.5,00,000) and

High Income (Above Rs.5,00,000).

B a n k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n a n d

Awareness- The annual savings of

rural people has marginally

increased which is the result of their increase in annual

income. Awareness among the rural people of this district

relating to savings has seen increasing with the advent of

technology and education. Apart from rudimentary

expenditures like, fooding, clothing and other basics they

could save, if not much, good amount either to build houses,

or to invest in their respective businesses, or for social

occasions or for future exigencies. All have their respective

reasons to save. They (most of them) do not want to depend

on banks for reasons like- fear if they are unable to repay

loan bank will take over their mortgaged property, bank will

prefer higher security or bank will out rightly say “NO” (for

whatever reasons). Hence, they are dependent on their

savings. But, slowly the situation is changing.

Implementation of various government schemes under

inclusive growth movements, made the people of rural belt

associated with the banking activities now a days. Found,

the rural people are taking loans and advances from banks

for various commercial purposes. But, they are far to the

reach of housing finance till date. Whether, they are having

Occupation Govt. Sector Private Sector Self- Businessman Agricultural Others Total

Income Employees Employees Employed Landlord

Very Low - 18 4 16 30 22 90

Low 8 24 36 14 94 12 188

Middle 76 34 34 46 78 8 276

Upper Middle 68 26 20 22 40 - 176

High 22 10 8 12 12 - 64

Total 174 112 102 110 254 42 794

Table-1 (Income and Occupation profile of respondents)

Source: Primary data. Numerical figures indicate the number of respondents and their percentage. *Once in three months/more


deposits in the banks or availing loans for some of the

important points or depending upon the banks on certain

banking services they are visiting banks in time interval.

More is interval of visit more is the association. The level of

association is gradually increasing. In order to know the

frequency of their visit to the banks, the respondents have

been asked and the result is shown below through a pie

chart.

Scope for Commercial Banks- As housing is one of the

important basic and fundamental needs for every person,

more and more people are turning up to avail housing

finance. Various types of governmental schemes are also

providing them a helping hand too. Still, a very big part is

untouched in rural India.

At about 27% (see table- 2) of rural family are desirous to

avail housing loan. There is huge scope for the commercial

banks to hose finance in rural areas for housing. People want

to avail loan either for construction of their houses or

renovation or for extending a floor or two higher (refer

table-2). But, this is unfortunate neither the banks are

showing their promptness and interest nor the desiring

people leading towards housing finance. The status of

residential house of rural people and their inner urge to avail

a bank loan for construction and renovation may be felt from

the following primary data gathered through the

questionnaire.

Few people here have fear in taking a housing loan because

if they are unable to repay back, their property will be

overtaken by bank. A substantial part of the desiring group

has complained that they are told to keep margin way

beyond to their expectation. As a result it is seen that much

of people do not desire to go for housing loans. They are also

having a question mark on the preparedness of the banks for

it. In addition to these few other reasons like ignorance,

documentation complexities, middlemen’s play; etc hold

back the rural people from housing finance.

Satisfaction on Banking Services- There are few studies so

far, measuring the issues related to the satisfaction levels of

rural housing finance. This research paper primarily aims at

the study of respondents’ satisfaction level on banking

services as regards to rural housing finance. Respondent’s

opinions in this regard have been studied through various

parameters like- security norms, assistance given by bank,

time consumption for sanction of loan, documentation

process, installment norms, margin money, rate of interest,

flexibility in repayment period, transparency in processing,

any hidden charges like processing fees, administrative

charges. The satisfaction level on these factors has been

measured through a five point ratings ‘Likert Scale’, i.e. a

grading scale of 5 for highly satisfactory, 4 for satisfactory,

3 for neutral, 2 for dis-satisfactory and the least 1 for highly

dissatisfactory. The satisfaction level of respondents as

regards to their income and occupation profile has been

tabled as under.

Source: Primary data. GT stands for Group Total

Table-2 (Status of Permanent Residential Building)


The very low income group of people is least concern to the

housing finance as they desire a residential house under

various government schemes. Low income group are quite

dissatisfied regarding the services provided by banks

relating to housing loan as compared to other groups of

income because of their little association with banks.

However, the majority of rural people have not shown their

satisfaction as regards to the rural housing finance. The

satisfaction level ranges between 2 – 3 (dis-satisfaction to

neutrality). The major factors which irk people are- rates of

interest, documentation process, margin of money they are

told by bank to keep, and time required for sanctioning loan.

As observed above, the agricultural and daily wage workers

who are classified under ‘Others’ are highly dissatisfied

with the services provided by bank. Found that they are least

bothered to the housing finance and least associated to the

banks in the context too. Their need of residential house is

being available under various government schemes. Self-

employed respondents are also not satisfied and in second

position of dissatisfaction. Government sector employees

seem to be neutral as they get an added advantage in getting

housing finance. Commercial banks are very liberal in many

points while providing housing finance to them. However,

satisfaction level of rural people is not satisfactory on

Table-3 (Satisfaction on Banking Services as regards to the Income Profiles)

Source: Primary data

Table-4 (Satisfaction on Banking Services as regards to Occupation Profiles)



banking services irrespective of their occupation profiles.

Association and Involvement of the Commercial Banks-

The desirability of rural people to housing finance is high

but they are not grooming adequately. Bereft in

advertisement, canvassing and knowledge sharing perhaps

may be the reasons for the situation. For popularization and

customization of this product the commercial banks should

open up and think something out of box. They are to

increase their association with the rural people. The study at

its last phase tries to discover level of association and

involvement of the commercial banks in sharing knowledge

among the rural people.

In this regard respondents have been asked few questions

like, hoarding and board display in various village centers,

sponsoring cultural festivals/events, conduct of seminars

and meetings, educating people through personal

canvassing, display of videos in rural areas and providing

banking education to secondary school students. Their

opinion levels on the parameters have been measured

through

five pointer scale, i.e. very high, high, average, low and very

low and figured with 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The results

are tabled below in number 5 and 6.

Income Profiles

Parameters Hoarding and board display in various village centers

1.752 1.437 1.003 1.041 1.154

Sponsoring cultural festivals/events 1.594 1.156 0.868 1.212 1.123

Conduct of seminars, meeting etc 1.594 1.288 1.051 1.031 1.169

Educating people through personal canvassing

1.875 1.488 1.234 1.052 1.154

Display of videos in rural areas 1.031 1.451 0.446 0.991 1.015

providing banking education to secondary school students

0.594 1.207 0.496 0.773 0.954

Very Low Low Middle Upper Middle

High

Table-5 (Association and Involvement of the Commercial Banks)


Table-6 (Association and Involvement of the Commercial Banks)



The respondents of upper three income groups are the

present and prospective customers of rural housing loans.

Their opinions indicate that all the three groups are not at all

happy with the activities of the commercial banks

pertaining to all selected parameters tabled above. The

statistics indicate the level of association and involvement

of the commercial banks with the rural people is low. The

commercial banks are not at all sincere in developing

relationship with the people for promoting their housing

products in rural areas.

All of them have felt the impotence at all parameters. It

would definitely add substantial value if those will be

implemented adequately by the commercial banks.

Financial and banking literacy in our country is poor and

very poor particularly in rural base. Thus, commercial banks

should be careful enough in this regard which will no doubt

enable them to tap the untapped. Their association with the

rural people would no doubt propagate these products. They

have not proved their existence till now.

CONCLUSION

Government gives encouragement for house finance

subsidiaries. As a result a number of players entered into

housing finance. Commercial banks among them play a

dynamic role in providing housing finance by it’s widely

spread branches all over India. This paper exclusively

studied the rural housing finance and it is found that a large

group of intended rural people are untapped by the banks

under the housing finance. Thus the commercial banks have

huge scope for this product. The study came to a conclusion

that the satisfaction level of existing and prospective

customers on the services performed by the banks under

housing finance are unsatisfactory. Again, it discovered few

future educative activities of commercial banks to be

undertaken for popularization of rural housing finance.

Those are like

RECOMMENDATIONS

Few specific recommendations on the base of above study-

i Education is always a weapon so providing of

banking education to secondary school students is

strongly recommended.

ii Hoarding and board displays at prominent rural

centers are essential to spread the banking as well

as housing finance awareness.

iii Monetary sponsorship from banks for rural

festivals, tournaments and other social events.

iv Organisation of meetings, video shows relating to

prevailing banking services

v Introduction of orientation courses for bank

employees to deal with rural people.

Table-7 (Importance of Parameters)

(Source: Primary data. Highly important=3, Important=2, Not important=1, No comments=0)


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Research article

Performance Appraisal Practices in India: An Assessment of Techniques Adopted

by Public Sector Banks

Dr. Pallavee ShrivastavaSenior Research Fellow (UGC- SRF)(FMS) Banaras Hindu University

(BHU) Varanasi

Priyanka SrivastavaResearch Scholar(FMS) Banaras Hindu University

(BHU) Varanasi

Usha Kiran RaiProfessor(FMS) Banaras Hindu University

(BHU) Varanasi

Abstract

Banking services are one sector where a great degree of attention is being paid to

Performance Appraisal Systems.The “Performance Appraisal” is essentially an

opportunity for the individual and those concerned with their performance in the bank,

most usually their line manager to get together to engage in a dialogue about the

individual’s performance, development and the support required from the manager. As we

know that banking sector is a fast growing sector of India. With swift expansion in the

number of branches and the new functions assigned to them, banks are beginning to feel a

new pressure on their organizational abilities i.e. the processes of recruitment, placement,

training, promotion and appraisal, in order to ensure that the right number of staff with the

right capacities are available at the right time and for the right places. Appraisal is one of

the key factors of organizational ability which is also the focus of this study.

Keywords: Performance Appraisal, Banking Sectors, Employees feedback.

INTRODUCTION

Performance appraisal includes all formal procedures used

to evaluate personalities, contributions & potentials of

group members in a working organization. It is a continuous

process to secure information necessary for making correct

and objective decisions on employees.

The Prerequisites of Performance Appraisal System:

Documentation: – means continuous noting and

documenting the performance. It also helps the evaluators to

give a proof and the basis of their ratings.

Standards / Goals: – the standards set should be clear, easy

to understand, achievable, motivating, time bound and

measurable.

Practical and simple format: - The appraisal format should

be simple, clear, fair and objective. Long and complicated

formats are time consuming, difficult to understand, and do

not elicit much useful information.

Purpose of Performance Appraisal:

• To review the performance of the employees over

a given period of time.

• To judge the gap between the actual and the

desired performance.

• To help the management in exercising

organizational control.

• To diagnose the training and development needs of

the future.

• Provide information to assist in the HR decisions

like promotions, transfers etc.

• Provide clarity of the expectations and

responsibilities of the functions to be performed by

the employees.

• To judge the effectiveness of the other human

resource functions of the organization such as

recruitment, selection, training and development.

• To reduce the grievances of the employees.

• Helps to strengthen the relationship and

Source: http://www.naukrihub.com/appraisals/purpose-of- performance- appraisal.html

communication between superior – subordinates

and management – employees.

Purpose of Performance Appraisal in Banks

According to a recent survey, the percentage of banks (out of

the total bank surveyed) using performance appraisal for the

various purposes are as shown in the diagram below:

The most significant reasons of using Performance appraisal

are

• Making payroll and compensation decisions – 38%

• Training and development needs – 14%

• Identifying the gaps in desired and actual

performance and its cause – 23%

• Deciding future goals and course of action – 6%

• Promotions, demotions and transfers – 19%

LITERATURE REVIEW

Eichel and Bender (1984) stated that performance appraisal

can also be called as the Achilles heel of management.

