BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Shawnee Delaware & Shawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

Ben Franklin --> reps. From N. Eng., NY, MD, PABen Franklin --> reps. From N. Eng., NY, MD, PABen Franklin --> reps. From N. Eng., NY, MD, PABen Franklin --> reps. From N. Eng., NY, MD, PA

Albany CongressAlbany Congress --> failed --> failed ** Iroquois broke off relations with Br. & Iroquois broke off relations with Br. & threatened to trade with the Fr. threatened to trade with the Fr.

Albany CongressAlbany Congress --> failed --> failed ** Iroquois broke off relations with Br. & Iroquois broke off relations with Br. & threatened to trade with the Fr. threatened to trade with the Fr.

Gen. Edward Braddock --> evict the Fr. From the OH Gen. Edward Braddock --> evict the Fr. From the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

** Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & AcadiaAttacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia

* * Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne --> by 1500Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne --> by 1500 French and Indian forces. French and Indian forces.

Only Br. Success --> expelled Fr. from Louisiana. Only Br. Success --> expelled Fr. from Louisiana.

CAJUNSCAJUNSCAJUNSCAJUNS

Native American tribes exploited Native American tribes exploited both sides. both sides.

Native American tribes exploited Native American tribes exploited both sides. both sides.

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

ColonialsColonials BritishBritish• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. officersPrima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea with servants & tea settings. settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

** He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

** He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

---- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation --> Br. col. loyalty & mil. cooperation --> Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. their costs.-- -- Lord Loudoun would be removed.Lord Loudoun would be removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? --> Colonial morale increased --> Colonial morale increased by 1758. by 1758.

** By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France.By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France.

1758 Louisbourg-->1758 Louisbourg--> First significant British victory First significant British victory of the warof the war

1759 Quebec -->1759 Quebec --> James Wolfe vs. Montcalm – James Wolfe vs. Montcalm – Both leaders die, British win – one of the most Both leaders die, British win – one of the most significant engagements in British and American significant engagements in British and American historyhistory

1760 Montreal-->1760 Montreal--> French Flag waved in French Flag waved in Canada for the last timeCanada for the last time

France -->France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west of the got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.to England.

England -->England --> got all French lands in Canada, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.commercial dominance in India.

1.1. It increased her colonial empire in the It increased her colonial empire in the Americas Americas..

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that a Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of major reorganization of her American Empireher American Empire was necessary! was necessary!

1.1. It united them against a commonIt united them against a common enemy for the first time. enemy for the first time.

2.2. It created a socializing experience It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. for all the colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings towards the It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. British that would only intensify.

1763 --> 1763 --> Pontiac’s RebellionPontiac’s Rebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

Br. “gifts” of smallpox-infected blanketsBr. “gifts” of smallpox-infected blanketsfrom Fort Pitt.from Fort Pitt.

British -->British --> Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

Colonials -->Colonials --> Paxton BoysPaxton Boys (PA)(PA)

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:

-- -- James Otis’James Otis’ case case-- Protection of a citizen’s private-- Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary regard than a parliamentary statute. statute.

** 1761 -->1761 --> writs of assistancewrits of assistance

-- He lost --> parliamentary law and-- He lost --> parliamentary law and custom had equal wt. custom had equal wt.

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Loyal Nine Loyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of Liberty Sons of Liberty – – began in NYC – Samuel began in NYC – Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act Congress Stamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory Act Declaratory Act – 1766– 1766

1767 1767 -->--> William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secy. of Exchequer Secy. of Exchequer

** Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts &Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops --> paying col. gvt. salaries. quartering of troops --> paying col. gvt. salaries.

** He diverted revenue collection from internal to He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. external trade.

* * Tax these imports --> paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.Tax these imports --> paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.

** Increase custom officials at American ports. Increase custom officials at American ports.