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British Christmas CustomsIt is a sad fact of presentday British life that Christmas has lost a great deal of its religiousmeaning.Today, it's mostly Christmas cards, presents, stockings and lots of Santa Clausimpersonators, bulging trolleys at the supermarkets, long queues at the checkouts and all of itaccompanied by a veritable barrage of TV and other advertising and a merciless emphasis on

consumerism rather than faith.

It never used to be this way. Until at least the middle of the 20th century, Christmas customs tied to thereligious significance of the festival were quite common all over Britain. Christmas Eve was usually thestart of the celebrations, with the traditional Yule log being brought home, and a special supper servedof bread and cheese, ale and hot elderberry wine. Carol singing was already under way, and bellswere being rung in parish churches.

The Yule log would be placed on the kitchen hearthstone or to a large fireplace, and once lit, had toburn for at least twelve hours, or bad luck might strikeIf the log was large enough, it might burn for thewhole of Christmas week.

In farmhouses and country homes in Cornwall, the Yule log was called a "mock" and was gatheredfrom the woods or forests. At Bridport in the county of Dorset, a huge oak log would be obtained fromthe local shipyard. In the West Riding of the county of Yorkshire, in northern England, where the logwas called the "Christmas clog", it was customary to sit round drinking Christmas ale, play cards (witha new pack) and sing "Yule! Yule!" In some places, the Yule log was actually the root of a large tree,and Christmas candles that were burned had to be lit from the Yule fire.

The county of Devon, in southwest England, had a rather different way of dealing with the Yule log.There, a large faggot from an ash tree bound round with twisted hazel, was used . The ash had manyoccult and superstitious connotations in Devon. It was, for example, the source of lucky charms.Several special recipes were reserved for Christmas Eve supper. There was a dish of wheat cakesboiled in richly spiced milk in Nottinghamshire, and in Yorkshire, a Christmas pie made from beef'stongue, fowl, eggs, sugar, raisins, lemon, orange peel and different spices. Some pies contained one

or two whole geese and six or seven chickens, and was so large that the pastry had to be tied withiron bands while it was cooking in the oven.

The get-together aspect of Christmas Eve was provided in Cornwall with small current and saffroncakes which were distributed to family and friends. No one ate their own cake, though. Everyone hadto taste someone else?s! This curious custom was a symbol of good fellowship at Christmas.

In Northumberland, in northern England, sweet cakes or dough called Yule babies were given tochildren. The "babies" were very realistic, with currents for eyes nose and mouth and a row of currentsdown the front for "buttons". Yorkshire housewives used to make a special Christmas cheese, butbefore any of it could be eaten, she had to score a large cross in it with a sharp knife.

Animals were not left out of the festivities. Cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and birds were given extra foodand all these creatures were excused work on Christmas day itself. It was thought that the animalssomehow "knew" that Christ's birth was being celebrated and a special treat was prepared for them, inthe form of a sheaf of corn which hung from the ceiling of a farmhouse from harvest time in August. OnChristmas Eve, the sheaf was cut down and fed to the animals.

On Christmas day itself, Derbyshire folk used to find a dark-haired man and let him into the housebefore anyone else was allowed to enter. The man had to go into each room in the house before it was"proper" for the householder to admit the next visitor. Women, however, were excluded. Even thefarmer's wife had to go to sleep in someone else?s house on Christmas eve. This practice was"confirmed" on one Christmas day in Herefordshire, in west England. A man who had taken a womaninto his house actually died soon afterwards! It appears that a dark-haired male "consecrated" thethreshold of a house and so "let in" Christmas. It was of course, very bad luck if a woman or girl turned

up first instead. In some districts, there were professional "lucky birds" who were engaged to cross

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thresholds every Christmas and receive the small coins, cake, cheese, sweet homemade wine, bread,salt and other "payments" that were their regular due.

There was also a character known as a "lucky bird".In the West Riding of Yorkshire he had to be dark-haired and in the East Riding, light-haired. Redheaded men were barred, because that colour wasassociated with Judas Iscariot who hair, it was believed, had been red. In the east Riding, the "lucky

bird" chosen to put the "first foot" past the door brought a spring of evergreen with him. After he hadgone, every member of the family went out to collect more sprigs and bring them to the house.However, they were not allowed to wash until they had done so. Needless to say, bad luck wouldfollow if any of these customs was not properly observed. Really serious bad luck was thought to bethe consequence of a man with the "wrong" coloured hair putting the "first foot" over the doorstep.

Another old English custom was for the church choir to climb to the top of the church tower to singanthems In Yorkshire, the choir boys used to bring large baskets full of red applies, each basket beingdecorated with sprigs of rosemary. In church, the boys went round the congregation, giving an apple toeveryone there and in return received small coins.

No one knows how old some of these Christmas customs were, but the strong element of superstitionthey included points at least as far back as medieval times, in the 12th or 13th centuries. No one trulybelieves in the bad luck that attended doing the wrong thing at Christmas, since superstition in Britaintoday is not what it was. But then, neither is Christmas.