Although leaders of many public organizations strive to be

employee focused or employee centered, a lack of emphasis

is given to a process intended to assist the employee in

achieving both personal and organizational goals.

Cascio (1998) defined performance appraisal as a process to

improve employee’s work performance by helping them

realize and use their full potential in carrying out the

organization’s missions and to provide information to

employees and managers for use in making work related

decisions. He goes on to define effective performance

appraisal system as an exercise in observation and judgment,

a feedback process and an organizational intervention. It is a

measurement process as well as an intensely emotional

process. Above all, Cascio stated, it is an inexact, human

process that is utilized differently in almost every

organization regardless of industry.

Edwards (2000) noted that effective performance appraisal

system can provide useful information regarding the

effectiveness of recruitment efforts, selection strategies,

training programs, and career development.

Angelo S. DeNisi & Robert D. Pritchard (2006) examined a

motivational framework on “Performance Management and

Improving Individual performance”. This research has

resulted in very few specific recommendations about

designing and implementing appraisal and performance

management systems whose goal is performance

improvement. We believe that a reason for this is that

appraisal research became too interested in measurement

issues and not interested enough in ways to improve

performance, although some recent trends in the area have

begun moving the field in the right direction. We review

these trends and their genesis, and propose a motivational

framework as a means of integrating what we have learned

and generating proposals for future research that focus on

employees’ performance improvement.

Shambhu Nath Chowdhury (2008) started that banking

services is one sector where a great degree of attention is

being paid to Performance Appraisal Systems. Several of

the public sector banks (PSBs) have changed their PAS or

are in the process of changing them.

Arvind Sudarsan (2009) evaluated the “Performance

Appraisal Systems” of 33 diverse organizations. Data was

collected from a respondent from each organization by

means of an open-ended questionnaire. Respondents’ views

were sought on major concerns, desired changes, and

number of forms used in evaluating performance in the

organization. The study observed that subjectivity and

appraiser bias were most common apprehensions in

evaluating performance appraisal system in the

organization. Strong needs were felt for identifying

measurable parameters for performance evaluation, and

providing multiple feedbacks to trim down appraiser bias.

Further, objectivity and measurable performance were

found to be most desirable areas to help improve

performance appraisal system.

Y. Zhang (2009) suggested that in Chinese state-owned

banking industry, employees’ perception of justice has a

positive relationship to their overall satisfaction with both

the performance appraisal process and its outcomes.

However, statistically significant differences were found in

relation to whether employees had received training in

performance appraisal or not.

Ekta Bhatia (2010) The performance appraisal or review is

essentially an opportunity for the individual and those

concerned with their performance in the bank , most usually

their line manager - to get together to engage in a dialogue

about the individual’s performance, development and the

support required from the manager. It should not be a top

down process or an opportunity for one person to ask

questions and the other to reply. It should be a free flowing

conversation in which a range of views are exchanged.

A. Shrivastava and P. Purang (2011) studied the differences

between public and private sector banks with respect to

perception of fairness of the performance appraisal system

and performance appraisal satisfaction. Perception of

fairness of the performance appraisal system has been

studied through nine factors. The study used independent


samples t-test and qualitative analysis to study the mean

differences between the two banks. Results indicated that

private sector bank employees perceive greater fairness and

satisfaction with their performance appraisal system as

compared to public sector bank employees.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1 To study the performance appraisal practices in

different Indian banks.

2 To know about the performance appraisal.

3 To understand the role of performance appraisal as

one of the key factors for enhancing

organizational ability.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In depth literature review and available secondary data from

various sources has been used to develop this paper.

GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING EMPLOYEE

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

You’ve invested your time, your money, and all your energy

into building your company. But no company can function

for very long without a team of productive employees

supporting it. It’s important not only that your employees

feel appreciated, but also that they feel they’re progressing

steadily in their careers.

One of the best ways to ensure this level of job satisfaction is

by holding employee performance reviews at least once a

year. However, as essential as these reviews can be for the

growth of the company and the well-being of its employees,

many small business owners remain uncomfortable with the

entire process.

To make your performance reviews as productive and as

painless as possible, follow these 10 tried-and-true

suggestions:

1 Be prepared. First of all, make sure you are fully

prepared before sitting down with the employee.

Decide both what you’re going to say and how you’re

going to say it.

2 Lead with the positive. It’s important to reaffirm the

employee’s strengths at the beginning of the review.

Since job security is the number one concern of most

people, the performance review is a good time to tell

an employee how much you value their contributions

to your business.

3 Don’t be confrontational. It’s also important not to

criticize the employee in general terms. The goal is to

evaluate job performance and not the person. A

performance review that turns into a gripe session

misses the opportunity to raise employee morale.

4 Keep it real. Human resource professionals

recommend that you avoid detailed reviews that are

too complicated and mechanistic, which can leave the

employee feeling like a drone rather than a human

being.

5 Be consistent. Make sure to handle performance

reviews in a consistent manner. Top performers

should hear affirmations from you regarding their

exemplary efforts; weak performers need to hear that

their performance requires improvement. A simple

approach to review criteria is to evaluate work based

on quantity and quality relative to the job

requirements. Secondary considerations might be

employee attitude, willingness to help other personnel

with their work when appropriate, and the ability to

get along with others.

6 Make it a two-way conversation. An effective

performance review requires an interactive

discussion with an open agenda. Try to formulate

questions that seek the employee’s ideas and input.

Remember, this will help the employee feel you value

his or her opinions. The review should also be a forum

for employees to voice their concerns.

7 Address what’s important to the employee. Since job

satisfaction is the most important factor affecting an

employee’s attitude (and therefore his or her level of

performance and value to your company), an effective

review should delve into areas that include issues

most important to that employee.

8 Discuss work/life balance. The performance review is

a good opportunity to show your concern for the

employee’s work/life balance, and to jointly discuss

solutions to improve that balance. It’s also a good time

to create a plan for the employee’s career

advancement and discuss what future opportunities

might exist for him or her.

9 Be a good listener. Remember to be an active listener

and to pick up on your employee’s verbal and

nonverbal cues.

10 Review regularly. Reviews should be done

proactively with the purpose of improving employee

morale and productivity. When you conduct them on

a regular basis, you avoid reviews prompted solely by


the need to document an employee’s poor

performance. This in turn can imply that the

information is being collected as evidence to avoid

litigation, should the employee ever be terminated.

The sign of a successful performance review is an employee

who leaves the meeting feeling motivated and excited about

his or her job. If the employee’s job satisfaction needs are

unmet, it’s less likely they will be motivated to focus on

your goals for the company. But if an employee feels

acknowledged, appreciated, and fairly rewarded for past

efforts, he or she will indeed become a valuable asset to the

future success of your company.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN BANKING SECTOR

“Performance Appraisal” is a vehicle to (1) validate and

refine organizational actions (e.g. selection, training); and

(2) provide feedback to employees with an eye on

improving future performance.

Validating and refining organizational action or banks

action:

Employee selection, training and just about any cultural or

management practice—such as the introduction of a new

pruning method or an incentive pay program—may be

evaluated in part by obtaining worker performance data.

The evaluation or appraisal may provide ideas for refining

established practices or instituting new ones. For instance,

appraisal data may show that a farm supervisor has had a

number of interpersonal conflicts with other managers and

employees. Some options include:

(1) Paying more attention to interpersonal skills when

selecting new supervisors, or

(2) Encouraging present supervisors to attend

communication or conflict management classes at

the local community college, or

(3) Providing the supervisor one-on-one counseling.

Data from “Performance Appraisals can also help farmers:

(1) Plan for long-term staffing and worker development,

or

(2) Give pay raises or other rewards, or

(3) Set up an employee counseling session, or

(4) Institute discipline or discharge procedures.

For validation purposes, it is easier to evaluate performance

data when large numbers of workers are involved such as in

banks. Useful performance data may still be collected when

employees are evaluated singly, but it may take years to

obtain significant data trends.

EMPLOYEE NEED FOR FEEDBACK

Although employees vary in their desire for improvement,

generally workers want to know how well they are

performing. A successful farmer recalled with sadness how

as a youth he had worked very hard, along with his

immigrant family, for a farmer who never seemed to notice

the effort. Years later he met the former employer and asked

why he had never made any positive comments about their

work. The response from the former boss was, “I feared you

would stop working as hard.”

People need positive feedback and validation on a regular

basis. Once an employee has been selected, few

management actions can have as positive an effect on

worker performance as encouraging affirmation. These are,

in effect, good-will deposits, without which withdrawals

cannot be made. This does not mean you should gloss over

areas needing improvement. When presented in a

constructive fashion, workers will often be grateful for

information on how to improve shortcomings. Such

constructive feedback, however, “can happen only within

the context of listening to and caring about the person.” In

general, supervisors who tend to look for worker’s positive

behaviors—and do so in a sincere, non-manipulative

way—will have less difficulty giving constructive feedback

or suggestions. Furthermore, in the negotiated approach, the

burden for performance analysis does not fall on the

supervisor alone, but requires introspection on the part of

the individual being evaluated.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS IN INDIAN

BANKS

Banking services is one sector where a great degree of

attention is being paid to Performance Appraisal Systems.

Several of the public sector banks (PSBs) have changed

their PAS or are in the process of changing them.

State Bank of India has recently adopted an open system of

appraisal. Its associate banks are likely to follow the same

after detailed experiences of State Bank of India are

available. Several banks also have self-appraisal as a part of

performance appraisal, although mostly such self-appraisal

is more of communication of achievements.

Allahabad Bank has introduced a system that aims in

helping officers to identify their strengths and weaknesses

and encourage improvement of performance on the job.

Indian Overseas Bank has a system in which a branch

manager gives a self-appraisal on business growth,


customer service, internal administration and training

requirements in great detail.

Union Bank of India has an appraisal system in which the

reporting officer is required to assess each of his appraisee

officers on technical skills, human skills and conceptual

skills. All these are defined for different categories of roles

and the assessment has to be made on a five-point scale.

Corporation Bank, UCO Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena

Bank and Bank of Baroda has introduced similar self-

appraisal formats.

Punjab National Bank has, primarily, a development-

oriented appraisal form. There are ten different formats

available for ten different categories of employees. The

bank started the system with a self-appraisal by the

appraisee.

Studies of the operating system of the successful

organizations, in general, reveal that a good PAS is the

corner stone to navigate an organization successfully in this

globalize environment of uncertainty and continuous

change. They have, therefore, developed and employed

such system and harnessing maximum benefits. But, like

many fields of organizational development, the PSBs are

lagging behind in this area too. Most of the PSBs have an

Annual Appraisal System that is historic in nature and

documents the past activities. It is a one time annual affair

only. Study of the format of annual appraisal of many of the

PSBs reveal that they are basically uniform in character with

emphasis in historical events and little or no importance for

future growth. In comparison with the new generation banks

and progressive organizations, the appraisal system in

PSBs, thus, is basically dysfunctional. The PAS, as an

important component of Performance Management

System, is yet to be conceived and made operational. But

developing and implementing a PAS seems overdue and

vitally important.

