brinkkemper 1991 - wetland farming in the area to the south of the meuse estuary during the iron age...

7/27/2019 Brinkkemper 1991 - Wetland Farming in the area to the south of the Meuse estuary during the Iron age and Rom

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MAMOGE^MYPMGFDU^BPDEM

OGDNGAUDM

=44=

w k k ^" Qk k w =

ruaCX d r l ) l }~t _

ud F-D aQQQQ QF Qv QM QF Q@ QO QQQ

Kd yFr % l ' C / D C l

OC * = W D D= k O d Qk = h o = Q= D r ltQr D \1> d

|


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Udngstbag YrgssM agw jgagrmtdb a bl Yuòd sfdaj

Tbu mrg rgmndaj m luoo vgrsdba bl tfds `bbh, lbr lrgg!

^fds `bbh ds pmrt bl tfg Udngstbag g-od`rmry wfgrg kbst bl bur

puòdemtdbas mrg luooy meegssdòg lbr lrgg. Lbr meegss tb kbrg

lrgg `bbhs vdsdt3 www.sdngstbag.ebk/od`rmry

Nbwaobmn Luoo YNL

\dsdt tfg Udngstbag g-od`rmry tb nbwaobmn kbst bl bur g-`bbhs lbr

baoy >,79. Lbr tfds kdadkmo lgg ybu wdoo rgegdvg m luooy luaetdbamo

YNL man `y nbdaj sb, ybu fgop tb hggp bur od`rmry ruaadaj.

www.sdngstbag.ebk/od`rmry


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MAMOGE^M YPMGFDU BPDEM OGDNGAUDM 0>


4/259


5/259

MAMOGE^MYPMGFDU^BPDEM

OGDNGAUDM

YW@ODEM^DBAU BL ^FG DAU^D^W^G BL YPGFDU^BPT

B. @rdahhgkpgr

ZG^OMAN LMPKDAJDA ^FG MPGM ^B ^FG UBW^F BL ^FG KGWUG GU^WMPT

NWPDAJ ^FG DPBA MJG MAN PBKMA YGPDBN.MA GA\DPBAKGA^MO MAN YMOMGB-GEBABKDE PGEBAU^PWE^DB

WAD\GPUD^T BL OGDNGA =44=


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rgnmetdba ebkkdttgg3 O.Y. Obuwg Hbbdckmas/ E.E. @mhgos

rgnmetdba bl tfds vboukg3 B. @rdahhgkpgr/ K. Zmangrs

ngsdja man ebvgr3 F.M. ng Obrk

ebpyrdjft =440 `y tfg Dastdtutg bl Yrgfdstbry Ogdnga

DUUA 9=>:

DU@A 49-:55-4

Mosb mppgmrgn ms nbetbrmtg tfgsds, Ogdnga, Cmaumry 0:, =445.

Uu`serdptdbas tb tfg sgrdgs Mamogetm Yrmgfdstbrdem Ogdngasdm man sdajog vboukgs ema `g brngrgn

gxeousdvgoy mt3

Dastdtutg bl Yrgfdstbry

Y.B.@bx 47=7

0599 PM Ogdnga

tfg Agtfgromans.


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ebatgats

= Datrbnuetdba =

=.= ^fg prb`ogk =

=.0 Jgbobjy /

=.0.= ^fg jgbobjdemo ngvgobpkgat bl \bbrag-Yuttga nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg man tfg

Pbkma Ygrdbn >

=.5 Mrefmgbobjy 6

=.5.= ^fg mrefmgbobjdemo sdtgs =0

=.5.=.= ^fg Gmroy Drba Mjg =5

=.5.=.0 ^fg Kdnnog Drba Mjg =5

=.5.=.5 ^fg Omtg Drba Mjg =5

=.5.=.> ^fg Pbkma Ygrdbn =>

0 Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdbas ba \bbrag-Yuttga /:

0.= Datrbnuetdba =:

0.0 Yrgvdbus davgstdjmtdbas =:

0.5 Kgtfbns usgn da tfg prgsgat rgsgmref =:

0.> Ybooga ndmjrmks =4

0.>.= ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg =:-59 0=

0.>.0 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg =:-5> 0.5 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Fggavodgt 0.> ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Udkbasfmvga 0:

0.>.7 M pbooga spgetruk lrbk Sudnoman 06

0.>.< ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Pbehmacg DD 060.>.:. Gdjft pbooga spgetrm lrbk Adguwgafbbra 04

0.>.6 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Pbehmacg 96-70 04

0.7 Pgebastruetdba bl tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg gavdrbakgat 50

0.7.= ^fg obemo gavdrbakgat mrbuan tfg Drba Mjg sdtgs 50

0.7.0 ^fg obemtdba bl upoman lbrgsts 55

0.7.5 Pgsuots man ebaeousdbas 5>

0.< Gavdrbakgatmo rgebastruetdbas lbr tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn 5:

0.: Ebaeousdbas 54

5 Zbbn-rgkmdas da ebastruetdbas nmtdaj tb tfg DrbaMjg man Pbkma Ygrdbn >=

5.= ^fg sdtgs ba \bbrag-Yuttga >=

5.=.= Pbttgrnmk-Fmrtgohmammo =9-=

5.=.0 Updchgadssg =:-59 >=

5.=.5 Updchgadssg =:-57 >=

5.=.> Updchgadssg =:-5> >0

5.=.7 Udkbasfmvga =:-0> >0

5.=.< Adguwgafbbra 94-64 >0

5.=.: Pbehmacg DD >5

5.=.6 Yrglgrgaeg bl pmrtdeuomr spgedgs lbr egrtmda ebastruetdba gogkgats >5

5.0 ^fg brdjda bl tfg wbbn >5


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5.5

5.>

5.7

Ebkpmrdsba wdtf davgstdjmtdbas ebaegradaj wbbn ba btfgr sdtgs >7

Ebkpmrdsba bl tfg wbbn man pbooga nmtm > @btmademo kmerbrgkmdas >:

>.= Datrbnuetdba >:

>.=.= Kgtfbns >:

>.0 Yrgvdbus stundgs bl `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas lrbk \bbrag-Yuttga >6>.5 ^fg prgsgat stuny bl `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas >6

>.> Euotdvmtgn pomats >4

>.>.= Fbrnguk vuojmrg vuojmrg(fuoogn `mrogy) 79

>.>.0 ^rdtdeuk ndv. spge (wfgmt) 79

>.>.5 Ymadeuk kdodmeguk (`rbbkebra kdoogt) 7>

>.>.> Odauk usdtmtdssdkuk (odasggn br lomx) 7>

>.>.7 Emkgodam smtdvm (jbon bl pogmsurg, lmosg lomx) 7.>..7 Jmtfgrgn wdon pomats 7:

>.7.= Puùs emgsdusmanP. lrutdebsus (òmeh`grrdgs) 76

>.7.0 Yruaus spdabsm (sobg) 76

>.7.5 Pbsm spge. (rbs) 74

>.7.> Umkùeus eladjrm(gongr`grry) 74

>.7.7 Joyegrdm loudtmas (lobmtdaj swggtjrmss, kmaam-jrmss) 74

>.7.< Ebaspdeubusoy m`sgat jmtfgrgn pomats .< Kmerbrgkmdas bl btfgr wdon pomats ..:.7 Eoustgr mamoysds bl tfg smkpogs ba tfg `msds bl emr`badzgn `btmademo kmerbrg

kmdas 44

>.6 ^fg amturg bl ndllgrgaegs man sdkdomrdtdgs `gtwgga tfg sdtgs 44

>.6.= Pmtdbs bl syatmxbabkdemo eomssgs =99

>.6.0 Ebaspdeubusoy m`sgat eomssgs =90


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>.6.5 Umot kmrsf pomats vgrsus lrgsfwmtgr pomats =90

>.6.> Erbp wggns vgrsus kgmnbw pomats =9.4 ^fg usg bl dandemtbr vmougs =9.4.= Kbdsturg vmougs ===

>.4.0 pF vmougs WD

>.4.5 Adtrbjga vmougs ==5

>.4.> Odjft vmougs ==5

>.4.7 Umodadty ==7>.=9 Uukkmry ==:

7 ^fg lmuamo rgkmdas ==4

7.= Pgsuots ==4

7.0 ^fg Drba Mjg ==4

7.0.= Nbkgstdemtgs ==4

7.0.0 Zdon madkmos =00

7.5 ^fg Pbkma Ygrdbn =00

< ^bwmrns m rgebastruetdba bl tfg gebabkdgs bl tfg sdtgs =07


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= Datrbnuetdba

=.= ^fg prb`ogk

^fg mrgm stundgn ebkprdsgs tfg dsomans \bbrag man Yuttga,

sdtumtgn da tfg sbutfgra pmrt bl tfg Nutef prbvdaeg bl Sudn-

Fbooman. ^fgsg dsomans mrg sgpmrmtgn `y m skmoo strgmk, tfg

@gradssg (ldj. =). ^fg twb dsomans wdoo fgaeglbrtf `g rglgrrgn

tb ms "\bbrag-Yuttga". Mt prgsgat, \bbrag-Yuttga ds mokbst

ebkpogtgoy ebvgrgn `y eomygy sgndkgats ngpbsdtgn nurdaj

kgndgvmo tdkgs. Nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma

Ygrdbn, tfg omansempg wms ebkpogtgoy ndllgrgat lrbk wfmt wg

sgg tbnmy.

Mrefmgbobjdemo gxemvmtdbas bl sgttogkgat sdtgs ba \bbrag-

Yuttga nmtdaj lrbk tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg fmvg

`gga emrrdgn but `y tfg @.B.B.P. (@urgmu vbbr Bunfgdn

huandj Bangrzbgh vma Jgkggatgwgrhga Pbttgrnmk8 tfg Blldeg

lbr Mrefmgbobjdemo Pgsgmref bl tfg kuadedpmodty bl Pbttgr

nmk) man tfg P.B.@. (Pdchsndgast vbbr Bunfgdnhuandj

@bngkbangrzbgh8 tfg Utmtg Ugrvdeg lbr Mrefmgbobjy) . ^fg

gxemvmtdbas bl Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg= sdtgs (em. :79-

099 @E0) fmvg ngkbastrmtgn tfmt tfgsg sgttogkgats wgrg

lbuangn ba m pgmty su`sbdo (el. \ma ^rdgruk =46999 @E man 0999 @E,

tfg rgomtdvg rdsg bl tfg sgm ogvgo `gemkg kuef sobwgr. Lrbk

tfga ba, ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg lbrkgn tfmt ebuon kbrg br

ogss wdtfstman tfg rdsdaj sgm ogvgo. ^fg bongst stdoo prgsgrvgn

ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg lbrkgn da tfg gmroy Uu``brgmo pgrdbn

(em. 5799 @E). Uu`sgqugatoy, agw ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg

ngpbsdtgn tb tfg wgst bl tfg bongr bags man tfg ebmst sfdltgn


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DA^PBNWE^DBA

Ldj. = Obemtdba bl \bbrag-Yuttga da tfg Agtfgromans.

da m wgstwmrn ndrgetdba. Nurdaj Uu``brgmo man gmroy Uu`-

mtomatde tdkgs, ebmstmo nuags tfmt rgkmdagn uagrbngn ebuon

ngvgobp. ^fgsg nuags wgrg kmdaoy lbrkgn `glbrg tfg stmrt bl

tfg Efrdstdma grm man mrg emoogn tfg Bongr Nuags.

^fg wgstwmrn kbvgkgats bl tfg ebmst odag ebatdaugn uatdo

em. =999 @E. Mt tfmt tdkg, m kbrg br ogss eobsgn ebmst odag

fmn ngvgobpgn, baoy datgrsgetgn `y sbkg gstumrdag daogts,wfgrg rdvgrs ndsefmrjgn datb tfg sgm. Lrbk sbutf tb abrtf,

tfg Uefgont, tfg Kgusg, tfg Pfdag man tfg Bgr-W lbrkgn tfg

omrjgst gstumrdm da tfg Nutef wgst ebmst. \bbrag man Yuttga

wgr abt sgpmrmtg dsomans, ùt dastgmn pmrt bl m omrjgr mrgm

`gtwgga tfg gstumrdgs bl tfg Kgusg man tfg Uefgont (sgg

ldj- 0).@gfdan tfg ebmstmo nuags, tfg kdagrmo pmrtdeogs tfmt wgrg

trmaspbrtgn `y rdvgrs wgrg ngpbsdtgn mt tdkgs bl fdjf wmtgr

ogvgos, wfga tfg rdvgr bvgrlobwen dts `mahs . ^fg fgmvdgr,

smany pmrtdeogs mrg ngpbsdtgn dkkgndmtgoy ba tfg `mahs,

eomygy sgndkgats mrg ngpbsdtgn da tfg fdatgroman lurtfgr

mwmy lrbk tfg rdvgr `gn. Nug tb stmjamtdbas da tfg nrmdamjg,

pgmt lbrkmtdba tbbh pomeg obemooy ba tfgsg eomygy sgndkgats.

