british intervention 1 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
British Intervention
in the
Malay States
REASONS FOR BRITISH INTERVENTION IN THE MALAY STATES
Demand for Tin & Raw Materials
Need for Markets for British goods
Need for new investment areas
Anarchy in the Malay States
Fear of European Rivals
Opening of the Suez Canal
Change to Liberal Govt. in London 1874
4 MALAY STATES
1. PERAK
2. SELANGOR
3. PAHANG
4. NEGRI SEMBILAN
British Intervention in the
Malay States
PERAK
BRITISH INTERVENTION Straits merchants invested money in tin mining areas of Larut
Investments were affected by the events in Perak
EVENTS IN PERAK Larut Wars
Succession Disputes
Piracy of the Coast
THE LARUT WARS Larut Wars - fight among the Chinese miners for control of the tin mines and water courses in Perak The miners were divided into 2 Secret Societies : I) the Ghee Hins - Cantonese II) the Hai Sans - Hakka
THE LARUT WARS 1st Larut War 1861 - clash over control of a water course 2nd Larut War 1865 - over a gambling quarrel 3rd Larut War 1872 - scandal between Ghee Hin leader and Hai San Woman 4th Larut War 1873 - Ghee Hins avenge their previous defeat
The 4th Larut War and the Succession Disputes combined to become a civil war that affected the whole state Perak was in anarchy Action of Raja Abdullah - wrote a letter to British Governor
SUCCESSION DISPUTES Perak system of succession
R. DI-HILIR
R.BENDAHARA
R. MUDA
SULTAN
SUCCESSION DISPUTES System abused - Malay Chiefs picked favourites, personal interests , rivalry between chiefs of Upper Perak and Lower Perak 3 claimants to the throne - Raja Abdullah - Raja Ismail - Raja Yusof
PIRACY The succession quarrels and Larut Wars disrupted peace and stability Piracy was rampant off the coast of Perak British ships attacked
British Intervention in the
Malay States
PERAK
BRITISH POSITION Colonial office in London aware of the need to protect British interests in Malaya Instructions to Andrew Clarke : Investigate the situation Who was ANDREW CLARKE?
BRITISH POSITION Instructions to Andrew Clarke I) Study the situation in the Malay states II) recommend steps to improve the situation in Malaya III) study the possibility of appointing British Officers to the Malay States Andrew Clarke went beyond his instructions - intervened in the Malay states
THE LETTER written by Raja Abdullah to the British governor Sir Andrew ClarkeRequested 1.British to support Abdullah to become Sultan 2. in return a British Resident could help in the administration of the state
THE LETTER
written by Raja Abdullah asked “ for a man of sufficient abilities to…….. show us a good system of government ‘
THE LETTER gave the British a reason to intervene in Perak intervention was in the form of a meeting on Pangkor Island Frank Swettenham : sent to invite the Malay Chiefs to the meeting W.A. Pickering : sent to invite the Chinese miners to the meeting
THE MEETING took place on Pangkor Island
lead to the signing of the Pangkor Treaty
this signaled the start of British intervention in the Malay states
EVENTS IN PERAK Larut Wars Succession Disputes Piracy of the Coast
These were the factors that lead to the signing of the Pangkor Treaty .
THE Pangkor Treaty
SIGNIFICANCE : The start of British Intervention in
the Malay States
PANGKOR TREATY
PANGKOR
ENGAGEMENT -
MALAY CHIEFS
CHINESE ENGAGEMENT -
CHINESE MINERS
PANGKOR ENGAGEMENT Attended by : Raja Abdullah , Ngah Ibrahim , Laksamana , Shahbandar, Malay Chiefs All supporters of Raja Abdullah Raja Ismail - did not attend , was not informed in advance Raja Yusof - did not attend was not informed
CONCERNS AT MEETING Sir Andrew Clarke’s main concern to choose the rightful Sultan He was not aware that Raja Yusof was a claimant to the throne Liked Raja Abdullah because he was willing to accept a British Resident
Result Raja Abdullah was chosen as the Sultan The Pangkor Engagement was signed 19th January 1874
Terms of Pangkor Engagement
Raja Abdullah was to be Sultan Raja Ismail was Sultan Muda, monthly pension of $1000 and small territory Ngah Ibrahim was to be Mentri of Larut with Assistant Resident to advise on the administration of Larut Sultan was to accept a British Resident - paid by the Sultan and provided a place of residence
Terms of Pangkor Engagement
British Resident to advise the Sultan on all matters of Administration except those concerning Malay customs , traditions and religion Collection and control of revenue to be taken charge by the Resident Malay chiefs not allowed to collect revenue- they were to be given a pension
SIGNIFICANCE Start of British Intervention in the Malay States - Clarke exceeded his instructions British merchants were pleased - intervention would provide protection and open up trade opportunities
SIGNIFICANCE
Signing of the Treaty was fast for the Malay Chiefs They had little time to think about the implicationsThe role and duties of the Resident were not clear - create problems later
IMPACT on MALAY CHIEFS Loss of power of the Sultan Was no longer independent - had to act on the advice of the Resident Problems created : 2 Sultans of Perak - R. Ismail ruled in Upper Perak and refused to give R. Abdullah the Regalia Ngah Ibrahim was ignored as the independent ruler of Larut
PANGKOR TREATY
PANGKOR
ENGAGEMENT -
MALAY CHIEFS
CHINESE ENGAGEMENT -
CHINESE MINERS
EVENTS IN PERAK Larut Wars Succession Disputes Piracy of the Coast
These were the factors that lead to the signing of the Pangkor Treaty .
CHINESE ENGAGEMENT Leaders of Chinese miners met with Sir Andrew Clarke Agreed to the terms as set out by the British The Chinese Engagement was signed
TERMS OF CHINESE ENGAGEMENT
Chinese miners agreed to end disputes Agreed to disarm their warboats Keep the peace under the penalty of a $50,000 fine Established a govt. commission headed by W.A. Pickering and Chinese leader - to oversee destruction of weapons, stockades and exchange of prisoners
TERMS OF CHINESE ENGAGEMENT
A satisfactory division of the tinfieldsCaptain Speedy was appointed as Asst. Resident of Larut Miners agreed to accept decisions of commission in settling disputes
EFFECTS OF CHINESE ENGAGEMENT
Chinese miners satisfied - kept the peace : they were tired of fightingAccepted the decisions of the government commission in their quarrels Destroyed all their arms and weapons