CONCLUSION

The “Performance Appraisal” is the central pillar of

performance management in the bank to keep the

motivation of the employees high. It usually reviews past

behavior and so provides an opportunity to reflect on past

performance of the bank employees. But to be successful

they should also be used as a basis for making development

and improvement plans and reaching agreement about what

should be done in the future to enhance the bank’s effect and

effectiveness. Performance appraisal should not be a top

down process or an opportunity for one person to ask

questions and the other to reply. It should be a free flowing

conversation in which a range of views are exchanged.

REFERENCES

1 Shrivastava and P. purang (2011) “Employee perceptions of performance appraisals: a comparative study on Indian

banks” The International Journal of Human Resource Management ,Volume 22, Issue 3, pages 632-647

2 Cascio, W. F. (1998). Managing Human Resources. Boston. McGraw Hill Publishing Company.

3 Dr. R. Srinivasan (16oct, 2009) “HRD Practices in Banking Sectors”. www.articlesbase.com/human-resource-

article

4 Dr. Shambhu Nath Chowdhury (July-Sept, 2008) “Developing Performance Appraisal System for Performance

Leadership in Banks”. docs.google.com

5 DeNisi, Angelo S. and Pritchard, Robert D., Performance Appraisal, Performance Management and Improving

Individual Performance: A Motivational Framework. Management and Organization Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.

253-277, July 2006. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=913135 or doi:10.1111/j.1740-

8784.2006.00042.x

6 Edwards, S. T. (2000). Fire Service Personnel Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ Brady Publishing Company.

7 Eichel, E. & Bender, H. E. (1984). Performance Appraisal A Study of Current Techniques. New York. American

Management Association.


8 Ekta Bhatia (2010) “performance Appraisal in banking sector”. www.scribd.com

9 G. Sankaranarayanan (20.01.2007) “Performance Appraisal System in Indian banking”.

www.iibf.org.in/portal/documents.

10 Prof R.S.S. Mani (01-07-2008) “Human Resource / HR project in banking sector”. en.allexperts.com/q/human.

11 Raviduth Lalloo “Employee Perceptions of Performance Management at Peoples Bank South Africa” Graduate

School of Business-University of Natal Durban.

12 Sudarshan Arvind (2009), Performance Appraisal Systems-A Survey of Organizational Views, the ICFACI

University Journal of Organisational Behaviour, Vol.8, No.1.

13 Y. Zhang ( 2009) “Performance appraisal for Chinese state-owned banking industry, volume 6, issue;3 dec 2009,

page 189-200. http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/jots.6.3.189/1

14 Zelalem Bayisa Gurmessa August, 2007, “ Employees’ Perception of the Problems AND Practices of Employee

Performance Evaluation: a Case study of Awash International Bank (AIB)”


Research article

Micro Insurance - A means for Protection & Enrichment of Rural India

Mr. Ankit GoelResearch Scholar, Jiwaji University,

Gwalior, M.P.

Mrs. Parul GargAssistant Professor, BSA Eng.

college, Mathura,U.P.

Abstract

India is enjoying rapid growth and benefits from a young population. Its upper & middle

class is growing rapidly but 60 percent of the population is still rural, often very poor, and

suffering by poor health and health services, and low literacy rates. What happens when a

poor family’s earner’s dies, when a child in a poor household is hospitalized, or the home of

a weak family is destroyed by fire or natural disaster? Every such serious cause threatens

the very existence of poor people and usually leads to deeper poverty. These highlights the

need for a means that uplift them from these problems and one of the important tool which

help in this area is micro insurance. Micro insurance is the term used to refer the insurance

to the low income people as it is different from insurance in general where micro insurance

is a low value product with less premium and benefits. Micro insurance is a tool for

investment, savings and as a measure of social security. It increases the livelihood of the

poor where they can eat well, have good health since they wouldn’t have to save as much for

emergencies. There is a need for micro insurance in India’s poverty reduction strategy. This

paper highlights the need, importance, opportunities and challenges of micro insurance for

the upliftment of rural poor’s and also focuses on the initiatives taken by government and

insurance companies in the growth of rural India and also helps to understand how micro

insurance is helpful in alleviation of poverty.

Keywords: Micro Insurance, Health , Poverty , Rural

INTRODUCTION

What happens when a poor family’s single earner’s dies,

when a child in a poor household is hospitalized, or the

home of a weak family is destroyed by fire or natural

disaster? Every serious illness, every accident and every

natural disaster threatens the very existence of poor people

and usually leads to deeper poverty. That’s where “Micro

insurance” comes in.

Micro insurance is specifically designed for the protection

of low-income people, with affordable insurance products

to help them cope with and recover from common risks. It is

a market-based mechanism that promises to support

sustainable livelihoods by empowering people to adapt and

withstand stress.

The insurance regulatory and development authority

(IRDA) defines rural sector as consisting of:

• A population of less than five thousand,

• A density of population of less than four hundred

per square kilometre,

• More than twenty five per cent of the male working

population is engaged in agricultural pursuits. The

categories of workers falling under agricultural pursuits are:

cultivators, agricultural laborers, and workers in livestock,

forestry, fishing, hunting and plantations, orchards and

allied activities 65% of Indian population resides in the rural

area but they have small insurance coverage. Therefore it

opens an enormous opportunity for insurance marketers of

micro-insurance products.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The present study embodies a brief review of the research

done in the area of micro insurance. The purpose of

reviewing the earlier studies is to economize the historical

and present prospective of the present work and the related

studies which have been taken cognizance of one or more

variables includes in the study.

Oscar Joseph Akotey, Kofi A. Osei, Albert Gemegah (2011)

investigated using the probit model indicates that premium

flexibility, income level and nodal agency are significant

determinants of micro-insurance demand. Insurance

knowledge, expectation (trust) and marital status were also

found to have positive and significant impact on the demand


for micro insurance. The analysis showed that formal

education is not a significant determinant; rather one’s level

of insurance knowledge has a positive and significant

impact on micro-insurance demand.

Syed Abdul Hamid, Roberts & Paul Mosley (2010) in the

study shows that there is a positive impact of micro health

insurance in the reduction of poverty among rural

households of Bangladesh. Micro health insurance has a

significant beneficial effect on food sufficiency of poor’s

and has a dynamic improvement in the health status of poor

rural households.

Gunita Arun Chandhok (2009), the result of study indicates

that there is a huge untapped market for micro health

insurance and majority of population are aware and

understand the importance of micro health insurance. Thus,

micro insurance will go a long way in eradicating poverty. If

the various micro insurance models are implemented

effectively by Insurer, MFI s, SHG s, NGO s, Health

institutions, Donors and Co-operatives, the BPL population

will lead a peaceful and secure life.

Lena Giesbert (2008), the results show that the potential

demand for insurance in the survey area seems to be very

high within 95% of the non-insured households showing a

general interest to buy insurance. Most of the potential

clients are interested in health, death, or old age insurance.

So survey study says that micro insurance providers reach a

high number of clients in the survey area but mostly to the

richer people. The group of poor segments in society seems

to be rather limited by micro insurance

Prof. M. Ziaulhaq Mamun (2007) concluded that there are

three basic models of micro insurance i.e. Provider model,

Insurer model and Linked model. As per the study, linked

model is the best suitable model for the improvement of

poor’s conditions, but presently they are using Insurer

model, which is less productive for poor’s social security.

Jim Roth and Gaby Ramm (2006) in a report of Federal

Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

explores how micro insurance began in India, and gives

reasons for its dynamism.

It investigates into the supply and demand of micro-

insurance in India, gives the various channels for

distribution, & an examination of social security in India

and its relationship to micro-insurance.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• To explore the need and importance of Micro

Insurance for the enrichment of rural poor’s and

alleviation of poverty in India.

• To study the opportunities and challenges of Micro

insurance in India

• To suggest some strategy for proper delivery of Micro

insurance products to deprived rural people.

Research Methodology

Secondary data were collected from different government

and non govt. published reports and document, IRDA

Annual Reports, Newspaper, Magazines and relevant

online sources.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-INSURANCE IN INDIA

Traditionally in India, rare micro-insurance schemes were

introduced, either by non- governmental organizations.

These schemes have now gathered momentum partly due to

the development of micro-finance activity, and partly due to

the regulation that makes it mandatory for all formal

insurance companies to extend their activities to rural and

well-identified social sector in the country.

These obligations are to be fulfilled right from the first year

of commencement of operations by the new insurers. Third,

there is no entry option available to insurers who are not

keen on servicing the rural and low-income segment.

Finally, non-fulfillment of these obligations can invite

penalties from the regulator. In order to fulfill these

requirements all insurance companies have designed

products for the poorer sections and low-income

individuals. Both public and private insurance companies

are adopting similar strategies of developing collaborations

with the various civil societies associations.

Research Methodology

Secondary data were collected from different government

and non govt. published reports and document, IRDA

Annual Reports, Newspaper, Magazines and relevant

online sources.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-INSURANCE IN INDIA

Traditionally in India, rare micro-insurance schemes were

introduced, either by non- governmental organizations.

These schemes have now gathered momentum partly due to

the development of micro-finance activity, and partly due to

the regulation that makes it mandatory for all formal

insurance companies to extend their activities to rural and

well-identified social sector in the country.

These obligations are to be fulfilled right from the first year

FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 ) 1FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 ) 1FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 ) 29

of commencement of operations by the new insurers. Third,

there is no entry option available to insurers who are not

keen on servicing the rural and low-income segment.

Finally, non-fulfillment of these obligations can invite

penalties from the regulator. In order to fulfill these

requirements all insurance companies have designed

products for the poorer sections and low-income

individuals. Both public and private insurance companies

are adopting similar strategies of developing collaborations

with the various civil societies associations.

Socioeconomic profile of Micro insurance clients and it’s

relation to Micro insurance:

• Agricultural labour is the main source of income. The

implications of this are that much of the income is

irregular and seasonal. Premium collection must take

into account the particular variances in the seasonal

income of this market.

• They typically live in households of five or more,

sharing income and access to financial services. This

has important implications for access to micro

insurance.

• Low levels of literacy imply that marketing needs to

be done without written media: for example, film,

radio and word of mouth.

• The group’s poverty means that they present a higher

than average risk profile for many types of insurance,

e.g., lack of sanitation, lack of access to clean water,

hazardous working conditions and poor nutrition

imply higher rates of death and disease.

• The rural poor often

live in areas with

inadequate road and

telecommunications

infrastructure, which

increases the costs of

selling and servicing

policies.

Risks and vulnerabilities

The insurable perils would

be:

• Loss of life: Most household members contribute to

household income, except those too

old, young or infirm to work;

• Critical illness: This has the dual impact of loss of

earnings/household labour as well as

treatment expenses;

• Illness that reduces the working days and also creates

expenses though at a smaller level

than critical illness;

• Old age, because there are few income options during

old age. In addition, there is some

evidence of emerging social trends in which the

obligation of the young to take care of the old is

weakening;

• Risk of lowered agricultural productivity or returns,

e.g., through low levels of rainfall or

natural catastrophes;

• Asset loss especially those assets used to generate

income ;

• Among specific occupational groups (e.g.,

construction workers) accident at the workplace and

disability.