^fds pgmt ds tfg sb-emoogn Fbooman pgmt. Da tfg ebursg bl tfg

Uu``brgmo, tfg lrgqugaey bl dauanmtdba bl tfg fdatgroman

nug tb kmrdag man rdvgrdag dalougaegs ngergmsgn man tfg mrgm

ebvgrgn wdtf pgmt gxpmangn. Ygmt jrbwtf ndn abt beeur

eobsg tb tfg rdvgrs, ùt dastgmn ogvggs, ebasdstdaj bl eomstde

sgndkgats wgrg tb `g lbuan.

Motfbujf tfg rdsg bl tfg sgm ogvgo sobwgn nbwa mltgr >999

@E, tfgrg wgrg pgrdbns da wfdef tfg sgm tgkpbrmrdoy sfbwgn

ma gafmaegn metdvdty. ^fgsg pfmsgs bl daergmsgn kmrdag

dalougaeg mrg emoogn trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^rmasjrgssdba

pfmsgs mrg lbodbwgn `y pgrdbns bl ngergmsgn kmrdag

dalougaeg, tfg sb-emoogn rgjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^fg eyeode

motgramtdba bl trmasjrgssdbas man rgjrgssdbas fms `gga

ngserd`gn `y Ybas ms lboobws (sgg Obuwg Hbbdckmas =4:>)."^fg trmasjrgssdba pfmsg `gjdas wdtf grbsdba bl tfg bongr sgnd-

kgatmtdba man/br pgmt mrgms man tfg lbrkdaj bl m agtwbrh bl erggh

systgks. ^fg agxt pfmsg ds tfmt bl kmrdag sgndkgatmtdba, lbodbwgn

`y tfg jrmnumooy sdotdaj-up bl tfg ergghs. Bag bl tfg rgsuots bl tfg

vmadsfdaj bl tfg ergghs ds tfg òbehdaj bl tfg nrmdamjg bl tfg

sgndkgatmtdba mrgm. Ldamooy, da tfg rgjrgssdba pfmsg pgmt jrbwdaj

sprgmns mjmda bvgr tfg wfbog mrgm".

Obuwg Hbbdckmas (=4:>3 74) stmtgn tfmt tfgbrgtdemooy baoy

tfg grbsdba pfmsg ebastdtutgs tfg metumo omanwmrn sfdlt bl

tfg ebmst odag (; trmasjrgssdba), ùt dt ds ebkkba prmetdeg tb

daeoung tfg pgrdbn bl ngpbsdtdba bl kdagrmo sgndkgats da tfg

trmasjrgssdba pfmsg.^fg ldrst trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs, da tfg Mtomatde pgrdbn,

beeurrgn nurdaj m pgrdbn bl m rgomtdvgoy rmpdnoy rdsdaj sgm

ogvgo. Ms m rgsuot, tfg ebrrgspbandaj Emomds D-DDD ngpbsdts

ebvgr omrjg pmrts bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans. Da tfg Uu``b

rgmo man Uu`mtomatde pgrdbns, tfg sgm ogvgo rbs kbrg sobwoy

man ebmstmo `mrrdgrs lbrkgn m strbaj nglgaeg bl tfg fdatgr

oman. Lrbk tfga ba, tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl eomy nurdaj trmas-


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5 JGBOBJT

Ldj. 0 Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans mrbuan 0>99 @Y,semog=3=,999,999 (mltgr Smjwdca =46


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> DA^PBNWE^DBA

dloe e r

9) 9) e b ?*1

Mrefm

gbobjdemopgrdbns

atdbamo

KE

mj

ygmrs@Y

frbabobjdemomj

rmndbemr`ba

mj

bltrmasjrgssdb

mds,

N;Nuahdrh

dbns

blrgjrgss

maUtmmonudaga

Mrefm

gbobjdemopgrdbns

Ebav

gda

Nganrb

e

od`rmtgn

omrygmrs

Ygrdbn

s

E;Emo

77 1

6 6Smj

=479Pgegat

NDDDNDDD

Kdnnog - =999 - =999Mjgs

t

?

Mjgs

t

?

wkk

Mjgs

t

?Noo

Pbkma

t

?Noo

Pbkma

t

?

- 0999- 9

Dtba Mjgb

=F =999

Dtba Mjgb

=F =999

NoDtba Mjgb

=F =999

b

=F =999

@rbazg- 5999

@rbazg- 5999

Mjg NB

- >999

- 0 9 9 9

- >999

- 0 9 9 9

Omtg - >999

- 0 9 9 9

Omtg - >999

- 0 9 9 9

-5999 ED\

B'Y Kdnnog

-5999 ED\

B'Y Kdnnog

- 5 9 9 9

-Q - 7999ekB - > 9 9 9EN

S

- > 9 9 9EN

S

- > 9 9 9

Gmroy Eoo

- ).

jrgssdba pfmsgs (Emomds D\ man Nuahdrh ngpbsdts) wms kbrg

br ogss rgstrdetgn tb tfg rgjdbas `gfdan tfg daogts bl tfg rdvgrs

kgatdbagn gmrodgr. ^fg trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs mltgr 0999 @E

mrg emoogn Nuahdrh trmasjrgssdbas. => E nmtgs bl tfg pgmty

omygrs `gobw man m`bvg tfg kdagrmo sgndkgats rgomtgn tb

trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs ngkbastrmtgn tfmt tfgsg Emomds D\ man

Nuahdrh ngpbsdts beeurrgn kbrg br ogss sdkuotmagbusoy da

omrjg pmrts bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans (sggldj. 5). \mrd-mtdbas, kmdaoy nug tb obemo ebandtdbas, beeur ms wgoo.

^fg emusgs bl tfg omtgr trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs fmvg `gga tfg

su`cget bl kmay ndseussdbas. Fbwgvgr, tb ngmo wdtf tfds

su`cget gxtgasdvgoy ds `gyban tfg sebpg bl tfds puòdemtdba.

^fg rgmngr ds rglgrrgn tb tfg lboobwdaj puòdemtdbas3 Cgo-

jgrskm gt mo. =4:98 @gfrg gt mo. =4:48 Pbgogvgon =4698 \ma

ngr Yomssefg =460m, =460`8 Smjwdca =463 7=-

758 \bs =4653 6-4). Moo tfg smkg, tfg ngldagn tdkg spma

ebvgrgn `y tfgsg ndllgrgat prgfdstbrdg trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs da

m rgstrdetgn mrgm ds bl jrgmt vmoug tb efrbabobjy man tfg

mppodemtdba ds sb usgluo man wdngsprgmn tfmt dt ds lbodbwgn

fgrg. ^fg ngldagn tdkg datgrvmos da wfdef tfg ndllgrgat trmas

jrgssdba pfmsgs tbbh pomeg, bltga moobws mpprbxdkmtg nmtdaj

bl sgttogkgat trmegs ba tfg `msds bl tfgdr strmtdjrmpfde

pbsdtdba. Walbrtuamtgoy, fbwgvgr, tfg Utmanmrn strmtdjrmpfy,

ms sfbwa da ldjurg 5, ds rmrgoy ebkpogtgoy rgprgsgatgn da bag

sdajog strmtdjrmpfde ebouka. ^fds ds nug tb tfg vmrdmòg

gxtgasdba bl tfg eomy ngpbsdtdba rgprgsgatdaj tfg ndllgrgat

trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs.

=.0.= ^FG JGBOBJDEMO NG\GOBYKGA^ BL \BBPAG-YW^^GA NWPDAJ ^FG DPBA MJG MAN ^FG PBKMA

YGPDBN

^fg jgbobjdemo ngvgobpkgat bl \bbrag-Yuttga nurdaj tfg

Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn, ms pmrt bl m rgjdba sdtu-

mtgn ndrgetoy tb tfg sbutf bl tfg Kgusg gstumry, wms jrgmtoy

dalougaegn `y tfg Nuahdrh trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^fg ndstrd-

ùtdba bl tfgsg Nuahdrh ngpbsdts man tfg pgmt lbrkgn

nurdaj omtg Uu``brgmo man Uu`mtomatde rgjrgssdba pfmsgs (tfg

sb-emoogn Fbooman pgmt) ba \bbrag-Yuttga fmvg `gga

kmppgn da tfg lrmkgwbrh bl tfg jgbobjdemo kmp bl tfg

Agtfgromans, sfggt 5: Zgst (\ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).^fg

gmstgra pmrt bl Yuttga wms abt daeoungn ba tfds kmp. ^fg

ebrrgspbandaj sfggt bl tfg sgrdgs bl jgbobjdemo kmps, 5:Gmst, fms abt ygt `gga puòdsfgn, ùt dt ds `gdaj prgpmrgn `y

Ng Jrbbt. ^fg jgbobjy bl tfds mrgm, wdtf kmrdag ms wgoo ms

rdvgrdag ngpbsdts, ds tfus ebkpogx tfmt m ndstrdùtdba kmp bl

Fbooman pgmt wdoo abt `g daeoungn da tfg jgbobjdemo kmp 5:

Gmst (Nrs. ^f. ng Jrbbt pgrs. ebkk.). ^fg sbutfgrakbst

pmrt bl \bbrag ds m`sgat ba `btf 5: Z man >5 Z kmps man

m puòdemtdba da tfg agmr luturg ds abt gavdsmjgn (Nrs. O.

vma ngr \moh pgrs. ebkk.).


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JGBOBJT

9 7 hk

Ldj.> Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfy bl \bbrag-Yuttga, em. 0>99 @Y, semog =30999(mltgr \ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).

Ldj.7 Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfy bl \bbrag-Yuttga, em. 0999 @Y, semog =30999 (mltgr @obgkgrs =4:6).


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< DA^PBNWE^DBA

Nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg, `gtwgga :79 man 799 @E,

\bbrag-Yuttga wms kmdaoy ebvgrgn wdtf Fbooman pgmt (\ma

Utmmonudaga =4:48sggldj. >). ^fg prgnbkdamaeg bl pgmt stdoo

gxdstgn nurdaj tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg. Fbwgvgr, tfg erggh

systgks lbrkgn mt tfg basgt bl tfg Nuahdrh D trmasjrgssdba

pfmsg, mrbuan >99 @E, nrmdagn tfg pgmt bvgr m omrjg mrgm.

Meebrndaj tb Smjwdca (=46, wgrg sdtumtgn kbrg

tb tfg wgst, `gyban tfg prgsgat ebmst odag. ^fgy wgrg grbngn

nurdaj kgndgvmo tdkgs, wfga tfg ebmst odag bl \bbrag-Yuttga

sfdltgn gmstwmrns nurdaj tfg Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdba

pfmsgs. Lurtfgr tb tfg abrtf, tfg Bongr Nuags fmvg abt

ndsmppgmren, wfdog da tfg gxtrgkg sbutf bl tfg Nutef ebmst

tfgrg mrg mosb sbkg rgkamats oglt. ^fg brdgatmtdba bl tfgsg

Bongr Nuags ogn Smjwdca tb m rgebastruetdba bl tfgdr

obemtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga ms rgprgsgatgn da ldjurg 0. ^fds

kmp sfbws tfg sdtumtdba nurdaj tfg Nuahdrh D sgndkgatmtdba

pfmsg. Ms Smjwdca's pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo kmps ebvgr tfg

gatdrg Nutef tgrrdtbry, tfgy nb abt prbvdng tfg ngtmdo

prglgrmòy wmatgn lbr tfds stuny.

^fg sdtumtdba nurdaj tfg Omtg Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma

Ygrdbn ds kmrhgnoy ndllgrgat lrbk tfg ebandtdbas nurdaj tfg

Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg ms ngserd`gn m`bvg. ^fg Nua

hdrh D trmasjrgssdba pfmsg fmn rgsuotgn da tfg ngpbsdtdba bl

eomygy sgndkgats, wfdef ebvgrgn pmrt bl tfg pgmt prgsgat ba

\bbrag-Yuttga. M pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo kmp lbr tfds pgrdbn

fms `gga puòdsfgn `y @obgkgrs (=4:6). Dt daeoungs tfg mrgms

bl tfg jgbobjdemo kmps 5: Zgst man Gmst, ùt tfg sbutfgra-kbst pmrt bl \bbrag-Yuttga ds mjmda m`sgat (sggldj. 7).

Smjwdca's pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba lbr tfds pgrdbn

ds sfbwa da ldjurg


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JGBOBJT

Ldj.< Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans mrbuan 0999 @Y,semog =3=,999,999(mltgr Smjwdca =46


18/259

A DA^PBNWE^DBA

Drba Mjg kmy, meebrndaj tb fdk, mosb fmvg lmedodtmtgn

dafm`dtmtdba bl mrgms ogss lmvburmòg lbr mrmòg lmrkdaj.

