british cede kashmir including ladakh to the hindu dogras in 1846 hindu rule in kashmir continued...
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British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846
Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in 1947Ladakh part of India until today
1840-1: Kashmir vs. Tibet War
Dogra invasion of Tibet repulsed;
Tibetans defeated in Ladakh, territory remains with raja of Kashmir
Maharaja of Kashmir, 1900
British in the Himalayas:Sahibs Hunt
British Develop Himalayas Hill stations for monsoon and heat seasons
Western Himalayas:
Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Ooty, Jammu, Kashmir.
Eastern Himalayas
Darjeeling, Gangtok, Kalimpong,
Kurseong, Mirik, Shillong, Imphal
British Military Recruitment:Employment of “Hill Men” of India and Nepalese “Gurkhas”
Modern Nepal:Pan-regional conquests and Final formation after British conflicts
Mughal Influences
Rana Rule: 1846-1950
Autocratic Era: Country closed to outsiders. No national treasury, only Rana family holdings. Few efforts to develop infrastructure, including public schools, roads, etc.
Aggressive Hindu nationalism, including Hindu law imposed. Non-Nepali languages and cultures repressed.
Over 100 Rana Palaces built, importing Italian architects, materials.
Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa1903-4
Massacres, surrender, forced pact to open roads, telegraph, mail service, Resident in Lhasa
Expedition to Gyantse, and Lhasa, negotiations with Dalai Lama
Sikkim
In 1642
Persecution of the Nyingmapa sect in Tibet lead to their leaders fleeing the country and taking refuge in Sikkim and Bhutan.
Phuntsog Namgyal, the grandson of Khye Bumsa is consecrated as the first Chogyal
1850-present
Darjeeling separate from Chogyal as part of British India; becomes “hill station”, tea growing area.
1973Indian Annexation
Darjeeling as Hill Station
BhutanA FRONTIER NON-GELUGPA TIBETAN
STATE
in 1616, the Shabdrung Lama repelled numerous Tibetan invasions, unified the many warring regional feudal overlords, and brought all of Bhutan under the influence of the Drukpa Kagyud School.
NEW COUNTRY:
In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuk was unanimously elected by all Regional Governors and the Central Monastic Body, at the Punakha Dzong and crowned "Druk Gyalpo" (literally, precious ruler of the dragon people). The present king, the fourth hereditary monarch, is Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuk,
Dzong-s as centers of society
Domestic Culture
120
met
ers
Recent Issue: National Development based on “Gross National Happiness”
and the problem of Ethnic/Cultural Nationalism
Responding to new laws requiring proof of citizenship, national dress [gyo] and language [dzong-kha], Nepali-speaking residents fled Bhutan around 1990. Most of the 100,000 were stripped of land and denied claims to citizenship and expelled.
As of 2008, most remain in refugee camps in Nepal, the only country that would grant refuge.
Useful recent Bhutanese Movies
NE Himalayas: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
Great national Hindu temple of Kamakhya, Gauhati
MODERNITY
Himalayan Frontier as Region of Uprisings:
Hill people vs. Plains elites
Nepal
Kashmir
NE Himalayas
Darjeeling and Assam
Gorkhaland State
Secession from India Movement
Media and its opening new vistas
Extreme Poverty and the Challenge of Community Uplift
Himalayan Buddhism beyond ethic and national
borders