MARKETING MICRO INSURANCE

• Tata-AIG has had success building trust with the

potential micro insurance market by emphasizing its

Microinsurance

Microinsurance As new Business

Model for Existing Insurers

Microinsurance As a tool for

Eradicating the Poverty, social

protection & Social security for The

low households

LIC JeevanMadhur, JeevanMangal, JeevanAmritYojana

Bajaj SaralSuraksha, Alp NiveshYojana, Jana VikashYojana

Birla Sun Life Bimakavach, Bima Suraksha super, BimaDhanSancahy

ICICI Prudential Sarv Jana Suraksha

IDBI federal life insurance IDBI federal group micro insurance plan

Tata AIG Life Nav kalyan Yojana, Sampoorn Bima Yojana, Ayushman

Yojana, Sumangal Bima Yojan a

SBI Life Grameen Shakti

Aviva Life Jan Shuraksha


Tata links. Tata is a trusted company or at least

deemed unlikely to misappropriate premiums by

low-income clients. Others insurers with trusted

local partners could make use of their connection to

these partners for the same purpose.

• In addition, public reimbursement of claims, for

example at village meetings, is important. It

demonstrates the advantages of having insurance

with a real example.

• Other micro insurance marketing tools used are

exposure tours, where village leaders from villages

with policyholders are sent to other villages to show

the advantages of having insurance.

• Also important are careful, well -managed rejection

of claims where the reasons are made clear to all the

villagers.

• Finally, as with high premium insurance, monitoring

of customer satisfaction is critical, especially with

respect to lapses and non -renewals, reinforced by a

mechanism to act on the information that emerges

from this monitoring.

Delivery Mechanism : Micro-Insurance Models

A key concern in the pricing of an insurance product is the

element of cost of acquisition and its delivery. Obviously,

the delivery costs have to be contained to keep the cost of

insurance sufficiently low to attract the poor and to

incentivise the insurer to venture into this segment viewing

it as a genuine market opportunity. The Committee studied

four different models for delivering micro insurance

services to the targeted clientele :

1. Partner - Agent Model

• Insurers utilize MFIs’ delivery mechanism to provide

sales and basic services to clients.

• There is no risk and limited administrative burden for

MFIs.

2. Full Service Model

• The provider is responsible for all aspects of product

design, sales, servicing, and claims assessment.

• The insurers are responsible for all insurance-related

costs and losses and they retain all profits.

3. Community Based Model

• The policy holders own and manage the insurance

program, and negotiate with external health care

providers.

4. Provider Model

• The service provider and the insurer are the same, i.e.,

hospitals or doctors offer policies to individuals or

groups.

FINDINGS- PROBLEM, ISSUES & CHALLENGES

• For illiterates it is very difficult to understand the

terms and conditions of the insurance policy.

• Difficulties in understanding technology introduced

by the service providers.

• Lack of awareness about worth of micro insurance.

• Those who had some information about insurance

products and used it were not very satisfied with the

current product design.

• Cumbersome and lengthy process of documentation

and claim settlements, inconvenient premium

payment system, lack of proximity to the financial

institution and lack of trust on staff of the providers

are some key factors that discourage uptake and

renewal of micro insurance among low-income

groups.

• Low-income clients are often illiterate and

unfamiliar with the concept of insurance, requiring

new approaches to both marketing and contracting.

• The contemporary insurance paradigm is not geared

to serve the poor – high costs, restrictive access and

low transparency being the chief reasons.

• Irregular cash flows of households where they are

unable to pay the premiums.

• A customized insurance product for family health

care, covering common diseases and illness, was the

most preferred insurance product across activity

groups and regions.

SUGGESTIONS

It is suggested that MFIs for creating awareness should

create demonstration effect in which poor people see

insurance as a part of their risk management strategy. They

should more align with SHGs as they more in touch with

people below poverty line. For increasing effectiveness,

insurance companies should provide support in terms of

resources and human resources. Their role should be made

more authorised and better incentives should provide to

them for boosting up their morale. Companies should

design the product considering needs and preference of

poor people at low premium rates and claim settlement

process should be simplified which become quite easy to

approach. Few are the important suggestions:


• Response to clients‘ needs and preferences across

groups and regions need to be considered along with

affordability and simplicity aspects while designing

insurance products.

• While designing new insurance products regular

consultations with all stakeholders is crucial for

better customization and to minimize the differences

in stakeholders‘ perspectives.

• As intermediaries of microinsurance,‘ like MFIs

prioritize to protect their assets rather than looking

for a long term insurance business. They may be

involved as a business partner rather as

intermediaries on some commission basis.

• Possibility of involving local institutions such as

post-office, RRBs and community-based

organization may be experimented as distribution

channel.

• The design of micro-insurance should be simple and

flexible.

• All insurance products in India attract a 10.36%

service tax, but to increase penetration in

• rural sector and to make insurance within reach of the

villagers, it is important that this tax is done away

with.

• It is highly recommended to induct more and more

trained rural life insurance agents, especially micro

insurance agents, for the micro insurance products

only. For this reason IRDA should monitor the

quality of trainings imparted to the life

agents/advisors.

• Government Sponsored schemes Minimizing the

documentations and developing efficient,

transparent claims processing systems. Product

should be affordable to the poor.

• Flexibility in premium payment should be

introduced.

CONCLUSION

The studies clearly indicate that access to micro insurance

by the poor and disadvantaged population can contribute

significantly to the achievement of the goals, particularly

the goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,

promoting gender equality and empowering women and

developing a global partnership for development.

There is an enormous market potential for customized

micro insurance products and a huge space for innovation.

In order to realize macro impacts of micro insurance, wider

outreach is desirable but its effectiveness is equally

importance. However, more region and group specific

policy attentions are urged to improve the efficacy of micro

insurance sector without compromising its outreach.

REFERENCE

1 Asgary, A., Willis, K., Taghevaei, A. A., Rafeian, M.,”Estimating rural households’ willingness to pay for health

insurance”, European Journal of Health Economics, 5, pp. 209-215, 2004.

2 Bhat, R., Jain, N.,”Factoring affecting the demand for health insurance in a micro insurance scheme”, Indian institute

of Management Working Paper no. 2006-07-02. 10365 National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

3 Dalal, A., Morduch, J.,”The psychology of microinsurance: Small changes can make a surprising difference:

Microinsurance Paper Prathima Rajan,”Micro insurance to the Last, the Least and the Lost – a case study of Rural

India”, Report published by Celent, a division of Oliver Wyman, Inc., 2011.

4 Schneider, P.,”Why should the poor insure? Theories of decision-making in the context of health insurance”, Health

Policy and Planning, 19, pp. 349-55, 2004.

5 Craig Churchill, “What is insurance for the poor?” International Labour Organization 2006, ISBN 978-92-2-119254-1

(ILO).

6 Microinsurance Conference 2007, “Microinsurance a pillar of India’s strong Economic growth”, Munich Re


Foundation,

7 Press Release, 14 November 2007.

8 M.Vishwanathan, “Microfinance in the eradication of poverty”, Organizational Management ,VOLXXIV No.1 April-

June 2008.

9 Rajeev Ahuja and Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, “Micro-Insurance in India: Trends and strategies for further extension.”

Indian council for research on International Economic Relations”, June 2005.

10 Annual Reports of IRDA, (2004-2005). IRDA, (www.irdaindia.gov.in)

11 http://www.linkedin.com/in/kirtisingh19

12 UNDP reported the study, Building Security for the Poor: Potential and Prospects for Microinsurance in India.

13 Roth James, Churchil Craig, Namreta (Sep. 2005) Micro insurance and Microfinance Institution Evidence from India,

CGAP working group on Micro insurance Good and Bad Practices, Case study no. 15.

14 www.microinsurance network .org/micro insurance MFI case - study.


Research article

A scale development approach to the Influence of country of origin in car purchase

T. Frank Sunil Justus Assistant professor , Annamalai

University.

T. SunithaAssistant Professor , Government Arts

College for women, Pudukottai,

Abstract

The car is an occasional and costly purchase made by Indian consumer and hence it creates a high

perceived risk in the purchase process. The consumer turns towards different surrogate indicators to

ensure that the purchase turns out to be fruitful in the long run. This paper tries to identify the

dimensions of country of origin and develop a scale on the influence of country of origin on car

purchase behavior. The study was carried out in major towns of Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu state

and was limited to respondents who were first car owners using recall survey method. Country of origin

in this manuscript refers to the country where the company was started The study was carried out in

major towns of Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu state and was limited to respondents who were first

car owners and a total of 180 respondents were surveyed. The influence of country of origin was

segmented under six dimensions namely safety, technology, financial, decision, social and time

attributes. The model fit indices indicated an acceptable fit. This manuscript would be helpful to

automobile manufacturers to identify their strengths and weaknesses and also to find where they stand

in the perception of customers. In future the study ca n be extended to different geographical locations

in India.

Author Details : T. Frank Sunil Justus a chemical engineer was earlier senior operation Engineer at

Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited and presently an Assistant professor at Department

of Business Administration, Annamalai University. Email: [email protected]

T. Sunitha is an agriculture graduate with doctorate in Management and is an Assistant Professor at

Government Arts College for women, Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu. Email: [email protected]

Key words: Country of Origin, Safety attribute, Technology attribute, Financial attribute, Time

attribute, Competitive advantage

INTRODUCTION

T. Frank Sunil Justus

A scale development approach to the Influence of country of

origin in car purchase

A car is often one of the most costly and occasional purchase

made by most Indian customers. Hence the Indian customer

searches all sources of information to ensure their purchase

satisfies their requirements without turning out to be

expensive in future. The country of origin can indirectly

help customers to ascertain the quality of the product.

Country of origin in this manuscript refers to the country

where the company was started and is not concerned with

where the car is presently being assembled. Dichter (1962)

identified an offering’s country of origin to have a high level

of influence on the approval and success of products.

Schooler (1965) indicated huge differences in the

assessment of products that were indistinguishable in all

respects other than the name of the country given on a ‘made

in’ label. Hence the role of country of origin as a surrogate

indicator in providing the customer cues on quality,

workmanship and superior technology will be worth

studying.

The country of origin is an advantage thrust upon countries

because of their industrialization in the past that provides an

aura of perfectness in their future products. Nagashima

(1970) established country of origin as the portrait, the

dignity and the stereoplate that customers attach to products

of a particular country. Yasin, Noor & Mohamad (2007)

held that brands from countries with an approving country

image are usually more willingly accepted than brands from

countries with less favorable images. Ozsomer and

Cavusgil (1991) defined country of origin as the country in

which

manufacturing the product is situated. This paper takes a

look at the dimensions of country of origin that influence the

purchase of car.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Brigham (1971) explained that consumers are influenced by

country of origin information as they build up country


stereotypes based on social environment and consumption

acculturation. Nagashima (1970) revealed that country

image can be subject to change after a certain period.

Johansson and Thorelli (1985) identified that Consumers

tend to build a product -country image through information

collected from either personal experience or through other

sources. Li & Monroe (1992) found that Country of origin

may correlate a product with status, genuineness and

exoticness. Roth and Romeo (1992) described country

image as the sensations of consumers about products from a

specific country based on their former sensations of that

country’s output and powers and abilities of marketing.

Peterson and Jolibert (1995) showed that country of origin

can powerfully manipulate product evaluations.

Samli (1995) found country of origin as an essential

information cue, that had a role in product acceptance across

new markets. Yong (1996) established that customers who

needed to evaluate a product with a weak experience of

foreign products used country of origin as a surrogate base.