Ba tbp bl tfg Nuahdrh D sgndkgats, m rgagwmo bl pgmt

jrbwtf beeurrgn obemooy, man tfds pgmt ds rglgrrgn tb ms

"Pbkma pgmt" `y \ma Utmmonudaga (=4:4). ^fg ndstrdùtdba

bl tfds "Pbkma pgmt", sgasu \ma Utmmonudaga, fms `gga

dandemtgn da ldjurg :.

=.5 Mrefmgbobjy.

^fg mrefmgbobjdemo rgebrn bl \bbrag-Yuttga ds omrjgoy `msgn

upba survgys man gxemvmtdbas pgrlbrkgn `y tfg @.B.B.P.

^fg P.B.@, mosb ebanuetgn sgvgrmo gxemvmtdbas ba \bbrag-

Yuttga. \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. (=466) man \ma ^rdgruk (da

prgss) ndseuss tfg stmtg bl rgsgmref.

@glbrg tfg ngpbsdtdba bl Nuahdrh sgndkgats, tfg mrgm wms

dafm`dtgn nurdaj Agbodtfde tdkgs ba m rgomtdvgoy skmoo semog.

Agmr Fghgodajga, dafm`dtmats gstmòdsfgn tfgksgovgs ba m

ogvgg (Obuwg Hbbdckmas =46


19/259

4 MPEFMGBOBJT

Ldj.: Obemtdba bl "Pbkma pgmt", semog =30999(mltgr \ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).

Ma dkpbrtmat pbdat ds tfg rgprgsgatmtdvdty bl tfg ndstrdù-

tdba bl tfg sdtgs ba \bbrag-Yuttga. ^fg ngtgetdba bl sdtgs

ngpgans upba sgvgrmo lmetbrs. Yrdkmrdoy, tfg meegssd`dodty bl

ma mrgm da prg- man prbtbfdstbrde tdkgs ndrgetgn wfgrg lbr-

kgr fm`dtmtdba wbuon `g pbssdòg. Dngmooy, tfds lmetbr ndrgets

tfg pmttgras ba ndstrdùtdba kmps bl lbrkgr fm`dtmtdba

mrgms. Fbwgvgr, btfgr lmetbrs mosb dalougaeg tfg pbssd`dodty

bl ndsebvgrdaj ma mrefmgbobjdemo sdtg da tfg mrgm. Bag bltfgsg lmetbrs ds tfg tfdehagss bl tfg kgndgvmo Nuahdrh DDD

ngpbsdts ebvgrdaj moo trmegs bl fm`dtmtdba bl tfg Drba Mjg

man Pbkma Ygrdbn. ^fg lmet tfmt tfgsg ngpbsdts mrg

ebasdngrmòy tfdehgr da tfg wgstgra tfma da tfg gmstgra pmrt

bl tfg mrgm, ngergmsgs tfg efmaeg bl rgtrdgvdaj prg-kgndgvmo

sdtgs ba (wgstgra) \bbrag. ^fg Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats abt

baoy ebvgrgn trmegs bl lbrkgr fm`dtmtdba, tfg ergghs `g-

obajdaj tb tfds systgk mosb grbngn prgvdbus ngpbsdts. Gspg-

edmooy tfg `mahs bl tfg Kgusg wgrg ebkpogtgoy eogmrgn mwmy.

Fmoogwms man \ma Pgjtgrga Motgam (=4693 =45) kgatdbagn

tfmt nug tb tfg Fgodaduk sfdltdaj sbutfgmstwmrns da man

mltgr tfg =0,f

egatury, tfg abrtfgra pmrts bl \bbrag man

Yuttga wgrg grbngn. Drba Mjg man Pbkma fm`dtmtdba ba tfgogvggs bl tfg Kgusg ema tfgrglbrg abt `g ngkbastrmtgn.

Udkdomroy, pbssdòg eomstde sgndkgats mobaj tfg @gradssg

nmtdaj lrbk tfg Omtg Drba Mjg br tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn mosb

ema ab obajgr `g b`sgrvgn. ^fg wdngadaj bl tfg gxdstdaj

wmtgr ebursgs nurdaj Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdba(s) fmvg grb

ngn tfg gmrodgr `mahs bl tfg @gradssg tbb. Udaeg tfg Bongr

Nuags fmvg mosb `gga ngstrbygn nurdaj pbst-Pbkma trmas-

jrgssdbas, baoy tfg wgtoman ebkpbagat bl tfg lbrkgr oman

sempg ds stdoo prgsgrvgn, man tfg smkg fbons trug lbr tfg

obemtdba bl mrefmgbobjdemo sdtgs.

M tfdrn lmetbr mllgetdaj tfg ndstrdùtdba bl sdtgs ds tfg

datgasdty bl mrefmgbobjdemo rgsgmref. Gxemvmtdbas fmvg baoy

`gga ebanuetgn ba sdtgs tfmt wgrg tfrgmtgagn `y ùdondaj

metdvdtdgs, sb-emoogn rgseug gxemvmtdbas. Lurtfgrkbrg, ms m

rgsuot bl tfg ebvgr bl Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats da tfg gatdrgmrgm, sdtgs mrg kmdaoy ndsebvgrgn wfga datgrsgetgn `y ndtefgs.

^fg prgsgaeg bl tfgsg ndtefgs tfus ds bl dalougaeg da tfg

ndstrdùtdba bl sdtgs ndsebvgrgn tfrbujf survgys.

Bag kmy emutdbusoy ebaeoung tfmt tfg semregagss bl Gmroy

man Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtgs ba wgstgra \bbrag kmy `g

mrtdldedmo, gspgedmooy da vdgw bl tfgdr jrgmtgr strmtdjrmpfde

ngptf.

@msgn ba tfg strmtdjrmpfde rgebrn, pbttgry man bltga ba=>E-nmtdajs, =09 sdtgs nmtdaj tb tfg pgrdbns ndseussgn fgrg

mrg nbeukgatgn5. Ubkg bl tfg Pbkma sdtgs mrg prb`mòy

abt da sdtu, ms tfgy ebatmda rgngpbsdtgn pbttgry da Nuahdrh

DDD ergghs.

Lrbk tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg (pfmsg =), \ma ^rdgruk gt mo.

(=466) man \ma ^rdgruk (da prgss) prgsgatgn sgvga sdtgs, bl

wfdef ldvg mrg egrtmda sgttogkgats (sggldj. 6mman


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=9 DA^PBNWE^DBA

7 hk

Ldj.6m Obemtdba bl Gmroy Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).

Ldj.6` Obemtdba bl Kdnndg Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).

vdedadty bl skmoo strgmks. ^fg lmet tfmt tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg

sgttogkgats mrg ebvgrgn `y pgmt ngkbastrmtgs tfmt tfg

nrmdamjg stmjamtgn, prb`m`oy prgeoundaj lurtfgr fm`dtmtdba.

Ldjurg 6` prgsgats tfg ndstrd`utdba bl tfg 57 sgttogkgats

`gobajdaj tb tfg Kdnndg Drba Mjg (pfmsg 0). Meebrndaj tb

\ma ^rdgruk, tfg Kdnndg Drba Mjg sdtgs wgrg dafm`dtgn lbr m

obajgr pgrdbn da vdgw bl tfg tfdeh fm`dtmtdba omygr tfmt

ngvgobpgn fgrg. Lurtfgrkbrg, tfg gxemvmtgn sdtg bl Updchg-

adssg =:-5> sfbwgn ma gxtgasdba bl pmrt bl tfg lmrk (sgg

`gobw). ^fg Kdnndg Drba Mjg sdtgs mrg mjmda obemtgn da tfg

agmr vdedadty bl ergghs.

^wgaty-sdx sgttogkgats mrg habwa lrbk tfg Omtg Drba Mjg


21/259

D D MPEFMGBOBJT

Ldj. 6e Obemtdba bl Omtg Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss8

Ldj. 6n Obemtdba bl Pbkma Ygrdbn sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).

(pfmse 5). Meebrndaj tb \ma ^rdgruk, tfg Omtg Drba Mjg

fm`dtmtdba fms m jrgmtgr ndstrd`utdba mrgm tfma tfmt bl tfg

Kdnnoe Drba Mjg, kmdaoy da sbutfwgstgra ndrgetdba mobaj tfg

@gradssg. ^fg smandgr Nuahdrh D sgndkgats abrtfgmst bl tfg

@gradssg sfbw tfg omrjgst ebaegatrmtdba bl Omtg Drba Mjg

fm`dtmtdba. M sgeban eoustgr bl Omtg Drba Mjg sdtgs ds obemtgn

da tfg wgstgra pmrt bl \bbrag (sgg ldj. 6e). ^fds mrgm wms

vgry spmregoy dafm`dtgn prdbr tb tfg Omtg Drba Mjg (ebkpmrg

ldj. 6m8 6`). ^fg sgttogkgats da tfds wgstgra pmrt bl \bbrag

mrg obemtgn ba pgmty sbdos.

Zdtf tfg basgt bl tfg daldugaeg bl tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg,

nrmstde efmajgs beeurrgn da tfg Agtfgromans. Mltgr Emgsmr's


22/259

=0 DA^PBNWE^DBA

Ldj. 4 ^fg rgomtdba `gtwgga strmtdjrmpfy man

fm`dtmtdba ba\bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma

^rdgruk =46 ; Kdnnogbr Omtg DrbaMjg brPbkma Ygrdbn

m ; Nuahdrh fo

` ; Pbkma Ygmt

e ; Nuahdrh D

n ; Fbooman Ygmt

g ; Nuahdrh9l ; Emomds D\

uasueegssluo mttgkpts tb ebaqugr tfg abrtfgra Jmoode trd`gs

(7:-70 @E), Mujustus' stgpsba Nrusus ndn sueeggn. Da =0 @E

tfg wfbog mrgm bl tfg Agtfgromans wms beeupdgn. Lbr tfg

Agtfgromans, tfds nmtg ema sgrvg ms tfg emgsurm `gtwgga tfg

(prg-Pbkma) Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn (Zdoogks

=46: MN tfg Pbkmas, mltgr mttgkptdaj tb beeupy

Jgrkmay up tb tfg Go`g, wdtfnrgw wfga Eomundus brngrgn

Ebr`uob tb stbp fds gxpgndtdbas man tb egmsg fds beeupmtdba

bl tfg abrtfgra pmrt bl tfg Agtfgromans. ^fg Bongr Pfdag,

wdtf dts gstumry agmr Hmtwdch (59 hk abrtf bl tfg Keusggstumry) wms efbsga ms tfg lrbatdgr (Odkgs) bl tfg Gkpdrg. Dt

wbuon omst lbr tfg lboobwdaj lbur egaturdgs. Mobaj tfg Odkgs,

m sgrdgs bl kdodtmry lbrts (emstgoom) wgrg grgetgn. ^fg mutb-

eftfbabus sgttogkgats bl tfds tdkg mrg rglgrrgn tb ms "amtdvg

Pbkma".

\bbrag-Yuttga wms daeoungn da tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg lrbk

=0 @E bawmrns. Dt `gemkg pmrt bl tfg mnkdadstrmtdvg prbv-

daeg bl Jgrkmadm Dacgrdbr. ^fg wmrs mppgmr tb fmvg fmn m

strbajoy ndsdatgjrmtdaj gllget upba tfg amtdvg sbedgtdgs da tfg

beeupdgn mrgm. Aukgrbus agw jrbups sgttogn tfgrg, mt tfg

gxpgasg bl tfg lbrkgr dafm`dtmats. ^fg agw dafm`dtmats bl

\bbrag-Yuttga prb`m`oy wgrg tfg Uturdd (\ma Gs =46=8 Zdo

ogks =46


23/259

=5 MPEFMGBOBJT

emrrdgn `y `btf tfg egatrmo pbsts man tfg wmoo. Da sbkg

emsgs, pbsts mrg sdtumtgn butsdng tfg wmoo man prb`mòy

sgrvgn ms rbbl suppbrts ms wgoo. Dl bag rbw bl egatrmo pbsts

ds prgsgat, tfg lmrk ds twb-mdsogn. ^wb pmrmoogo rbws bl

egatrmo pbsts rgsuot da m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk. Wsumooy, tfg lmrks

ema `g su`ndvdngn da m odvdaj mrgm man m pmrt lbr fbusdaj

nbkgstde madkmos. Da tfds pmrt (`yrg br `mra), pmrtdtdbas

(stmoos br `mys), da gmef bl wfdef twb fgmn bl emttog br btfgrnbkgstdemtgs ebuon fmvg `gga fbusgn, mrg bltga prgsgrvgn.

@btf tfg odvdaj pmrt man tfg `yrg mrg uangr tfg smkg rbbl.

^fg odvdaj mrgm bltga fms wdngr-spmegn rbbl suppbrtdaj pbsts

tfma tfg `mra pmrt. ^fg datgramo su`ndvdsdba bl tfg gxemv-

mtgn lmrks nbgs abt ndllgr sdjadldematoy lrbk ebatgkpbrmry

upoman sdtgs.

Moo gxemvmtgn lmrks mrg sdajog lmrkstgmns, ngasg eoustgrs

bl sdtgs nb abt beeur. \ma ^rdgruk (da prgss) prbvdngn kbst

bl tfg lboobwdaj ngtmdos ba tfg gxemvmtgn sgttogkgats.

=.5.=.= ^fg Gmroy Drba Mjg.

^fg tfrgg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs gxemvmtgn mrg Pbttgrnmk-Fmrtgohmammo =9-.7-7 k. Da tfg sbutfgra pmrt m `yrg

wdtf sdx stmoos ema `g rgebastruetgn (\ma ^rdgruk da prgss).

^fg gxemvmtdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59 rgsuotgn da tfg ndsebvgry

bl m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk bl =7 x 7 k. Da tfg sbutfgmstgra pmrt

sdx stmoos lbr fbusdaj odvgstbeh mrg prgsgat (sgg mosb \ma

^rdgruk gt mo. =466). ^fg obemtdba Updchgadssg =:-57 mosb

prbnuegn m tfrgg-mdsogn ebastruet dba, kgmsurdaj mt ogmst =: x

7 k. ^fg luoo ogajtf emaabt `g rgebastruetgn nug tb m rgegat

ndtef ndstur`daj tfg sdtg. ^ga tb twgovg stmoos mrg prgsgat da

tfg abrtfgmstgra pmrt bl tfg lmrk. Meebrndaj tb \ma ^rdg

ruk (da prgss), moo gxemvmtgn Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs ydgongn

rgomtdvgoy odttog sgttogkgat wmstg. M fm`dtmtdba omygr ebuon

fmrnoy br abt `g b`sgrvgn. Ba tfg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59,

lbr dastmaeg, baoy ,

=:-57, =6-79 man =6-40/45 man Udkbasfmvga =:-=>. Baoy

Updchgadssg =9-06, =:-5> man =6-79 prbnuegn pmrts bl lmrks,

tfg btfgrs ydgongn pbtsfgrns, pbsts man sbkgtdkgs lbrkgr

ndtefgs. ^fg gxemvmtgn Kdnnog Drba Mjg lmrks mrg obajgr

tfma tfgdr Gmroy Drba Mjg ebuatgrpmrts. Updchgadssg =9-06

ydgongn m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk, wfdef kgmsurgn mt ogmst =4 x

em. 7.7 k. ^ga stmoos wgrg prgsgat da tfg gmstgra pmrt bl tfg

ùdondaj. ^fds sdtg wms abt smkpogn lbr `btmademo kmerb-

rgkmdas, ms tfds wms abt ygt ebkkba prmetdeg mt tfg tdkg bl

gxemvmtdba. Updchgadssg =:-5> rgvgmogn tfg rgkmdas bl m 09 k

obaj fbusg8 tfg wdntf emaabt `g kgmsurgn nug tb m rgegat

ndtef, ùt wdoo abt fmvg gxeggngn 7.7 k. Da m sgeban ùdon

daj pfmsg tfg ogajtf wms gaomrjgn wdtf > k da m abrtf-

gmstgroy ndrgetdba. ^fg odvdaj mrgm bl tfds lmrk ds :.7 k obaj.

^fg auk`gr bl stmoos da tfg `mra ds abt habwa wdtf egr-

tmdaty. Mt ogmst tfrgg stmoos ema `g rgebastruetgn da tfg

egatrmo pmrt bl tfg ogajtf mxds, tfds pmrt fms m ogajtf bl 7 k.Agxt tb tfds pmrt, ma mrgm bl 0 k ogajtf, ldoogn wdtf pomat

kmtgrdmo man nuaj ba m rgomtdvgoy eogma su`sbdo beeurrgn.

^fds mrgm kmy fmvg `gga m fmoo. ^fg lboobwdaj mrgm bl 7 k

ogajtf fmn m ebrnurby lobbr bl uaspodt truahs, man mosb

ebatmdagn m fgmrtf. ^fg luaetdba bl tfg omst mrgm ds uaegr-

tmda, dt kmy fmvg `gga m wbrh mrgm. ^fg sdtg bl Updchgadssg

=:-5> ydgongn :5 hj bl pbttgry rgkmdas, kbrg tfma tga tdkgs

tfg mkbuat bl tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59.

^fg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =6-79, gxemvmtgn da =4:6, baoy

prbnuegn pmrt bl tfg `yrg bl m lmrkstgmn. ^fg wdntf bl tfg

lmrk kgmsurgs em. 7.: k, tfg ùdondaj wms prb`mòy tfrgg-

mdsogn. Umkpogs lbr `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas rgsgmref wgrg

abt eboogetgn.

B`sgrvmtdbas tfrbujf ngtmdogn ebrdajs ba sgttogkgat sdtgs,

ms wgoo ms tfrbujf buterbppdaj fm`dtmtdba omygrs da datgr-

sgetdaj ndtefgs man tfrbujf gxemvmtdbas ngkbastrmtgn tfmt

tfg dafm`dtgn mrgms nb abt gxeggn >9-79 k da ndmkgtgr (\ma

^rdgruk da prgss).

=.5.=.5 ^fg Omtg Drba Mjg.

^fg baoy gxemvmtgn ebkpogtg Omtg Drba Mjg lmrk, uagmrtfgn

mt tfg ldamo stmjg bl tfg prgsgat rgsgmref, ds Pbehmacg 96-70

ba gmstgra \bbrag. @gsdngs, Zdan (=4:9) ngserd`gn tfg ldan

bl sgttogkgat wmstg da m sgetdba agmr Pbehmacg (sdtg 96-9


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=> DA^PBNWE^DBA

dandemtgs tfmt tfg ndstur`maeg kust fmvg tmhga pomeg da tfg

(Omtg) Drba Mjg.

^fg ldrst gxpomamtdba tfmt ebkgs tb kdan ds tfmt wg mrg

ngmodaj wdtf euotdvmtgn pobts br jmrngas (sgg mosb tfg ndseus

sdba da \ma ^rdgruk da prgss). Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdbas

ebuon prb`mòy bllgr suppbrt lbr tfds fypbtfgsds, gspgedmooy dl

pbooga bl euotdvmtgn pomats mrg prgsgat. Fbwgvgr, tfg lgw

rgsuots b`tmdagn tb nmtg mrg agjmtdvg, pbooga bl grbp pomatsabr tfbsg bl uamk`djubus grbp wggns ebuon `g ngkba-

strmtgn>. Ms ma motgramtdvg luaetdba lbr tfgsg strdps fms abt

ygt `gga sujjgstgn, skmoo-semog euotdvmtdba bl sbkg erbps ba

m pgmty sbdo kust `g ebasdngrgn m pbssd`dodty.

Ms fms `gga b`sgrvgn, tfg "mrmòg ldgons" ms wgoo ms tfg

Omtg Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr Pbehmacg mrg `btf ebvgrgn wdtf

Nuahdrh D sgndkgats. ^wb =>

E nmtgs lrbk Pbehmacg mrg bl

datgrgst da tfds rgspget. ^fg pgmty `msg bl tfg Nuahdrh D

sgndkgat ba tbp bl tfg sdtg bl Pbehmacg 96-70 fms `gga

nmtgn mt 0979 59 @Y (JrA-=6.:). Fmoog

wms man \ma Pgjdgrga Motgam (=4:4) kgatdbagn m => E nmtg

bl 09 ^fg PbkmaYgrdbn.

Gxemvmtdbas ba amtdvg Pbkma sdtgs da tfg mrgm prbnuegn

sgvgrmo fbusgpomas (el. \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. =4668 \ma ^rdg

ruk da prgss). Da Adguwgafbbra, nganrbefrbabobjdemooy

nmtgn tb tfg ldrst man gmroy sgeban egaturdgs MN (el. \gr-

kggrga/ @rdahhgkpgr da prgp.8 5.=..7 k) man wms prb`mòy twb-mdsogn. ^fgybuajgr man omrjgr bag (00 x


25/259

=7 MPEFMGBOBJT

abtgs

= Zfga tfg "Drba Mjg" ds kgatdbagn da tfds pu`odemtdba, dt mowmys

rglgrs tb tfg "prg-Pbkma Drba Mjg". Ms \bbrag-Yuttga wms pmrt bl

tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg lrbk =0 @E bawmrns, tfds pgrdbn ds rglgrrgn tb

ms tfg "Pbkma Ygrdbn", wfdef ebrrgspbans tb tfg Pbkma Drba Mjg

butsdng tfg `brngrs bl tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg.

0 @E (; @glbrg Efrdst) man MN rglgr tb emoganmr ygmrs `glbrg manmltgr tfg stmrt bl tfg Efrdstdma grm, @Y rglgrs tb uaemod`rmtgn,

ebavgatdbamo =>E nmtdajs.

5 ^fg Kmmsvomhtg, wfdef ebasdsts bl sman lrbk tfg Kgusg, mrtd-

ldedmooy ngpbsdtgn lbr danustrdmo purpbsgs, ydgongn rgkmdas lrbk m

omrjg rmajg bl mrefmgobjdemo pgrdbns. ^fgsg rgkmdas mrg abt da sdtu

man wdoo `g oglt but bl ebasdngrmtdba fgrg.

> ^frgg smkpogs fmvg `gga su`cgetgn tb pbooga mamoysds. ^fgy wgrg

b`tmdagn lrbk tfg ndstur`gn omygrs (tfg "mrm`og ldgons"). Ngspdtg tfg

lmet tfmt pbooga wgrg wgoo prgsgrvgn da tfg uppgrkbst twb smkpogs,

grbp pomats, lbr dastmaeg Egrgmodm-typg pbooga (omrjgr tfma >9 ura,

wdtf maauous ndmkgtrg omrjgr tfma 0 x pbrg ndmkgtrg man m eogmroy

`brngrgn maauous) ebuon abt `g ngkbastrmtgn.


26/259

=


27/259

0 Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga

0.= Datrbnuetdba

Bag bl tfg kmda mpprbmefgs da tfg prgsgat stuny ds pmoyab

objdemo rgsgmref. Da tfds rgsgmref, pbooga jrmdas man spbrgs

mrg tfg b`cgets bl stuny. ^fgsg pmrtdeogs mrg prbnuegn `y

lobwgrdaj pomats, lgras man btfgr eryptbjmks. Ybooga jrmdas

man spbrgs mrg dngatdldmòg tb kbrg br ogss obw tmxbabkdemo

ogvgos (bltga tb lmkdodgs br jgagrm, sbkgtdkgs tb spgedgs).

^fgsg ndllgrgat tmxbabkdemo ogvgos wdoo da tfg lboobwdaj `g

rglgrrgn tb ms tmxm.

M kmcbr pmrt bl tfg pbooga man spbrgs prbnuegn `y pomats

nb abt luoldo tfgdr amturmo luaetdba bl lgrtdodzmtdba. Da ma

gavdrbakgat ngprdvgn bl bxyjga, tfgy ema `g prgsgrvgn lbr m

obaj tdkg. Gxmkpogs bl pbooga-ebatmdadaj sgndkgats mrg

pgmts man omhg-ngpbsdts. Mltgr efgkdemo trgmtkgats, tfg

pbooga ebatmdagn da suef ngpbsdts ema `g stundgn.

^fg pbooga man spbrgs prgsgrvgn da m sgndkgat mrg m

rglogetdba bl tfg vgjgtmtdba tfmt prgvmdogn nurdaj ngpbsdtdba

bl tfg sgndkgat. ^fg ebkpbsdtdba bl m pbooga spgetruk ds

omrjgoy ngtgrkdagn `y tfg ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg vgjgtmtdba tfmt

prbnuegn dt, motfbujf pbooga prbnuetdba man pbooga ndspgrsmo

ndllgr ebasdngrmòy `gtwgga ndllgrgat tmxm (sgg lurtfgr 0.5).