Kim and Chung (1997) held that consumers’ discernment of

a brand from a certain country creates in their mind

intangible assets and also liabilities. Verlegh and

Steenkamp (1999) divulged that products made from less

developed countries are put to a greater country of origin

effect, and are assessed less favorably than products made

from more developed countries. Pharr (2005) found that

Products coming out of a certain country often acquire the

general image of that country’s products.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a comprehensive scale and identify the

dimensions of the influence of country of origin in purchase

of car

METHODS

The questions were based on the factors of influence of

country of origin in purchase of car developed on the basis

of focus group outcomes. This scale was developed on a five

point scale with 1 indicating strongly agree, 2 agree, 3

corresponded to neither agree nor disagree, 4 Disagree and 5

indicated strongly disagree. The research instrument was an

interviewer administered survey. The study was carried out

in major towns of Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu state and

was limited to respondents who were first car owners. The

data was collected using personal interview method and a

total of 180 respondents who purchased a car within the last

four months and identified through snow ball sampling

method. In this technique respondents provide clues about

possible new car owners and the survey builds on based on a

non-probability sampling technique. The recall survey

method was used as car was a high involvement product.

Simcock, Lynn & Gillian (2003) indicated that a recall test

with high measures of validity and reliability underpin

much understanding of consumer behavior. The study was

carried out in major towns of Cuddalore district in Tamil

Nadu state and was limited to respondents who were first car

owners. The idea was to not entertain a bias based on

previous car ownership experience. The respondents were

limited to Volkswagen, Ford, Hyundai, Maruti, Honda,

Toyota, Skoda, Mahindra, Tata and Renault brand of cars.

Analysis and Interpretation

Exploratory factor analysis was performed with varimax

rotation on the total twenty two questions.

Table 1 Components of influence of country of origin in purchase of car

Components of influence of country of origin in purchase of car

Dimensions Loadings

COO9 The doors and panels in cars of the country are of good thickness and provide safety

Safety

.940

COO15 Features like ABS and airbags are standard fitments in cars of the country

.929

COO3 Features like built in steel rods in bumpers are provided in cars of the country

.916

COO18 car brands originating from this country have frequently been approved as safe in independent crash tests

.858

COO5 Feel cars of the country are high on technology

Technology

.939

COO7 Companies of the Country source components from quality vendors

.923

COO12 The plastics on interior and door trims are of superior quality .883

COO17 Feel assured there will be no breakdowns during a long drive .860


COO13 car brands originating from this country are seen as value for money

Financial

.942

COO20 car brands originating from this country do not have nagging troubles that add to service bills

.914

COO6 car brands originating from this country come loaded rather

than with provisions (like slot for fog lights) .884

COO19 The warranty procedure of car brands originating from this country are transparent

.869

COO1 compensate my lack of experience by choosing car brands

originating from this country

Decision

.926

COO21 Through my criteria of country origin I select the best car among those available in its class in the market

.913

COO4 I make an informed decision by selecting car brands originating from this country

.855

COO11 car brands originating from this country are always acceptable

to my family .841

COO16 Feel I drive a car that is globally recognized as good Social

.925

COO22 Know that my choice of car is appreciated by my peers and

friends .912

COO8 Feel I would look more important when I am seen in the car .861 COO10 Did not waste my time searching for other brand of cars

Time

.908

COO2 car brands originating from this country usually have company

backed finance schemes .907

COO14 Did not have the need to ask opinion about the car to anybody .847

The first dimension categorized as safety attributes

consisted of statements such as stronger doors, safety

features being standard fitments, built in steel rods for

improved safety and being approved in independent

crash tests. Companies from certain countries never

compromise on strength of vehicle which adds up to the

confidence customers have for vehicles of that country.

Sohail (2005) found that products of German companies

tend to have positive quality reputation and German

automobiles have a major place in Germany’s good

reputation. Muchbalcher, Dahringer & Leihs (1999)

said that country-of-origin is used by customers to

forecast products’ quality and performance and to

recognize the reasonableness of their purchasing

behavior. This dimension accounted for 20.94 percent of

variance.

The second dimension identified as technology

attributes accounting for 15.83 percent of variance

concerned statements such as being high on technology,

sourcing components from quality vendors and interior

plastics being of superior quality. As a modern day car is

composed of parts sourced from different places people

believe on the country of origin of the brand to ascertain

the car is composed of quality parts. Lawrence &

Prendergast (1992) indicated that people describing

German automobiles, spoke of reliable automobiles,

better performance, excellent engineering, and prestige.

The next dimension categorized as financial attributes

concerned components such as not giving small troubles,

cars provided with accessories rather that provisions

which one has to buy after buying the car, transparent

Summary Statistics F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Eigen Values 4.61 3.48 3.19 2.74 2.28 1.93 % of variance explained 20.94 15.83 14.51 12.46 10.37 8.77 Cum % of variance explained 20.94 36.77 51.27 63.73 74.10 82.87

N = 180 Sample = All respondents Unit = Factor loadings

Table 2 Eigen Value and Variance of dimensions of dissatisfaction in service of car



warranty and being value for money. The country of

origin often provides a halo to the customer that the car

will not make the user to spend extra. Liefeld (1993)

found that country image influenced consumer

valuation of product quality, risk and possibility of

purchase. The financial attribute dimension accounted

for 14.51 percent of variance.

The next dimension classified as decision attributes

concerned statements such as compensating for lack of

experience, choosing the best car of its class, making an

informed decision and

car being acceptable to

a l l in the fami ly.

Maheswaran (1994)

found that consumers

use country’s image as a

product evaluation cue

when not familiar with

the country’s product.

Jin, Byung and Wei

( 2 0 1 3 ) s t a t e t h a t

consumers with low and

h i g h p r o d u c t

knowledge are more

likely to be influence by

country of origin fit

information than those

with moderate product

information. Bilkey and

Nes, (1982) found that

the product origin in

consumer evaluations is

a halo that people use to

deduce the quality of

unfamil iar foreign

products based on

Country image. The

decision dimension

accounted for 12.46

percent of variance.

The next dimension

recognized as social

a t t r i b u t e i n v o l v e s

statements such as the

c a r b r a n d b e i n g

globally recognized,

being appreciated by

friends and having a

sense of importance. A

car with a prestigious

country of origin often

by itself provides a statement on the selection process of

the user. Fan & Burton (2002) affirmed that as

automobiles are used conspicuously the ownership of

prestigious automobiles is influenced by social interface

along with its function. The social attribute dimension

accounted for 74.10 percent of dimension.

The last dimension identified as time attributes

concerning 8.77 percent of variance involved statements

such as not wasting time searching for other cars,

choosing cars with company backed finance schemes


and not having the necessity to seek opinion from others.

Bruning (1997) indicated country of origin as a vital

information cue that consumers depend on to assess a

product’s quality performance.

Model fit

The above measurement showed a satisfactory data fit.

The CMIN/ DF ratio was 2.178, which is within the

agreed range of less than 3 which pinpoints a

Table 3 Model fit indices for the six dimensions of Country of Origin that influence the purchase of car

Index of fit

CMIN DF CMIN/DF GFI AGFI NFI RFI IFI CFI RMSEA

Value 422.558 194 2.178 .827 .774 .882 .859 .932 .932 .081

Table 4 Influence of country of origin in purchase of car

Components of influence of country of origin in

purchase of car Mean

SD

Dimension

Mean

SD

The doors and panels in cars of the country are of good thickness and provide safety

2.81

1.25

Safety

2.75

1.19

Features like ABS and airbags are standard fitments in cars of the country

2.89

1.31

Features like built in steel rods in bumpers are provided in cars of the country

2.61

1.32

car brands originating from this country have frequently been approved as safe in independent crash tests

2.68

1.29

Feel cars of the country are high on technology

3.57

1.62

Technology

3.43

1.29 Companies of the Country source components from quality

vendors 3.59

1.44

The plastics on interior and door trims are of superior quality

3.29

1.34

Feel assured there will be no breakdowns during a long drive

3.28

1.21

car brands originating from this country are seen as value for money

3.12

1.42

Financial

2.93

1.17

car brands originating from this country do not have nagging troubles that add to service bills

2.86

1.50

car brands originating from this country come loaded rather than with provisions (like slot for fog lights)

2.83

1.12

The warranty procedure of car brands originating from this country are transparent 2.94 1.13

compensate my lack of experience by choosing car brands originating from this country 2.65 1.23

Decision 2.66 1.01

Through my criteria of country origin I select the best car among those available in its class in the market 2.56 1.04

I make an informed decision by selecting car brands originating from this country 2.67 1.14

car brands originating from this country are always acceptable to my family 2.76 1.16

Feel I drive a car that is globally recognized as good 2.77 1.25 Social

2.87 1.21 Know that my choice of car is appreciated by my peers and friends 2.96 1.52

Feel I would look more important when I am seen in the car 2.89 1.24 Did not waste my time searching for other brand of cars 2.84 1.53

Time 2.91 1.29 car brands originating from this country usually have company backed finance schemes

3.10 1.54

Did not have the need to ask opinion about the car to anybody 2.77 1.23


satisfactory fit between the sample data and

hypothetical model. The values of the fit indices are

given in the table below and the values show the model as

acceptable.

From above table the incremental fit index (IFI) and

relative fit index (RFI) values close to 1 indicate a very

good fit. The GFI (goodness of fit index) value is less than

1 at 0.827 and hence indicates an acceptable fit.

The reliability of the six dimensions were established

through Cronbach’s alpha calculation and were

considered adequate as they are above 0.70

Table 4 - Reliability analysis

Dimensions Cronbach’s Alpha

Safety 0.94

Technology 0.93

Financial 0.92

Decision 0.91

Social 0.89

Time 0.88

Total 0.72

Companies that have a positive country of origin effect

have a huge competitive advantage which they have to

maintain by adopting the right practices to satisfy the

customer. Companies with a weak country of origin

effect will have a natural disadvantage in that even a

small negative point will make the customer to have a

strong prejudice against them. However if such

companies can come out with high performance cars

that are trouble free, have high comfort levels and are

capable of providing a good service can overcome the

negatives over a period of time. Companies that have a

positive country of origin effect cannot sit with their past

and negative aspects can kill their advantage over a

period of time. Hence such companies have also to

ensure they have high performance vehicles backed up

by good service. A country of origin advantage indirectly

puts a commitment on such companies to deliver the best

in return for the admiration possessed by such an

advantage. This manuscript would be helpful to

automobile manufacturers to identify their strengths

and weaknesses and also to find where they stand in the

perception of customers. In future this study can be

extended to other geographical areas and can also

include the influence of country of origin on products

other than automobiles. The list of the final set of

components that measure the six dimensions of country

of origin that influence the purchase of car is tabulated

below.

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Research article

Level of Occupational Stress Among Female Teachers

Shivani DhodiResearch Scholar, Banasthali

University

Dr. Indu BansalDean, Faculty of Home Science,

Banasthali University

Abstract

Stress in my society is very prominent in both personal as well as professional life. No occupation

is free from stress. But the occupations that researcher consider more stressful is teaching. Stress

can generally be defined as the reaction of individuals to demands (stressors) imposed upon them

that refer to situations where the well-being of individuals is detrimentally affected by their

failure to cope with the demands of their environment (Erkutlu and Chafra, 2006). Stress is a

multidimensional and a complex phenomenon, which is influenced by personal, situational and

structural factors. Stress reveals a multi-level phenomenon that results in unpleasant negative

emotions, such as anger, frustration, depression etc. Prolonged occupational stress in teaching

has been found to result in both mental and physical ill health, ultimately having deleterious

effect on teacher’s professional efficiency. Since valuable studies have already been undertaken

on certain aspects of educator stress, this article attempts to provide an overview of the

occurrence of stress among female teachers. In accordance to this the aim of the study was chosen

as “level of occupational stress among the female teachers” with reference to types of school and

some personal variable. The sample size for the study was 100 Female teachers working in

different higher secondary schools of Bareilly city of Uttar Pradesh, which had been selected by

Random Sampling technique. The data was collected with the help of Occupational Stress Index

(5 point rating scale), Socio-Economic Status Profile and semi structured interview. The analysis

of mean and graphical representation used for the analysis of data indicated that types of school,

age. Teaching experience, socio-economic status has significant influence on occupational stress

of female teachers. The study could be used to create awareness among the schools to prevent

loosing effective teachers and it would be helpful to follow an early intervention program on the

stress management for their teachers.