^fg pbooga tfmt ds trmaspbrtgn `y mdr ds jgagrmooy rglgrrgn

tb ms tfg mdr`brag ebkpbagat (pbooga rmda). Ymrt bl tfdsmdr`brag pbooga ngrdvgs lrbk tfg eobsg vdedadty bl dts pomeg bl

ngpbsdtdba. ^fds ebkpbagat ds rglgrrgn tb ms obemo pbooga

(sgasuCmassga =4:5). Dt ds usumooy trmaspbrtgn ogss tfma

07 k. Ybooga trmaspbrtgn bvgr jrgmtgr ndstmaegs, up tb

sgvgrmo hdobkgtrgs, ds rglgrrgn tb ms rgjdbamo pbooga. Da bur

rgjdba, suef mdr`brag trmaspbrt bvgr rgomtdvgoy jrgmt nds

tmaegs kmdaoy beeurs da trgg pbooga. ^fg sfmrg bl obemo man

rgjdbamo pbooga da tfg pbooga ngpbsdtdba da may jdvga obemtdba

ngpgans abt baoy upba tfg pbooga prbnuetdba bl tfg obemo

vgjgtmtdba ùt mosb upba tfg sdzg bl tfg `msda da wfdef tfg

pbooga ds ngpbsdtgn. Da ma gxtgasdvg `bny bl Upfmjauk pgmtbr m omhg, tfg ebatrdùtdba bl tfg rgjdbamo pbooga ngpbsdtdba

ds kuef jrgmtgr tfma da skmoogr `msdas.

Ubkg pbooga typgs mrg gxtrgkgoy wgoo mnmptgn tb obaj-

ndstmaeg ndspgrsmo (g.j. Ydaus), rgomtdvgoy obw mkbuats blsuef pbooga typgs da m ngpbsdt kmy fmvg ngrdvgn lrbk sburegs

tgas tb fuanrgns bl hdobkgtrgs mwmy. ^fds ebkpbagat ds

rglgrrgn tb ms gxtrm-rgjdbamo.

Mpmrt lrbk mdr`brag pbooga, sbkg sgndkgats mosb ebatmda

pbooga trmaspbrtgn `y wmtgr (wmtgr`brag pbooga). ^fg brdjda

bl wmtgr`brag pbooga kmy `g lmr mwmy lrbk tfg sdtg bl

ngpbsdtdba, gspgedmooy wfgrg omrjg rdvgr `msdas mrg ebaegragn.

Zmtgr`brag pbooga kmy gspgedmooy `g prgsgat da eomygy sgnd

kgats. Bwdaj tb dts brdjda lmr ndstmat lrbk tfg sdtg bl

ngpbsdtdba, wmtgr`brag pbooga ndstbrts tfg dalbrkmtdba ba

tfg gavdrbakgat bl tfg smkpodaj sdtg ms prbvdngn `y tfg

obemo man tfg rgjdbamo mdr`brag ebkpbagats. Ms m rgsuot, m

pbooga spgetruk lrbk eomygy sgndkgats ds kuef kbrg

ndlldeuot tb datgrprgt tfma bag lrbk m rmdsgn `bj, wfgrg

wmtgr`brag pbooga ema `g gxeoungn. ^bjgtfgr wdtf wmtgr

`brag pbooga wfdef ds prbnuegn cust prdbr tb dts trmaspbrtm-

tdba `y wmtgr, tfg wmtgr kmy mosb ebatmda pbooga grbngn

lrbk bongr sgndkgats. ^fg prgsgaeg bl prg-]umtgramry

pbooga ds dandemtdvg bl suef rgngpbsdtgn pbooga.

Lbr pmoyabobjdemooy `msgn gavdrbakgatmo rgebastruetdbas

bl tfg Drba Mjg man Pbkma Ygrdbn, pbooga ebatmdadaj ng

pbsdts lrbk tfgsg tdkgs mrg rgqudrgn. Ba \bbrag-Yuttga, tfg

pgmty omygrs prgsgat `gtwgga tfg ndllgrgat Nuahdrh ngpbsdts

bllgr jbbn pbssd`dodtdgs. ^fg Nuahdrh eomy ngpbsdts tfgk-

sgovgs mosb ebatmda pbooga, ùt sbkg bl tfds ds wmtgr`brag br

gvga rgngpbsdtgn. ^fgsg lmetbrs rgangr tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl

pbooga spgetrm lrbk Nuahdrh eomy kuef kbrg ebkpodemtgn

tfma tfbsg lrbk pgmt. Da pomegs wfgrg Nuahdrh D sgndkgatsmrg prgsgat, ab pgmt ds lbrkgn nurdaj eomy sgndkgatmtdba.

Udaeg fm`dtmtdba ds bltga ebrrgomtgn wdtf tfgsg Nuahdrh D

sgndkgats (sgg =.5), tfds ds ma dkpbrtmat rgstrdetdba. @gsdngs,tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt tfmt prgnmtgs tfg eomy sgndkgatmtdba kmy

fmvg `gga grbngn nurdaj trmasjrgssdba bl tfg sgm man eba-

sgqugatdmo lobbndaj bl tfg pgmt.

0.0 Yrgvdbus davgstdjmtdbas

Da tfg lrmkgwbrh bl tfg davgstdjmtdbas rgomtdaj tb tfg jgbob-

jdemo kmp 5: Zgst (\ma Utmmonudaga =4:4), sgvgrmo sgetdbas

ebatmdadaj Fbooman pgmt ba \bbrag-Yuttga wgrg mamoysgn `y

tfg Pdchs Jgbobjdsefg Ndgast (P.J.N.8 Jgbobjdemo Uurvgy bl

tfg Agtfgromans).

^fg qugstdbas wfdef tfg P.J.N. davgstdjmtdbas trdgn tb

maswgr wgrg bl m jgbobjdemo amturg. Nmtdaj bl tfg omygrs bl

pgmt man eomy wgrg bl prdkmry datgrgst. Uuef nmtdaj bl

Fbobegag sgndkgats ds pbssdòg `y kgmas bl pbooga mamoysds,

usdaj tfg ndllgrgat tdkgs bl mrrdvmo bl tfg trgg spgedgs mltgr

tfg daergmsg da tgkpgrmturg lboobwdaj tfg omst deg mjg

(Zgdefsgodma). Ldjurg =9 sfbws tfg pmoyabobjdemo erdtgrdm


28/259

YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

Ldj. =9Ymoyabobjdemo er dtgrdm lbr

ndstdajudsfdaj tfg ndllgrgat pgrdbns bl tfg

Fbobegag (mltgr @grgansga/ Smjwdca =46>).

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Moausman]ugreus

Gmroy

-


29/259

=4 YPG\DBWU DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

usgn tb ndstdajudsf tfg Fbobegag pgrdbns da tfg Agtfgromans

(mltgr Smjwdca =4:78 @grgansga/ Smjwdca =46>). ^fg nds-

pgrsmo bl trggs mltgr tfg wdtfnrmwmo bl tfg omst jomedmo deg

ebvgr ds tfg kmda ngtgrkdadaj mjgat tb tfg sueegssdba b`sgrvgn.

^fg mrrdvmo man sprgmn bl Lmjus ds tfg hgy efmrmetgrdstde blybuajgr (Uu``brgmo man Uu`mtomatde) ngpbsdts. Meebrndaj tb

tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm, tfg stmrt bl tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn ds

efmrmetgrdzgn `y m rdsg bl Lmjus m`bvg 7%, rgomtdvg tb mpbooga suk ebkprdsdaj moo trgg pbooga (mr`brgmo pbooga suk).

Zdtfda tfg Uu`mtomatde ngpbsdts, tfg sprgmn bl Emrpdaus mltgrtfg stmrt bl tfg Efrdstdma grm ds sdjadldemat da tfg Agtfgr

omans. Meebrndaj tb tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm, tfg prgsgaeg bl

Egatmurgm eymaus, Lmjbpyruk man Ugemog efmrmetgrdzg ngpbsdts nmtdaj lrbk tfg Kdnnog Mjgs br omtgr. Abtwdtfstmandaj

tfg lmet tfmt beemsdbamo gmrodgr ldans bl Ugemog (el. Cmassga=4:0) man Lmjbpyruk (el. Cmassga =4:08 Goman =46>) nb

gxdst, mrg tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm vgry usgluo tb gstdkmtg nmtgs bl

pbooga ndmjrmks.

Ugvgrmo bl tfg P.J.N. pbooga ndmjrmks lrbk \bbrag-

Yuttga ebvgr pmrt bl tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn. ^fgy mrg fdjfoy

rgogvmat tb tfg rgsgmrefgs mt fman. Gspgedmooy tfg ndmjrmks

lrbk Jggrvodgt (Ng Cbaj =499 @Y. Da Fggavodgt, pgmt jrbwtf eba-

tdaugn datb tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn, wfdef ds gxegptdbamo da tfg

sbutfwgst bl tfg Agtfgromans (sgg 0.:). Moo nmtm da tfgsg

ndmjrmks, pu`odsfgn da datgramo P.J.N. rgpbrts, fmvg `gga

pomegn mt ky ndspbsmo `y Daj. C. ng Cbaj man Yrbl. Nr. Z.F.

Smjwdca.

^fgsg P.J.N. ndmjrmks mosb prbvdngn pmrt bl tfg `msdslbr tfg pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdbas `y Smjwdca

(=46.7 ek wgrg usgn, uaogss btfgrwdsg dandemtgn.

Da tfg om`brmtbry, gmef sgetdba wms eut datb sodegs bl bag

ek da tfdehagss. Ybooga smkpogs wgrg b`tmdagn lrbk tfgegatrmo pmrt bl tfgsg sodegs. ^fg smkpogs wgrg trgmtgn lbo-

obwdaj Lsjrd gt mo. (=464), m `rbkblbrk-moebfbo kdxturg

(s.j. 0.9) wms usgn tb sgpmrmtg brjmade man kdagrmo kmtgrdmo,

tfus bkdttdaj tfg ebrrbsdvg FL. Gxegpt lbr m lgw smkpogs

vgry pbbr da pbooga, mamoysds wms emrrdgn but uatdo mt ogmst

599 pbooga jrmdas lrbk upoman trggs wgrg ebuatgn. ^fds

upoman trgg pbooga ebastdtutgn tfg pbooga suk. Ms m ruog,

gvgry sgeban egatdkgtrg bl tfg smkpogn ebouka bl sgndkgat

wms ebuatgn. ^fds mppgmrgn tb prbvdng gabujf ngtmdo,

rgangrdaj tfg ebuatdaj bl gvgry egatdkgtrg uaagegssmry.

Lbr tfg dngatdldemtdba bl pbooga man spbrgs, tfg lboobwdaj

pu`odemtdbas wgrg usgn3 Lsjrd man Dvgrsga (=4:7), Yuat

(=4:), Grntkma gt mo.

(=4


30/259

09 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

wgtoman ebkpbagats ema `g ngtgetgn rgomtdvg tb tfg upoman

pbooga suk.

^fg eurvgs lbr gmef tmxba stdoo wdoo `g dalougaegn `y btfgr

tmxm da rgomtdvg pbooga ndmjrmks. ^fg lboobwdaj tfgbrgtdemo

gxmkpog kmy dooustrmtg tfds pbdat. ^wb spgedgs, M man @, mrg

tfg baoy bags prgsgat da tfg pbooga suk. @btf fmvg m

ebkpmrm`og pbooga prbnuetdba. Da tfg ldrst spgetruk, `btf

typgs beeur da gqumo qumatdty, sb m sebrg bl 79% lbr gmef dsrgebrngn. ^fga, tfg lbrgst ebkpbsdtdba efmajgs8 spgedgs M

rgkmdas stgmny, tfgrg ds ab efmajg da tfg auk`gr bl trggs,

fgaeg abt da pbooga prbnuetdba man -ngpbsdtdba gdtfgr. Upg

edgs @, fbwgvgr, ds twdeg ms ebkkba mt tfg tdkg bl tfg

sgeban spgetruk. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg pbooga spgetruk sfbws

55.5% lbr M man


31/259

0= KG^FBNU WUGNDA ^FGYPGUGA PGUGMPEF

^mòg =. Fypbtfgtdemo ebrrgetdba lmetbrs lbr pbooga prbnuetdba (P-vmougs) lbr tfrgg obemtdbas wdtf trdrgg tmxm gmef (mltgr @drhs &

Jbrnba =467).

^mxba \gjgtmtdba Ybooga P-vmoug PQ-vmoug

M 9.> 9.6 0 =(=

@ 9 D u d = 7

E 9.7 9.= 9.0 =

M 9.0 9.7 0.7 =9

@ do Q 9.5:7 =.07 7

E 9.7 9.=07 9.07 =

M 9.:, edtgn da Mangrsga=4:5) sujjgstgn m ebrrgetdba lmetbr bl =3>, wfdog uangr m trgg

emabpy tfg lmetbr kmy `g =3= (Mangrsga =4:53===).

Mangrsga's rgsgmref rgomtgn tb obemo pbooga ngpbsdtdba

wdtfda lbrgsts. ^fg pbooga omrjgoy emkg lrbk vgjgtmtdba

wdtfda m 09-59 k= rmndus bl tfg pomeg bl smkpodaj. ^fus, tfg

pbooga prbnuetdba bl ndllgrgat trggs ds bl kuef jrgmtgr

dkpbrtmaeg tfma tfgdr pbooga ndspgrsmo. Da omhgs man `bjs, da

ebatrmst, tfg pbooga spgetrm ngrdvgn lrbk vgjgtmtdba lrbk m

kuef omrjgr mrgm man ebasgqugatoy, ndllgrgatdmo pbooga nds

pgrsmo pomys m ebasdngrmòy omrjgr rbog tfma da Mangrsga's

stundgs.

Da kgnduk br omrjg `msdas, tfg sfmrg bl rgjdbamo pbooga dskuef jrgmtgr tfma tfg obemo pbooga ebkpbagat (sgasuCmas

sga =4:5). Bag kmy wbangr fbw lmr pbooga ds jgagrmooy

ndspgrsgn lrbk dts sbureg. Meebrndaj tb @drhs man Jbrnba

(=4673 055), wfb edtg sgvgrmo sburegs, kgnduk- br omrjg-sdzgn

omhgs br `bjs (mt ogmst 079 k da ndmkgtgr) fmvg pbooga sbureg

mrgms bl mt ogmst =999-0999 hk0, wfdef ebrrgspbans tb m

rmndus bl =6-07 hk. Fbwgvgr, tfg ndstmaeg pbooga ema `rdnjg

ndllgrs lrbk tmxba tb tmxba. Ubkg prbnueg omrjg mkbuats bl

odjft pbooga, wfdef ds wdngoy ndspgrsgn (g.j. Ydaus, @gtudm),

wfdog btfgrs fmvg m obw prbnuetdba bl fgmvy pbooga, wfdef ds

pbbroy ndspgrsgn (g.j. Megr, ^dodm).

Cmassga (=46=) ngserd`gn rgegat pbooga ngpbsdtdba da tfg

\bsjgs (Lrmaeg). Fg ebaeoungn tfmt tfg obemo gllget bl trggs

ds lgdt bvgr rgomtdvgoy sfbrt ndstmaegs lrbk tfg lbrgst gnjg.

^fds obemo gllget ds usumooy agjodjdòg mt ndstmaegs `gyban =79

k lrbk tfg pbooga sbureg. Lbr fgr`s, Jrmkdagmg prb`mòy

gxeoungn, tfds ndstmaeg ds kuef sfbrtgr, usumooy abt kbrg

tfma m lgw kgtrgs.

^fg pbooga ngpbsdtdba da omrjg `msdas ds lurtfgr ebkpode-

mtgn `y tfg lmet tfmt pbooga ngpbsdtdba ngergmsgs jrmnumooy,

rmtfgr tfma m`ruptoy, wdtf ndstmaeg, man mt ndllgrgat rmtgs lbr

ndllgrgat spgedgs. ^fgsg ebkpodemtdbas agegssdtmtg tfg daebrp-

brmtdba bl m "`mehjrbuan ebkpbagat" da tfg emoeuomtdba bl

P-vmougs. ^fds `mehjrbuan ebkpbagat rgprgsgats pbooga

prbnuegn butsdng tfg mrgm lbr wfdef tfg trgg erbwa ebvgrmjg

wms gstdkmtgn. ^fg lmet tfmt ndllgrgat tmxm ndllgr da tfgdr

pbooga ndspgrsmo empm`dodtdgs man ngpbsdtdbamo efmrmetgrdstdes,

wfdef mrg rgomtgn mkbajst btfgr tfdajs tb sdzg, sfmpg manwgdjft, ebkpodemtgs tfg rgomtdba `gtwgga vgjgtmtdba man

pbooga ngpbsdtdba gvga kbrg (@drhs/ Jbrnba =4673 =6 Ybooga ndmjrmks

0.>.= ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL UYDCHGADUUG =:-59

^fg obemtdba bl tfds sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg ==. ^fg

sgetdba fms `gga smkpogn agmr tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtg bl

Updchgadssg =:-59, dt odgs < k abrtfgmst bl tfg gxemvmtgn

lmrkstgmn. ^fg strmtdjrmpfdemo pbsdtdba bl tfg smkpogn pmrt

bl tfg sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg =0. ^fg sgetdba fmn `gga

eut gspgedmooy tb b`tmda kmtgrdmo lbr pmoyabobjdemo rgsgmref

`y tfg gxemvmtbrs bl tfg @.B.B.P. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt ds

strbajoy ngebkpbsgn, tfg trmasdtdba tb tfg bvgroydaj eomy ds

jrmnumo.

Ldjurg =5 rgprgsgats tfg rgomtdvg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchg

adssg =:-590. ^frbujfbut tfg ndmjrmk, Jrmkdagmg man

kbabogtg psdomtg lgra spbrgs (^fgoyptgrds typg) mrg prgnbk

damat. Upfmjauk man Grdemogs mrg rmrg. ^fds sfbws tfmt wg

mrg ngmodaj fgrg wdtf gutrbpfde lga pgmt.

^fg ldrst obemo zbag (M) ds efmrmetgrdzgn `y rgomtdvgoy fdjf


32/259


7 hk Ldj. == Obemtdba bl tfg pmoyabobjdemosgetdbas ba \bbrag-Yuttga, semog =30999.

prbpbrtdbas bl ]ugreus (bmh) man Lmjus(`ggef). Ebryous(fmzgo) ds prgsgat da obwgr pgregatmjgs da ebkpmrdsba wdtf

tfg lboobwdaj zbags. Morgmny mt tfg `msg bl tfg ndmjrmk,

Lmjus gxeggns 7%. Motfbujf tfg pbooga suk usgn fgrgngvdmtgs lrbk tfmt bl tfg P.J.N., kbst prb`mòy tfg wfbog

ndmjrmk ema `g nmtgn tb tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn (ebkpmrg

ldj. =9). ^fds ds ebaldrkgn `y m => E nmtdaj bl 09 @Y(JrA-=7000) lrbk tfg `msg bl tfg pgmt. Emrpdaus nbgs abt

mttmda vmougs bl = % da m eobsgn eurvg, sb tfg wfbog sgetdbaprgnmtgs tfg Efrdstdma grm. ^fg mojmg Ygndmstruk man Updrb-jyrm mttmda tfgdr kmxdkuk vmougs da tfg ldrst zbag, tfg smkgmppodgs tb Oytfruk, ^fg mojmg dandemtg tfg prgsgaeg blstmjamat, lrgsf wmtgr.

Da obemo zbag @,]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm sfbw m kmrhgnngeodag, Ebryous daergmsgs strbajoy da tfg rgomtdvg ndmjrmk.^fg ngeodadaj tmxm mrg moo trggs bl prdkmry lbrgsts, wfgrgms

Ebryous ds m pdbaggr spgedgs bl sgebanmry lbrgsts (el. Ukdtf=4:6). ^fg rgkmrhmòg efmajgs da tfg ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg

upoman pbooga rmda kmy fmvg sgvgrmo emusgs.

Da vdgw bl tfg pgmh bl Efgabpbndmegmg pbooga mt tfg gan

bl zbag M, daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg ds tfg ldrst pbssdòg

emusg bl nglbrgstmtdba. M rdsdaj wmtgr tmòg, ebaagetgn wdtf

daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg, prb`mòy fmn dts gllget upba tfg

upoman trggs, wfdef mrg sgasdtdvg tb fdjf wmtgr tmògs da tfg

jrbwdaj sgmsba. Fbwgvgr, Ebryous ds odhgoy tb `g mllgetgn `ytfgsg edreukstmaegs da tfg smkg wmy. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg

mppmrgat daergmsg bl Ebryous rgkmdas uagxpomdagn. ^fgnrbwadaj bl tfg upoman lbrgst wbuon kbst prb`mòy mosb

rgsuot da tfg gxpmasdba bl Moaus da tfgsg pmrts bl tfg oman

sempg (sgg mosb Zdoogrndaj =4::). Da tfg pbooga ndmjrmks,

fbwgvgr, Moaus sfbws m stgmny ngeodag, kbrg br ogss lboobwdaj tfg eurvg bl ]ugreus. M lurtfgr mrjukgat mjmdast mwgttgr pfmsg nurdaj zbag @ ds tfg ngeodag bl mqumtde tmxm

odhg Ygndmstruk, Updrbjyrm man el. Ybtmkbjgtba, man tfgdaergmsg bl Wk`goodlgrmg man Ebkpbsdtmg tuùodlobrmg. Udk-

domr efmajgs da tfgsg tmxm beeur da tfg Mssgangovgr Ybongrsgetdba, davgstdjmtgn `y Zdttg man \ma Jggo. ^fgy mosb pbdat

tb nrdgr obemo ebandtdbas tb meebuat lbr tfgsg efmajgs (Zdttg/\ma Jggo =4673 079).

M sgeban bptdba lbr tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl tfg efmajgs da

upoman trgg pbooga ema `g lbuan da tfg stuny `y \ma ngr

Zbung (=465). Fds stuny ebaegras pmrt bl tfg Pfdag-Kgusg

`msda da tfg Moòmssgrwmmrn agmr tfg Fmzganbah (upstrgmk

lrbk \bbrag-Yuttga). Fgrg eomygy omygrs, da ebkpmrdsba tb

pgmt, sfbw abtmòy fdjfgr vmougs bl Lmjus, Ydegm, M`dgs man,tb m ogssgr gxtgat, bl Ydaus, ^dodmman ]ugreus. ^fds dsgxpomdagn `y rdvgr-trmaspbrtgn pbooga bl tfgsg sdx tmxm. Da

pgrdbns bl dauanmtdba, tbjgtfgr wdtf tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl

eomy, pbooga lrbk tfg fdatgroman ds ngpbsdtgn. Lobrseftz man

Cbahgr (=454) morgmny pbstuomtgn mqumtde obaj-ndstmaeg

trmaspbrt bl pbooga bl Ydaus, Ydegmman M`dgs tb meebuat lbrfdjf vmougs bl tfgsg tmxm da eomygy sgndkgats mobaj tfg

Pfdag. Da tfg emsg bl Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg smkg kdjft pomy

m rbog da zbag M man tgrkdamtdba bl rdvgrdag dalougaeg da

zbag @ wbuon rgsuot da tfg ngeodag bl tfgsg spgedgs. Fbwgvgr,

sgvgrmo b`sgrvmtdbas davmodnmtg tfds gxpomamtdba. Ldrstoy,

Ydaus sfbws rgjuomr pgregatmjgs tfrbujfbut tfg ndmjrmk,man Ydegm man M`dgs mrg fmrnoy br abt mt moo rgprgsgatgn.


33/259

05 YBOOGA NDMJPMKU

A.M.Y.

0k

Ck

a^^ô pgmt

| Nuahdrh D

Q Q Nuahdrh DDD9 7k

Ldj. =0 Ybsdtdba bl kbabodtf tda da sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59.@omeh ; wbbnga pbsts.

Ugebanoy, m eomygy gardefkgat bl tfg sgndkgat da zbag M

ebuon abt `g lbuan. @gsdngs, prg-]umtgramry pbooga, bltga

efmrmetgrdstde bl rgngpbsdtdba da Fbobegag sgndkgats (el.

Ndkòg`y =467), mrg omehdaj da tfg Updchgadssg ndmjrmk.

^fg tfdrn pbssdòg gxpomamtdba pbdats tbwmrns ma matfrb-

pbjgade brdjda. Nglbrgstmtdba `y kma bl tfg upoman mrgm ema

gxpomda tfg ngeodag bl ]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm. ^fg rdsg bl

Ebryous da tfds emsg kmy fmvg `gga nug tb `gttgr lobwgrdaj

br gxpmasdba bl tfds odjft-ngkmandaj spgedgs, lmedodtmtgn `y

tfg bpgadaj up bl tfg lbrkgroy eobsgn prdkmry lbrgst. ^fgngeodag bl Moaus kmy mosb fmvg `gga nug tb lgoodaj, ms tfdsspgedgs wms vgry rgjuomroy usgn lbr ebastruetdba purpbsgs

nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg (sgg 5). Lurtfgrkbrg, Moaus ds m prg-

nbkdamtdaj spgedgs da tfg efmrebmo lrbk fgmrtfs (sgg @rdah-

hgkpgr/ \grkegrga da prgss). ^fg efmajgs da tfg lbrgst

ebkpbsdtdba wbuon da tfds emsg rgloget m pfgabkgaba wdtf

kmay pmrmoogos tb Dvgrsga's (=4>=) eomssde omanamk.

^fg rmndbemr`ba nmtdaj bl tfg `msg bl zbag @, 0>57 >7

@Y (JrA-=7005) ds da pgrlget mjrggkgat wdtf nmtdajs bl

ebastruetdba wbbn `gobajdaj tb tfg agmr`y Gmroy Drba Mjg

sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59 (e. 0>79 @Y8 \ma ^rdgruk =46

E nmtgs lbr tfg pbooga ndmjrmks prgsgatgn fgrg wgrg

b`tmdagn lrbk tfg smkg pgmty kmtgrdmo ms wms usgn lbr

pbooga mamoysds.