Key Words: Occupational Stress, Female Teachers, Personal Variables

INTRODUCTION

Stress in my society is very prominent in both my personal

as well as professional life. None of my occupation is free

from stress. But the occupations that researcher consider

more stressful is teaching. Stress can generally be defined as

the reaction of individuals to demands (stressors) imposed

upon them that refer to situations where the well-being of

individuals is detrimentally affected by their failure to cope

with the demands of their environment (Erkutlu and Chafra,

2006). Stress is a multidimensional and a complex

phenomenon, which is influenced by personal, situational

and structural phenomena that results in unpleasant

negative emotions such as anger, frustration, depression etc.

Nowadays, any individual’s work situation is highly

demanding. Either he has to improve his career strength as

and when required by the occupational demands or has to

quit/maintain a low profile. The competitive era demands

more from the individual employee than his actual ability.

When the demand exceeds the capacity to fulfill it, the

concerned person feels that the excessive demand is a

burden, which is generally called occupational stress. The

stress affects both the body and the mind either positively as

motivation in its smallest amount or negatively as a burden

in its highest amount of pressure that the individual cannot

shoulder. In turn, that leads to physical and psychological

problems. A Study revealed that among 560 female

educators in the North West Province attempted to

determine the occurrence of burnout among female

educators. They found that almost one third of educators

suffered from a high degree of emotional exhaustion in the

present era of fast paced and competitive society. No one in

whatever profession may be can keep at bay from stress

(Van der Linde et al. 1999).

Stress is defined as ‘the pattern of emotional states and

physiological reactions occurring in response to demand

from within or outside an organization’ (Greenberg &

Baron, 2003; Singh, 2003). A stressor, on the other hand, is

considered to be ‘a condition or situation that elicits a

negative response such as anger, frustration, anxiety or

tension’ (Rajeswari & Anantharaman, 2003). Workplace

stress is quite common and can be measured through

different sources. Workload, time pressure, role ambiguity,

role conflict, career progress and communication are

considered as major sources of pressure in the life of an

Information System professional (Ivanchevich, Napier and

Wetherbe, 1983). Pressure ultimately causes the stress that

leads to different types of strain and finally hampers the

performance of the employees. Stress, not just affects the

efficiency of the employees, but also causes ailment and

other physical or emotional problems as well (Singh, 2003).

Occupational stress is the most common psychological

phenomenon in different jobs and professions.

Occupational stress, hence, is found to be a mental and

physical condition that calls in a detrimental effect on the

individual’s productivity, effectiveness, personal health and

quality of work (Comish and Swindle, 1994). Main

components of this work-stress process are potential

sources of stress (stressors), factors of individual

differences (moderators/mediators) and consequences of

stress (strain). Stressors (job-related and extra-

organizational) are objective events; stress is the subjective

aspect (Lu et al., 2003). Thus the concept of stress can best

be understood by saying that some environmental variables

(stressors) when interpreted by the individual (cognitive

interpretation) may lead to stress (Dua, 1994, 59).

Researchers have come to believe that stress may be

especially prevalent among human service professions,

particularly the teaching profession (Kyriacou, Sutcliffe,

1992). Prolonged occupational stress in teaching has been

found to result in both mental and physical ill health,

ultimately having deleterious effects on teacher’s

professional efficiency. Working conditions for black

educators in particular have not been favorable, since they

have been confronted with overcrowded classrooms and a

lack of resources and facilities due to disparities during the

apartheid dispensation (Ngidi and Sibaya 2002, 8).

Stress of the teaching profession may affect the school as an

organization, teacher performance and the physical and

emotional well- being of the teacher. A good health and

stress free life are essential for a teacher to develop the

knowledge and attitude of the students, which will make the

teaching in turn learning effective. Teaching is a profession

that plays an important role in a countries development.

Teachers are the people that affect the country’s economy.

A society can achieve development to the fullest extent only

if all the human resources in it are being utilized at the

optimum level. According to a Swedish sociologist,

Gustave Geigar - “The position of women in society

provides an exact measure of the development of that

society”. As the women are coming out in thousands to take

up jobs and positions in the field, they are loaded with extra

burden of tasks. Modern women have the dual

responsibilities of concentrating at family and work. Beside

her daily domestic duties and work pressure; a working

women have to live with a number of other stress born out of

different reasons.

The role of women as teachers is vital as they noteworthy

contribution to the task of molding the personalities of

future citizens. A women teacher cannot carry out

efficiently each of the role as a wife, mother, house holder

and social being. Many time women suffer from guilty

consciousness and find themselves torn between home,

school and society. This condition creates stress and

associated psychological disorders. Stress cannot be

avoided in any society. One has to learn to live with it, cope

with it and if possible try to overcome it. Stress influences

all people including women teachers at one time or the

other. The physical, psychological, professional,

intellectual and social factors not only cause the stress but

also influence the efficiency of the women teachers. Unless

measures are taken to estimate and minimize the stress, the

efficiency and expertise of the women teachers cannot be

utilized at the optimum level.

If the stressful situation is unmanageable, various aspects of

teacher’s performance such as creativity, class-room

management and implementation of educational techniques

may suffer. If the factors are correctly identified and

controlled better outcomes can be achieved which in turn

leads to preparation of better future citizens and contribute

to the family and the society , the nation and the world at

large. So, there is a need to study the factors affecting the

stress of working women particularly in the teaching

profession. Assessment of the level of occupational stress

will help us in recognizing the main causal factors and

remedies, thus to get their excellence in the job. It will help

them in their improvement and the wholesome

improvement of the society. Thus, it is essentials to study

the level of occupational stress and its causal factors among

the women teachers. Keeping all points in mind researcher

has formulated the following statement and objective of the

problem:

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“Level of Occupational Stress among Female Teachers”


OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To study the level of occupational stress among

female teachers working under different types of

schools.

• To study the level of occupational stress among

female teachers with reference to their-

©Age

©Teaching experience

©Teaching subjects

©Socio- economic status

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

• Level of Occupational stress experienced by female

teachers varies according to-

©types of school

©some personal variable-

©Age (below 30 yrs./30-35 yrs./above 35 yrs.)

©Teaching experience (0-5 yrs./5-10 yrs./ more than

10 yrs.)

©Teaching subjects ( arts / science / commerce)

©socio – economic status ( high / middle / low )

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE VARIABLES

USED

Occupational Stress – Kyriacou and Sutcliffe defined

“Teacher Stress as a response of negative effects such as

anger, anxiety and depression arising from the aspects of

teacher’s job and mediated by the perception of the demands

made upon the teacher”. Thus, occupational stress is a

response to negative effect by a person who is in that

particular occupation, usually accompanied by potentially,

pathogenic, physiological and biochemical changes

resulting from aspects of that occupation.

METHODOLOGY

Method- Survey method was used by the researcher for the

present study.

Sample-

Sample selection- Female teachers from various

government and non- government senior secondary school

were chosen for the present study.

Sample Size- For assessing the level of occupational stress

of female teachers, the sample size was 100, which has been

selected by Random Sampling Technique

Tools-

1. OCCUPATIONAL STRESS INDEX ( By

A.K.Shrivatava and A.P.Singh)

NORMS TABLE

Occupational stress scores L e v e l o f

occupational stress

4 6 - 1 2 2

Low

1 2 3 - 1 5 5

Moderate

1 5 6 - 2 3 0

High

2. SOCIO – ECONOMIC STATUS PROFILE (Self

constructed)

3. INTERVIEW (Semi structured)

Techniques – According to the nature of data researcher has

used the both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For the

quantitative analysis of data got from OCCUPATIONAL

STRESS INDEX and SOCIO – ECONOMIC STATUS

PROFILE researcher has used the analysis of Mean and

Graphical Representation(Bar Diagram and Pie-chart) in

present study. The data got from INTERVIEW were

qualitative in nature . So, for analyzing these data qualitative

analysis has been used in present study.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

• The level of occupational stress among the female

teachers varies according to type of schools and

some personal variables such as age, teaching

experience. Teaching subjects and socioeconomic

status.

• Female teachers working in non Govt. Schools

were more stressed as compared to govt. schools

women teachers.

• Female teachers of age group below 30 years were

found to have more stress as compared to 30-35

years and above 35 years age group.

• Female teachers of 0-5 years experience are found

to have more stress as compared to 5-10 years and

more than 10 years of teaching experience.

• Female teachers teaching science subject are

found to have more stress as compared to teacher


who are teaching arts and commerce subjects.

• Female teachers having low socioeconomic status

face high level of occupational stress as compared

to teachers who pose middle and high economic

status.

CONCLUSION

The present research provides valuable insight in to the field

of teaching, moreover, the stress being an important

psychological variable, experienced in day to day, by

everyone, causing psychological and physical health

problem is an additional cause for the teachers due to their

professional requirements.

The teachers play an important role in spreading education

and building up healthy society. Teachers play an important

role not only in the academic development, but also in the

behavioral, social and emotional development of children.

The teachers in this process are prone to long hour of work,

more commitment with the teaching and other professional

requirement, and excessive workload. More important

highlighted reason for stress by the women teachers were

workload, inadequate administrative support, lack of

recognition of their work, low professional status and low

remuneration paid. In case of young and less experienced

teachers, the high level of stress may be mainly due to the

high expectation they posses on the profession, low

remuneration, and more job opportunities outside the field

of education non cooperative parent etc. the stress is

optimally high in teachers working in non government

schools, posing low socioeconomic status and teaching

science subject due to lack of esteem in the society, low

remuneration and administration constraint, less salary as

compared to workload, extra paper work or administrative

work etc.

Teachers work daily with students having unique problem

and potentials. During school hours, teacher must cope with

numerous interruptions, student with special needs,

insufficient funding and lack of parents support. Moreover

work does not end when teachers go home as in the case of

other job, preparation, references, correcting the note

books, valuation etc. must be attended even after they reach

home.

The high level of stress result in great attrition rate among

these women teachers. If there is retention, it results in

health problem, leading to frequent absenteeism and thus,

their efficiency in teaching decrease.

Teaching as profession requires a healthy amount of

dedication, energy and time spent to it, to reach up to its

level of excellence. Though they thrive toward path of

excellence, they meet with many constraints as inadequate

administrative support, time management, physical and

mental health problem, thus ending up with high level or

BAR DIAGRAM-1(SHOWING MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY)


more amount of stress. Thus due to more stress, the teacher

effective teaching gets affected; it leads to frequent

absenteeism and also health problem such as headache,

backache, spinal problems and cardiovascular problem.

IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

• This study could be used to create awareness

among the schools and thus would immensely

prevent losing effective teachers.

• The finding would be helpful to the school to

follow an early intervention programme on the

stress management for their teachers.

• This study could also be used as a guideline to find

the causal factors of the stress in related profession.

• The finding could be helpful to the educational

department thud, framing the teacher training

curricula.

• The objective of in service training programs

needs a modification in the light of the present

study.

DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• The study involves only the women teachers.

• The study involves only the women teachers

working in secondary schools of Bareilly.

• The variables used were only the types of school,

age, teaching experience, teaching subjects and

socio-economic status.

• Types of schools have been categorized only in

two categories govt. school and non govt. school

by researcher in her present study.

• Researcher has conducted the study only on

teachers, it means only on teaching profession.

Many other professions are left. Example –

Engineering, Medical administrative services,

Defense services etc.

REFERENCES

1 Best, John W and Kann James, V. ,”Research in Education “,VI Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Delhi

2 Chopra, Reeta and Radhakanta Gartia(2009), “Accountability of Secondary School Teachers in relation to

their Occupational Stress”, Edutracks, Vol. 8, No. 7, 41-43

3 Comish and Swindle, 1994Job Stress among Software Professionals in Pakistan: A Factor Analytic

StudyJournal of Independent Studies and Research (MSSE)

4 Dennil, I. 2000. Stress as a source of injury among a group of professional ballet dancers. Master of Arts

thesis. University of South Africa.

5 De Jesus, S. N. and J. Conboy. 2001. A stress management course to prevent teacher distress. The

International Journal of Educational Management15 (3), 131-137.

6 Erkutlu and Chafra, 2006. Assessment of stress and stressors: A studyon management studies.

Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research in business, January, 4(9).

7 Engelbrecht, P. and T. I. Eloff. 2001. Stress and coping skills of teachers with Down’s Syndrome in inclusive

classrooms. South African Journal of Education November, 21 (4): 256–260.

8 Greenberg, J and Baron R. A. 2003 Behavior in Organizations: Understanding and Managing the Human

Side of Work. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall Pvt. Ltd.

9 Ivancevish, J. M., Napier, H. A., and Wetherbe, J. C. 1983 ‘Occupational stress, attitudes, and health

problems in the information systems professional’, Communications of ACM, Vol. 26, No. 10.


10 Kyriacou ,C. and Sutcliffe , J.(1977),”Teacher Stress- A Review”, Educational Review, 29, 299-309

11 Kyriacou, C. and Sutcliffe, J. (1978), “Teacher Stress Prevalence , Sources and Symptoms”, British Journal

of Education Psychology, 48, 158-187

12 Kyriacou, C. and Sutcliffe , J. (1979), “Teacher Stress and Satisfaction”, Educational Research, 21, 89-96

13 Ngidi, D. P. and P. T. Sibaya. 2002. Black teachers’ personality dimensions and work-related stress factors.

South African Journal of PsychologyIDecember 32(3):7-15

14 Rajeswari, K. S. and Anantharaman, R. N. 2003 ‘Development of an instrument to measure stress among

software professionals: Factor analytic study’, in Proceedings of ACM-SIGCPR Conference, 2003,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 34-43, http://portal.acm.org

15 Singh N 2003 Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Theory, and Practices. New Delhi: Deep and Deep

Publications Pvt. Ltd.

16 S.M. Rajeswari and others,(2008), “ Stress and Attitude of Women Teachers”, Discovering Pub.House Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

17 Van der Linde, A. H., P. C. Van der Westhuizen and M. P. Wissing. 1999. Burnout in female educators. South

African Journal of Education August,19(3) 192-197.



Research article

Prospects of Tourism in Jharkhand and its Economic Contribution

Pranjal KumarAssociate Lecturer, Birla Institute of

Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

Dr. Ashutosh MishraAssistant Professor, Birla Institute of

Technology, Lalpur Campus, Ranchi

Abstract

Tourism has become an important sector of the Indian Economy and has transformed the country’s

image in global perspective. India is a country of worthy culture, natural beauty and reservoir of

ancient portrayal which attracts foreign visitors. The history of the country reveals that there have

been the globalisation phenomena in the form of trade and commerce due to its various attractions

bestowed as inherent prospects which nonetheless could be regarded as tourism. All the transaction

where done through yellow metal and as a result the country got the fame of golden bird.The yellow

metal is now transformed into different foreign currency exchanged by the foreign visitors. Presently

the country is embodied with wonders of the world, ancient art and culture, nature dispersed across

the nation dwindling within twenty nine States and seven union territories. Jharkhand is amongst one

of them contributing to tourism sector and global image of the country. The paper is an attempt to

examine the prospects of Jharkhand Tourism and its contribution to the economy of the state.

Key Words: Jharkhand Tourism, Economic Contribution

1. INTRODUCTION

Services are the major contributor to the GDP of the country

and tourism highly supplements the service economy of the

country. Tourism sector is primarily focused through

Incredible India campaign. The tourism ministry have

sanctioned 23.71croreto Jharkhand1 considering the

potential of pilgrimage tourism as a mega Destination at

Deoghar and development of Ranchi Mega Circuit for

which the return on investment is possible with proper

utilization and implementation of the plan for the growth of

the tourism sector at Jharkhand state.”Carved out of

southern Bihar as a new state of India in November 2000,

Jharkhand was plagued by adverse initial conditions, low

average income, very high incidence of poverty, and little

social development.”2Jharkhand is a rich state in terms of

natural resources — forests, minerals and abundant

land.Thedivision of economic zone from Bihar,

Jharkhand(Footnotes)

took away a bulk of the parent state’s industrial, educational,

mineral and forest assets and one third of the population. But

Jharkhand remains, along with residual Bihar, among the

most food insecure states in the country. The economy of the

Jharkhand is heavily dependent on the mineral and mining

industry, however the large forest spread and natural beauty

of the state have somewhat transformed the image of the

state to be an important tourist destination.

2 TOURISM POTENTIAL OF JHARKHAND

Jharkhand has tremendous tourism potential considering its

demography, rich ancient tribal culture and wildlife

sanctuary. Few important tourist destinations of the state

district-wise are tabulated below:

1 Tourism Report 2011-12 by Ministry of Tourism

2World bank report on Indian States, 2001

Source: Tabulated from the information available in

website www.jharkhanddarshan.com

3 POPULAR TOURISM IN JHARKHAND STATE3

• Eco Tourisim In Jharkhand

The land of forest, Jharkhand, is a fine treat for Eco tourists

willing to enjoy their vacation and intimate with extreme

natural surroundings. Rich in its natural beauty, Jharkhand

lets travelers relish activities like, spotting diverse flora and

fauna in its dense forests, excursion at plenty of its

waterfalls, exploration of many of beautiful hills, game

viewing in its famous national park and popular temple

sightseeing. 226 sq. km. of Betla forest has been declared as

Betla National Park and 753 sq. km. of forest has been

declared as Palamu Sanctuary.

• Mining Tourism In Jharkhand

Jharkhand is a state of Mines and Minerals, Industries.

Mines are located near the dhanbad city, minerals are in

Chhotanagpur. Mainly industries are in Jamshedpur and

Bokaro. Jharkhand is rich in Iron and steel, coal, mica etc.

Table 1 Tourist Attractions in Jharkhand

NAME OF THE DISTRICT

ATTRACTIONS

RANCHI

JAMSHEDPUR

DEOGHAR

BOKARO Bokaro Steel City & Plant,City Park, Garga Dam etc.

DHANBAD

HAZARIBAGH

KODERMA

Tagore Hill, Hunduru Fall, Dasham Fall, Jonha Fall, Hirni Fall, Jaggannath Temple, Ranchi Hill, Sun Temple, Rock Garden,Ranchi Lake, Birsa Jaivik Udyan, Fun Castle, Sidhho - Kanho Park, Nakshatra Van, Machhali Ghar, Amreshwar Dham, Pancha Gagh Fall Etc.

Jubilee Park, Dimna Lake, Dimna Wild Life, Sir Dorabji Tata Park, Hudko Lake, Keenan Stadium, Tata Football Acadamy, Jrd Tata Sports Complex, Gliding And Flying Clubs, Tata Steel Adventure Foundation, Tribal Culture Centre etc

Baba Baidhnath Temple, Tapovan, Noulakha Temple, Nandan Pahar, Satsang Nagar, Nav Durga Temple, Ram Krishna Ashram, Pagal Baba Temple, Hijla Joria, Mandar Hills, Trikuti Pahar, Dev Sangh etc.

Charak Pathar, Chati Gobindpur, Golapur, Jhinjhipahari, Meva, Panrra, Chark-Khurd, Topchanchi, Maithon, Panchet, Jamadoba. Etc

Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctury, Rajrappa Temple, Hazaribagh Lake, CanaryHills, Parasnath Temple, Telaiya Dam, Surajkund, Harihar Dham, Urwan Tourist Complex Etc

Jhumri Tilaiya, Tilaiya Dam, Urwan Tourist Complex, Dhwajadhari Hill (Pahari), Satagawan Petro falls, Saint Paramhans Baba Tomb, Makamaro

Hills, Shaktipeeth Maa Chanchala Devi.

Chhotanagpur plateau is iron ore rich area. Bokaro is well

known for its Iron and Steel. Jamshedpur is the Industrial

Capital of the state.

• Tribal Tourism In Jharkhand

Noth ing has d ied . . .no th ing changed beyond

recognition.....dancers still sway. and nimble fingers make

memory last a little longer. yes, that is the way you must

perceive ethnic communities of Jharkhand, and delight in

the way of their life a tapestry embedded with rare jewels of

art and culture.

• Religious Tourism In Jharkhand

In Deoghar and Dumka millions of religious people visit

temples, to worship every year. There is great opportunity in

the development of religious tourism. Religion & myth

come together at Deoghar, one of the idlest Hindu

pilgrimage centres in India. Deoghar literally means “The

abode of Gods”. There are numerous sights of religious

significance in an around the holy town. About 7 km away

from Ranchi Railway Station Pahari Mandir is situated at

Ratu Road and is about 300 ft. high. Huge crowd of Shiva

devotees gather here in every Shravan month. Its real name

is ‘RICHI BURU’. Perhaps Pahari Mandir is the best place

to have a bird’s eye view of the capital Ranchi. About 80

k.m. from Ranchi on Ramgarh Chitrapur Road, Rajrappa is

situated at the confluence of river Damodar and Bhairavi

popularly knows as Bhera. Rajrappa, which was once a

isolated hillocks with a small temple of Chhinamastika, now

turned into a famous pilgrim resort for the hindu devotees

mainly from Bihar and West Bengal.

Many a devotees of Lord Shiva are come at the Maha

Shravani Mela, at Deoghar, the holy abode of Lord Shiva.

Devotees, after having a dip at Uttar Vahini Ganga at

Sultanganj, carry the holy gangas water. In the Kanwar,

barefooted, for a distance of 105 kms up to Deoghar. Their

journey culminates by offering this holy water on to the

Shiva linga.

Jaganathpur Temple and Hill : About 10 km. from Ranchi is

another sight seeing place where the tourist can rejoice and

worship. The old temple of Lord Jaganath, built in 17th

Century in architectural style of Puri Temple stands like a


fort on top of the hill. A portion of the temple has come

down and awaits renovation. Its chariot festival held in the

light part of “Ashadh Mas” draws a big crowd comprising of

devotees. HEC township nearby is an added attraction. Sun

Temple is built by Sanskriti Vihar headed by Sitaram

Maroo. It is situated at a distance of 40 kms on Ranchi Tata

Road. It is built in the form of a Chariot with 18 wheels

drawn by 7 white horses. It is surrounded by a pond which is

used by devotees during Chhath Puja for worshipping of

Sun.