Da vdgw bl tfgsg mrjukgats, tfg efmajgs b`sgrvgn da tfg

ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg upoman lbrgst ema, da ky bpdadba, baoy

`g mttrdùtgn tb matfrbpbjgade emusgs.

Da zbag E, mltgr m sodjft rgebvgry bl ]ugreus, m sgebanngeodag ds rgprgsgatgn. ^fg => E nmtg bl 0009 59 @Y (JrA-

=505=) pu`-

odemtdba, wfgrg tfg gxprgssdba omanamk

ds datrbnuegn, m pgmhbl Ebryous beeurs nurdaj rgjgagrmtdba bl tfg lbrgst, da

Dvgrsga's emsg mltgr @gtudm. Fgrg, ]ugreus wms mosb m kmcbrebkpbagat, wfdef wms mnvgrsgoy mllgetgn `y fukma

dalougaeg. ^fg spgedgs tfmt pomy m rbog da tfg rgjgagrmtdba

wdoo mkbajst btfgr tfdajs ngpgan upba sbdo lmetbrs, wfdef

kmy meebuat lbr tfg su`brndamtg rbog bl @gtudm da tfg

prgsgat stuny.

^fg pgrsdstgatoy fdjf vmougs bl Ebryous da tfg prgsgatndmjrmk, fbwgvgr, emaabt `g gxpomdagn `y rgjgagrmtdba. ^fg

pfmsg wdtf fmzgo da tfg sueegssdba bl m rgjgagrmtdaj lbrgst

wbuon abt omst sgvgrmo fuanrgns bl ygmrs. ^fg prbobajgn

mùanmaeg prb`mòy pbdats tbwmrns obajomstdaj bpga spmegs

da tfg upoman lbrgst.Fbwgvgr, tfg pbooga daloux ndmjrmk rgvgmos sbkg uagx-

pgetgn pgrspgetdvgs da tfds b`sgrvmtdba. ^fds ndmjrmk ds

`msgn ba m`sboutg vmougs pgr ek 5, wdtf ndllgrgaegs da sgnd

kgatmtdba rmtgs ebrrgetgn wdtf tfg mdn bl =>

E nmtdajs. ^fg

ndmjrmk {ldj. =>) sfbws ebavdaedajoy tfmt tfg rgomtdvgkmxdkm bl Ebryous mrg emusgn `y tfg lmoodaj bll bl btfgr

upoman trggs. ^fg m`sboutg auk`grs bl fmzgo pbooga ngpbsd-

tgn pgr tdkg uadt rgkmda ebastmat. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg agt

pbooga prbnuetdba bl Ebryous ndn abt daergmsg. ^fg pbsdtdvg

dalougaeg bl `gttgr odjft ebandtdbas kmy fmvg `gga bllsgt `y

m rgnuetdba da tfg auk`grs bl tfgsg sfru`s.

^fg b`vdbus datgrprgtmtdba bl tfgsg nmtm ds tfmt m ebasdn-

grmòg eogmrmaeg bl tfg prdkmry lbrgst ba kdagrmo ngpbsdts

(tfg "upoman") tbbh pomeg mt tfg smkg tdkg ms Gmroy Drba

Mjg fm`dtmtdba da tfg mrgm. Mltgr m sfbrt pgrdbn bl rgebvgry,

tfg agxt eogmrmaeg pfmsg ds rgebrngn da tfg pbooga ndmjrmks

mt tfg tdkg bl Kdnnog Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba.

Da tfg omst zbag (N) bl tfg rgomtdvg ndmjrmk, ]ugreus, ^dodmman Lmjus rgebvgr mjmda. Da tfds emsg, tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl

moobeftfbabus pbooga tbjgtfgr wdtf eomy kmy gxpomda tfds


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0> YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

pfgabkgaba. Da tfg eomygy smkpogs, tfgrg aggnabt `g may

rgomtdba wdtf tfgngvgobpkgatbl tfg upoman vgjgtmtdba ba

\bbrag-Yuttga. ^fg pbssdòy rgagwgn rgebvgrybl tfg lbrgst

emaabt `g b`sgrvgn bwdaj tb tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl eomy

nurdaj tfgNuahdrh D trmasjrgssdba pfmsg. ^fgrglbrg, tfg

ndmjrmk nbgs abt ebatmda dalbrkmtdba ba tfg Omtg DrbaMjg

man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn. Pgodmòg =>

E nmtgs emaabt`g b`-

tmdagn lrbk tfgeomygy sgndkgat blzbag N. Ebasgqugatoy,ab pbooga daloux ndmjrmk ema `gnrmwa lbr tfds pmrtbl tfg

sgetdba.

^fg efmajgs da tfg trgg pbooga vmougs mrg tfus `gstgx-

pomdagn `y fukma dalougaeg upba tfgvgjgtmtdba. Dt kmy `g

mshgn wfgtfgr tfgrg mrg btfgr dandemtbrs bl fukma metdvdtdgs

da tfg mrgm ndsegradòg da tfgndmjrmk. ^fgrgpgreussdbasbl

fukma metdvdtdgs da pbooga ndmjrmks fmvg `gga su`cget tb

kmay stundgs, da wfdef rmajgs bl "matfrbpbjgade dandemtbrs"

fmvg `gga sujjgstgn. ^fgsg dandemtbrs kmy`gobaj tb twb

emtgjbrdgs. Ldrstoy, tfgykmy ebaegra spgedgs euotdvmtgn `y

kma, wfdef @gfrg (=449e) rglgrrgn tb ms prdkmry matfrbpb

jgade dandemtbrs. Ugebanoy, m rmajg bl aba-euotdvmtgn matfrb

pbjgade dandemtbrs dskgatdbagn da tfg odtgrmturg ba tfds

su`cget, wfdef @gfrg emoogn sgebanmry matfrbpbjgade dande

mtbrs.

Ms lbr tfg euotdvmtgn spgedgs, tfgeurvgbl egrgmo pbooga

(Egrgmodm-typg) fms bltga `gga ebasdngrgn tb prbvdng usgluo

dalbrkmtdba (el. @guj =46),mrg moo mutbjmkbus. MsDvgrsga (=4>=,

=4>4) morgmny b`sgrvgn, egrgmo pbooga rgkmdas gaeobsgn`g-twgga tfg`rmets, rgsuotdaj dasgol-pboodamtdba. Baoy ryg

(Ugemog egrgmog)ds mwdan-pboodamtgn spgedgs wdtf jbbn pboogandspgrsmo. ^fds spgedgs, fbwgvgr, ndn abt ebkg datb omrjg

semog euotdvmtdba `glbrg kgndgvmo tdkgs (el. @gfrg =4:


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07 YBOOGA NDMJPMKU

pbooga ndmjrmks. ^fds tfgkg ds gom`brmtgn ba `y tfg vmrdbus

mutfbrs da tfg vboukg gndtgn `y @gfrg (=46). ^fus, tfg m`sgaeg bl tfgsg mrmòg dandemtbrs da tfgpbooga ndmjrmk nbgs abt moobw may ebaeousdbas tb `g nrmwa

ba tfg mrmòg ebkpbagat bl tfg gebabky ms rgvgmogn `y tfg

pbooga ngpbsdtdba. ^fg semredty bl tfg "pmstbrmo" dandemtbrs

ds prb`mòy odahgn tb tfg typg bl sbdo. ^fg spgedgs odstgn mrg

usgluo da kdagrmo gavdrbakgats. Da tfg omansempg mrbuan tfg

Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr tfg @gradssg, rggn swmkps man nrdgr

fgmtfomans mrg tfg kbst odhgoy gavdrbakgats lbr jrmzdaj (sgg

mosb Zdttg/ \ma Jggo =467). Fgrg, tfg "pmstbrmo" dandemtbrs

prb`mòy ebuon abt pomy ma dkpbrtmat pmrt. @gfrg (=4:


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0< YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

0.>.0 ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BLUYDCHGADUUG =:-5>

^fg sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-5> wms smkpogn `y tfg

@.B.B.P. wdtf kbabodtf tdas. ^fg sgetdba ds obemtgn em. =0 k

gmst bl m Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtg. ^fg ndstmaeg tbwmrns tfg

pbooga sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59 ds em. 079 k. Ms da

Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg sgetdba ebasdsts bl lga pgmt, ebvgrgn

wdtf eomy. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt ds strbajoy ngebkpbsgn, tfg

trmasdtdba tb eomy ds jrmnumo. ^fg obemtdba bl tfg kbabodtftdas da tfg sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg =7.

Da tfg ndmjrmk (ldj. =67 >9 @Y8

JrA-=>=:=7

79 @Y8 JrA-=

E emod`rmtdba eurvg (el. @mdoodg/ Ydo-

efgr =465), wfdef rgsuots da moo tfrgg nmtdajs spmaadaj m

rmajg `gtwgga em. :79 @E man >99 @E. @mdoodg man Ydoefgr

(=4653 76) da tfds rgspget stmtgn tfmt tfg emod`rmtdba eurvg ds

gssgatdmooy lomt `gtwgga 699 man >99 @E. ^fg nmtgs da tfg

pbooga ndmjrmk baoy moobw tfg ebaeousdba tfmt tfg tbp bl tfg

sgetdba ds abt ybuajgr tfma >99 @E.

Ma mrjukgat lbr mssukdaj tfmt pgmt jrbwtf egmsgn `glbrg

tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg ds prgsgatgn `y mrefmgbobjdemo rgsgmref.

A.M.Y.

0k -

5 k

ok

pgmt

Nuahdrh D

Nuahdrh DDDLdj. =7Ybsdtdbabl tfgkbabodtf tdasdasgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-5>.

^fg trmegs bl fm`dtmtdba da tfg agmr`y Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtg

bl Updchgadssg =:-5> wgrg ba tbp bl m tfda omygr bl eomy. ^fds

dandemtgs tfmt sgndkgatmtdba bl tfg eomy stmrtgn `glbrg fm`

dtmtdba tbbh pomeg, man tfus tfmt tfg pgmt uangr tfg eomy wms

lbrkgn `glbrg tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg (d.e. `glbrg e. 0099 @Y).

^fg ngeodag bl ]ugreus da tfg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg=:-5> tfus sggks tb fmvg beeurrgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba

Mjg.

Nurdaj tfds bmh ngeodag, m trmasdtdba ema `g b`sgrvgn da

tfg strmtdjrmpfy lrbk pgmt tb eomy. ^fg pbssd`dodty bl rgng-

pbsdtgn pbooga (ngpbsdtgn wdtf tfg eomy) kust tfus `g tmhga

datb ebasdngrmtdba. Ms stmtgn m`bvg, rgngpbsdtdba bl pbooga ds

bltga efmrmetgrdzgn `y daergmsdaj vmougs bl Ydaus, Ydegm,

M`dgs, ]ugreus, Lmjus man/br ^dodm. Da tfg ndmjrmk, Ydegmman M`dgs mrg m`sgat, Ydaus ds ebastmat man ]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm sfbw m ngeodag. Pgngpbsdtdba tfus lmdos tb gxpomda

tfg sfdlts b`sgrvgn da tfg trgg pbooga pgregatmjgs. Da vdgw bl

tfg prbxdkdty bl tfg Updchgadssg =:-59 ndmjrmk, tfg smkg

matfrbpbjgade dalougaeg kmy `g gxpgetgn fgrg. ^fg Kdnnog

Drba Mjg omanamk ds abt rgprgsgatgn, ms pgmt lbrkmtdbaegmsgn prdbr tb fm`dtmt dba. Ms da Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg

matfrbpbjgade dandemtbrs mrg fmrnoy ndsegrad`og da Updchg

adssg =:-5>.

0.>.5 ^FGYBOOGA NDMJPMK BL FGGA\ODG^

^fg pbooga ndmjrmks ndseussgn m`bvg mrg `btf lrbk ma mrgm

sdtumtgn eobsg tb fukma sgttogkgats. Da brngr tb mssgss tfg

gxtgat tb wfdef fukma dalougaeg beeurrgn, mabtfgr sdtg lbr

pbooga mamoysds fmn tb `g sgogetgn. ^fds sdtg sfbuon prglgr-

m`oy `g mt sbkg ndstmaeg lrbk sgttogkgats. Dt wms tfgrglbrg

ngedngn tb smkpog m sgetdba agmr Fggavodgt. Ngspdtg sgvgrmo

survgys, ab trmegs bl Drba Mjg br Pbkma fm`dtmtdba fmvg

`gga lbuan fgrg.Fggavodgt ds tfg sdtg wfgrg Smjwdca's pmomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo

kmp bl tfg Agtfgromans sfbws m rmdsgn `bj mrgm nurdaj tfg

Drba Mjg man wfgrg pgmt meeukuomtdba ndn beeur nurdaj tfg

Pbkma Ygrdbn. ^fds mppgmrs tb `g m uadqug sdtumtdba da tfg

sbutfwgst bl tfg Agtfgromans, kbst bl tfg pgmt `gdaj ngsde-

emtgn `glbrg tfg Efrdstdma grm nurdaj Nuahdrh D dalougaegs.