Angrabari (Amreshwar Dham) is a temple consisting of the

deity of Lord Shiva, Ram and Sita, Hanuman and Ganesh. It

is situated near Khunti at a distance of about 40 kms from

Ranchi.

The highest hill in Jharkhand, towering to an elevation of

4480 feet. The Parasnath Temple is considered to be one of

the most important and sanctified holy places of the Jains.

According to Jain tradition, no less than 23 out of 24

Tirthankaras (including Parsvanatha) are believed to have

attained salvation here.

Table 2 List of Variables

Jharkhand has tremendous opportunity for direct and indirect employment

Jharkhand has huge opportunity for seasoned businessman

Jharkhand tourism is a big supplement to economy of local resident

Jharkhand tourism has opportunity for increased income of local resident

Jharkhand tourism has increased the purchasing power of the local residents

Jharkhand tourism is an important supplement for banking & financial services adding to GSDP of the state

Jharkhand Tourism is an important supplement for insurance services adding to GSDP of the state

Jharkhand tourism is an important GSDP of the state

supplement for foreign exchange services adding to

Jharkhand Tourism is an important supplement for Hotel and Hospitality industry adding GSDP of the State

to

Tourism complement growth of MSME which in turn will contribute in GSDP of Jharkhand

enhancing

Tourism induced the optimal use of the available resources of the Jharkhand

TOURISM INCREASES THE PER CAPITA INCOME OF THE JHARKHAND

Tourism has help a lot in economic well being of the Jharkhand people

It has increased the quality of life and Happiness index of the Jharkhand people

Tourism has helped in urbanization and Land utilization of Jharkhand

Tourism has helped in improvement of rural economy

Tourism also helped in forti fication of HMCT institution in Jharkhand

Jharkhand Tourism supports local foods through roadside stands which in turn supplement the service economy

Jharkhand Tourism provided lot of scope for foreign chain of foods like KFC, Dominos, Pizza huts, McDonald etc which in turn supplement the service economy

Tours and travelling agents of the state as a major contributors to Jharkhand tourism industry

Jharkhand Tourism contributes in Incredible India Campaign as a major contributor to country’s economy

VARIABLES DESCRIPTION

EC_1

EC_2

EC_3

EC_4

EC_5

EC_6

EC_7

EC_8

EC_9

EC_10

EC_11

EC_12

EC_13

EC_14

EC_15

EC_16

EC_17

EC_18

EC_19

EC_20

EC_21


Jharkhand has been home to all religions that have existed

and flourished at parity, Deoghar or Baidyanathdham is the

most important Hindu pilgrimage site here. “Ma Chhina

Mastika” temple in Rajrappa, is a beautiful site where the

River Bhera joins the Damodar, forming a 20 feet high

waterfall. Trikut, Tapovan, Basukinath. Parasnath,

Jagannath Temple Ranchi, Naulakha Mandirand Kulbanga

Mahadev are some religious places to visit

4 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

In this paper the attempt has been made to primarily

examine the tourismstructure of Jharkhand and its

contribution to economy of the state. Amongst the above

mentioned tourism the important and revenue generating

tourism are mining and religious tourism.

5.0 Research Methodology

The research is based on both secondary and primary data.

The secondary data is reviewed through various reports and

study on Jharkhand tourism such as Nelson-Org, CII,

Ministry of Tourism Report, Jharkhand Economic Survey,

IBEF Report, etc. for the primary data a questionnaire is

framed and a sample of 100 respondents were considered

through convenient non-probability sampling method. The

content validity and reliability of the questionnaire is done

through SPSS version 21. The reliability of the

questionnaire tested through Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.947.

The analysis of the data is done considering the important

construct i.e. Economic Contribution under which 21

variables were being identified. The chi-square test was

applied via cross-tab for the test of independence. Two-

tailed Pearson correlation was done to observe the

correlation among the variables contributing to the

dependent variable (EC_12= Per-Capita Income of the

Sate).

6.0 Analysis and Interpretation

The detail analysis is shown in the Annexure-1.The

construct of Economic Contribution EC_12 is dependent on

all other independent variables considering the Pearson

Chi-Square test where it has been observed from the result

that asymptotic significance is less than 0.05 which

indicates very strong dependency on the construct EC_12.

The Independent Variables under the construct therefore

strongly contribute towards the Economy of the State i.e.

EC_12

It has been observed that there is a very weak correlation

between the variables EC_1 with EC_17, EC_18 and

negative correlation with EC_16. The fortification of the

HMCT Institution, Roadside vendors and seasoned

businessman do not create much employment opportunity.

Logical somewhat Tourism supports the rural economy but

the negative correlation reveals the fact the frequency of the

visitor in remote areas of Jharkhand districts is very low.

The opportunity of seasoned business man is very low as

implicit with the response that almost 80% disagree. The

reason may be low mass movement of tourists in peak

season considering the low popularity of the state as Tourist

destination. The negative correlation between EC_3 and

EC_16 interprets that Jharkhand Tourism supplements to

urban economy but does not caters to the rural economy.

Jharkhand tourism had contributed to income of local

residents, increased purchasing power, developed the

banking and insurance sector, increased the foreign

exchange reserves of the state but failed to supplement the

development of rural economy. Rural economy is much

depended on the agriculture which is less arable for all

variety of crops. The rural habitat is much depended on their

survival with very low income level. The penetration of

Tribal tourism, Adventure Tourism, Eco-Tourism needs to

be enhanced for improvement of quality of life of the rural

segment. EC_9 shows almost negative correlation with all

the variables which expose the poor infrastructure in terms

of growth of hotel and hospitality industry much needed for

the prospects of Tourism industry in Jharkhand. Tourism is

a good compliment to MSME but they are not good

supplement to the rural economy. Jharkhand Tourism has

induced the optimal utilization of available resources,

improved the economic well-being of the people, and

improved the quality of life and happiness index. However

inspite of fast urbanisation the much needed growth in

infrastructure of hospitality industry is still lacking. All the

variables are negatively correlated with EC_16 due to the

reason mentioned above. Jharkhand tourism has supported

the MNC food chain in prime districts but has proved to be

detrimental for the local food cuisine of the state and the

vendors of the street foods. This has affected the rural

economy of the state especially those people who have quit

farming due to poor cultivation and switched to alternate

employment for their livelihood. The Tourism Industry of

the state is growing gradually and also adding to the

Incredible India campaign which in turn is contributing to

National Economy.

Jharkhand Tourism have concentrated to prime districts

where the urbanisation have increased very fast and have

supplemented to the state tourism nonetheless the tourism

sector of Jharkhand have not much contributed to Rural

segment of the state.


CONCLUSION

Jharkhand which was an erstwhile Bihar is still straggling to

prove its separate identity to be an important tourist

destination. Considering the responses of tourism facility

presently available at the State the highest response in on the

Religious Tourism compared to Mining and Tribal tourism

which also have a considerable share in the responses.

Jharkhand Tourism is heavily depended on the Religious

Tourism which can be it’s one an important strength. The

paradox lies in the fact that Eco, Wildlife and Heritage

Tourism have equivalent scope which is not gaining

mileage due to poor efforts from the policy makers.

Adventure tourism is also available but the response and the

opinion about it existence is almost negligible. The draft

policy by the government needs an immediate attention for

its rapid implementation to manoeuvre the intentions and

expressions addressed for the proper promotion of

Jharkhand Tourism. The paper limits to only economic

contribution and does not highlights the other issues which

may be of equal importance for the objective of the study.

Moreover the study attempted to correlate the important

factors and its contribution to the economy of the state. The

biggest finding of the study is that Jharkhand Tourism is not

supplementing the rural economy. The tribal culture, art and

craft, music is inherent in the rural segment apart from the

agricultural activity. The spotlight needs to be shifted with

extensive awareness and marketing of the State Tourism

through the initiation of the government. Law and order

may be another concern for the development of the state

Tourism.

REFERENCES

1 Agarwal, parvej (1991) Developing regional Tourism, Ecomomics Times,9th May.

2 Belsky, J. M. (1999). “Misrepresenting Communites: The politics of Community Based Rural ecotourism in Gales

Point Manatee, Belize.” Rural Sociology 64(4): 641-666.

3 Bhatia, A.K (1992) History and development, sterling publishers, New Delhi, p.85

4 Batra, K.L (1990) Problems and prospects of prospects of tourism, print no 11 pub.jaipur pp.2

5 Hall, C. M. (1994). Gender and Economic Interests in Tourism Prostitution: The Nature, Development and

Implications of Sex Tourism in South-East Asia. In V. Kinnard and D. Hall (Eds.), Tourism: A Gender Analysis.

(pp.142-63).

6 Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Hall, C. M. (1998). Historical Antecedents of Sustainable Tourism Develop

ment: An Introduction. In C. M. Hall and A. Lew (Eds.), Sustainable Tourism: A geographical perspective. (pp.1-

12). Harlow: Longman.

WEBSITES

1. www.incredibleindia.org

2. www.jharkhandtourism.in

3. www.jharkhanddarshan.com


ANNEXURE-1Calculation

EC_1

Valid

Completely Agree 60 60.0

Neither Agree Nor

Disagree

19 79.0

Disagree 7 86.0

Completly Disagree 14 100.0

Total 100

Missing System 2

Total 102

Cumulative Percent

Frequency Valid PercentPercent

58.8

18.6

6.9

13.7

98.0

2.0

100.0

60.0

19.0

7.0

14.0

100.0

Chi-Square Tests Cross Tab (EC_1^EC_12)

a. 3 cells (37.5%) have expected count less

than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.47.

Value df

Pearson - Chi

Square

100.0

00a

3 .000

Likelihood Ratio102.7

91

3 .000

Linear-by - Linear

Association

72.23

3

1 .000

N of Valid Cases 100

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

EC_2

Frequency Cumulative Percent

20.0

100.0

Valid Percent

20.0

80.0

100.0

Valid

Completely Agree

Completly Disagree

Total

Missing System

Total

20

80

100

2

102

Percent

19.6

78.4

98.0

2.0

100.0


Pearson Chi-

79

df

1

1

1

1

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

.010

.023

.001

.010

Square

Continuity Correctionb

Likelihood Ratio

Fisher's Exact Test

Linear-by-Linear

Association

N of Valid Cases

Value

6.646a

5.157

10.686

6.5

100

a. 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

4.20.

Exact Sig.

.005

(1-sided)

.006

(2-sided)

Exact Sig.

Chi-Square TestsCross Tab (EC_2^EC_12)

EC_3

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Completely Agree 79 77.5 9.0 79.0

Agree 21 20.6 21.0 100.0

Total 100 98.0 100.0

Missing System 2 2.0

Total 102 100.0

53FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 )

Exact Sig.

(2-sided)

.000

Exact Sig.

(1-sided)

.000

df

1

1

1

1

Value

100.000a

94.063

102.791

99.000

100

Pearson Chi-Square

Continuity Correctionb

Likelihood Ratio

Fisher's Exact Test

Linear-by-Linear Association

N of Valid Cases

a. 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expectb. Computed only for a 2x2 table

ed count is 4.41.

.000

.000

.000

.000

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Chi-Square TestsCross Tab (EC_3^EC_12)


55FMS, SRMS College of Engg. & Tech. ( Bizcraft September 14 - February 15 Vol. 8, No.2 )

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