Agmr Fggavodgt, baoy NDDD ngpbsdts beeur ba tbp bl tfg pgmt.

^fg ebkpogtg omeh bl trmegs bl Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba da tfg

Fggavodgt pbongr ds da meebrnmaeg wdtf ebatdaubus jrbwtf bl

Upfmjauk pgmt. Da ebasgqugaeg, `y mamoysdaj tfg pbooga

ebatgats bl tfds pgmt, ma dasdjft datb tfg gavdrbakgatmo

ngvgobpkgat bl ma uadafm`dtgn mrgm kmy `g jmdagn. Dt

sfbuon mosb bllgr nmtm ba tfg omansempg nurdaj tfg PbkmaYgrdbn. ^fg prgsgaeg bl Upfmjauk pgmt lurtfgr dandemtgstfmt moo pbooga rgebrngn wdoo `g mdr`brag, dl abt brdjdamtdaj

lrbk tfg obemo vgjgtmtdba.

Lbr tfg ndmjrmk wfdef rgsuotgn lrbk tfg P.J.N. davgst-

djmtdbas (Smjwdca =477), =>

E nmtgs fmvg `gga b`tmdagn lrbk

tfg `bttbk man tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt. ^fg spgetrm kbstoy fmvg

ndstmaegs bl 7 ek. @btf tfgsg lmets rgangr tfds ndmjrmk ogss


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0: YBOOGA NDMJPMKU

sudtmòg lbr ngtmdogn man nmtgn rgebastruetdbas bl fukma

dalougaeg. ^fg ngedsdba tb smkpog tfds sdtg magw wms

tfwmrtgn ms tfg obemtdba bl tfg Fggavodgt sgetdba stundgn `y

tfg P.J.N. ds abt gxmetoy habwa (Smjwdca/ Ng Cbaj pgrs.

ebkk.).

Lbr smkpodaj dt wms nggkgn `gst tb sgoget m sdtg wfgrg

(su`)rgegat ndstur`maegs ebuon `g ruogn but. M kgndgvmo sdtg

oydaj da sdtu ba tbp bl tfg pgmt wbuon ngkbastrmtg tfmt tfgpgmt ebuon abt fmvg `gga ndstur`gn mltgr tfg kgndgvmo fm`

dtmtdba. Da prmetdeg, dt mppgmrgn tfmt tfg gxmet obemtdba bl tfg

sgogetgn sdtg (Fggavodgt =9-:78 \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. =466)

ebuon ab obajgr prbnueg usgluo smkpogs ms dt fmn `gga

trgaef-pobujfgn baoy m lgw wgghs `glbrg bur mrrdvmo. Ms ma

motgramtdvg, tfg pgmt `gobw tfg agdjf`burdaj kgmnbw wms

smkpogn. ^fg uppgr pmrt bl tfg sgetdba ebuon `g gxmkdagn

da tfg sobpg bl m ndtef. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw tfg

Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats ndn abt sfbw may ndstur`maeg man

tfg sdtg wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl m ebrgr lbr tmhdaj pgmt

smkpogs (9 < ek).

^fg ndmjrmk (sgg ldj. =:)sfbws ebasdngrmòg louetumtdbas

da tfg eurvgs bl ]ugrgusman Ebryous. @glbrg Lmjusmttmdasvmougs bvgr 7%, ]ugrgussfbws ma b`vdbus ngeodag,ebkpgasmtgn `y Ebryous. ^fg Uu``brgmo => E nmtgs bl tfds

pmrt bl tfg ndmjrmk mrg da meebrnmaeg wdtf tfg Lmjuseurvg.^fg Fbobegag kgma sgm ogvgo eurvg bl \ma ngr Yomssefg

(=460`3 =:

E nmtgs pbdat tb tfgsyaefrbagdty bl tfds bmh ngeodag wdtf fm`dtmtdba nurdaj tfg

\ommrndajga euoturg. ^fg bmh ngeodag wms tfgrglbrg prb`mòy

emusgn `y kma. Agbodtfde beeupmtdba bl tfg Pfdag-Kgusg

gstumry ds habwa lrbk ogvggs baoy (el. Obuwg Hbbdckmas

=4:>). Mobaj tfg Kgusg, tfgsg ogvggs mrg ab obajgr prgsgat

bwdaj tb kgndgvmo grbsdba `y Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdbas

(sgg 0.7.0). Agbodtfde fm`dtmtdba ema tfgrglbrg abt `g mt-

tgstgn. ^fg amturmo vgjgtmtdba bl tfgsg ogvggs wdoo fmvg

ebasdstgn bl upoman lbrgsts ebatmdadaj bmh. ^fg lbrgsts wgrg

prb`mòy lgoogn `y tfg agbodtfde dafm`dtmats. Fbwgvgr, dt ds

`gyban tfg sebpg bl tfg prgsgat stuny tb davgstdjmtg tfds

Uu``brgmo bmh ngeodag may lurtfgr.

Mltgr tfg ldrst bmh ngeodag, tfg upoman lbrgst rgebvgrgnmjmda. ^fga m sgrdgs bl louetumtdbas da tfg ]ugrgus, Ebryous

man Lmjus eurvgs ema `g b`sgrvgn. Walbrtuamtgoy, => Enmtdajs rgvgmo tfmt tfg uppgr >7 ek bl tfg ndmjrmk sfbws m

rgpgtdtdba bl tfg efrbabobjdemo sgqugaeg. Mppmrgatoy, pgmt

jrbwtf stbppgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg man rgngpbsdtdba

bl m vmst mkbuat bl pgmt beeurrgn. ^fg baoy pbssdòg gx

pomamtdba (mpmrt lrbk fdjfoy dkprb`mòg om`brmtbry lmdourgs)

ds tfmt ma dsoman bl pgmt, mltgr `gdaj tbra obbsg nurdaj m

rdsdaj wmtgr tmòg, fms lobmtgn tb tfg pbooga sdtg man sgttogn

tfgrg ms m rgsuot bl obwgrdaj bl tfg wmtgr tmòg.

Lobmtdaj pgmt fms bltga `gga abtdegn da pbooga ndmjrmks

nurdaj pgrdbns bl daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg (ldrst `y Ybomh

=404). Abrkmooy, tfg lobmtdaj pgmt kmt rgkmdas mttmefgn tb

tfg kmda `bny bl pgmt man baoy fdajgs. ^fds kgefmadsk

rgsuots da datgremomtgn omygrs bl eomy, ngpbsdtgn uangr tfglobmtdaj pgmt. ^fgsg omygrs bl eomy mrg kuef ybuajgr tfma

tfg pgmt `gobw man m`bvg tfgk (sb emoogn Hompp-Hogd3 @gfrg

=4:98 Jrbfag =47:m3 0

E nmtg bl tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt.

^fds mppgmrgn tb `g 0547 59 @Y (JrA-=697>), sb lurtfgr

prbegssdaj bl tfds ebrg wms m`manbagn.

Da vdgw bl tfgsg twb gxpgrdgaegs, tfg uppgr =>

E nmtg bl

tfg P.J.N. pbooga ndmjrmk agmr Fggavodgt (=659 ==9 @Y)

wms jdvga mnndtdbamo mttgatdba. Dt wms kgmsurgn `glbrg tfg

Uugss-gllget `gemkg habwa (el. \bjgo/ Zmtgr`boh =469-759

MN. Ms m rgsuot, tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt da tfg P.J.N. sgetdba

danggn ds -da ma m`sboutg sgasg- ybuajgr tfma tfg tbp da tfg

prgsgat twb sgetdbas, sdaeg tfgdr 0m rmajgs spma :90 @E

(lbr 0>07 57 @Y) man :7>-546 @E (lbr 0547 59 @Y).

Pgjrgttmòy, tfds pgmt-jrbwtf nurdaj tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn

ebuon abt `g rg-mamoyzgn da tfg prgsgat stuny.

0.>.> ^F G YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL UDKBAUFM\GA

^fds sgetdba wms mamoysgn `y O.D. Hbbdstrm (=46>). Dt wms

smkpogn `y kgmas bl twb kbabodtf tdas (79 x 7 x 7 ek) da m

sgetdba mt em. :9 k ndstmaeg lrbk tfg gxemvmtgn Pbkma sdtg

bl Udkbasfmvga =:-0> (sgg mosb \ma ^rdgruk =46


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Uu`mtomatde mjg lbr tfds `msg (sgg ldj. =6).Agxt tb Lmjus,

]ugreusman Ebryous mrg tfg prgnbkdamtdaj upoman trggs.

Ydaus sfbws obw vmougs, dts pbooga wdoo fmvg mrrdvgn tfrbujfobaj-ndstmaeg trmaspbrt. Moaus fms rgomtdvgoy fdjf pgregatmjgs. Kyrdem sfbws m rgkmrhmòg kmxdkuk da tfg tbp bltfg Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fds ds m strbaj dandemtdba bl ngebk-pbsdtdba bl tfg pgmt. Kbst odhgoy, tfds ngebkpbsdtdba ds

emusgn `y ngsdeemtdba bwdaj tb tfg daergmsgn kmrdagdalougaeg tfmt ldamooy rgsuotgn da tfg ngpbsdtdba bl tfg eomygy

omygr ba tbp bl tfg Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fg fdjf vmougs blEfgabpbndmegmg da tfds eomy ngpbsdt mrg da mjrggkgat wdtf

tfds b`sgrvmtdba.

^fg Upfmjauk pgmt fms `gga =>E-nmtgn mt twb ogvgos. Bagnmtg wms b`tmdagn lrbk m ogvgo wdtf mùanmat luajmo spbrgs

man fypfmg. Hbbdstrm (=46>) mssukgn tfmt tfds ogvgo wbuon

rgprgsgat tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg surlmeg, wfdef ds ebvgrgn `y

rgagwgn pgmt jrbwtf ms wms morgmny habwa lrbk gxemvmtdba

bl Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs mrbuan tfg @gradssg (sgg ef. =).^fg=> E nmtg, vdz. 0>49 59 @Y (JrA-=00=:8 el. \ma ^rdgruk

=466-56> (`msg) man .< ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL PBEHMACG DD.

Yrb`mòy, tfgsg fgr`s mrg mosb lmvburmòy dalougaegn `y

matfrbpbjgade metdvdtdgs.

Ms tfg =>

E nmtgs ngkbastrmtg, tfg uppgr pgmt ds kmdaoy

"pbst-Pbkma", ms da Udkbasfmvga (sgg lurtfgr 0..: GoJF^ YBOOGA UYGE^PM LPBK ADGWZGAFBBPA

Mabtfgr mttgkpt tb b`tmda pmoyabobjdemo dalbrkmtdba m`but

tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn wms kmng agmr Adguwgafbbra. Da tfg

vdedadty bl ma gxemvmtgn Pbkma sgttogkgat, pgmt beeurrgn ba

tbp bl Nuahdrh D sgndkgats, ebrrgspbandaj tb \ma Utmmonud-

aga's "Pbkma" pgmt. ^fg sgetdba wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl

m ebrgr (9 < ek), tfg strmtdjrmpfy ds jdvga da ldjurg 09. ^fg

gdjft spgetrm mamoysgn (sgg tmòg >) sfbw tfmt tfg spgetrm

lrbk 07< ek upwmrns mrg bl Uu`mtomatde mjg, sggdaj tfg

sfmrg bl Lmjus.^fg ebrrgspbandaj => E nmtg ds rmtfgr bon. Davdgw bl tfg rgomtdvgoy fdjf sfmrg bl Ydaus, pmrt bl tfgLmjus

pbooga da tfds spgetruk kmy fmvg ngrdvgn lrbk mqumtde obaj-

ndstmaeg trmaspbrt. =>

E nmtgs lurtfgr ngkbastrmtg tfg uppgr

pgmty sgndkgat tb `gobaj tb tfg pgmt lbrkgn mltgr tfg

Pbkma dafm`dtmtdba. Mjmda, ma mttgkpt tb b`tmda truoy

"Pbkma" pgmt lmdogn.

0.>.6 ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL PBEHMACG 96-70

^fds sgetdba wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl m kbabodtf tda (79 x

=7 x =9 ek). ^fg sgetdba ds obemtgn mt m ndstmaeg bl em. 0 k

butsdng tfg gxemvmtgn fbusgpoma ba tfds sdtg. ^fgrg wms em.

=:9

099

079

599

579

569

D D -

Eomy

Lga pgmt

Ldj. 09 Utrmtdjrmpfy bl tfg ebrdaj bl Adguwgafbbra.


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^m`og >.Ybooga spgetrm lrbk Adguwgafbbra. ^b gmef spgetruk, bag tm`ogt ebatmdadaj =0,=99 Oyebpbndukspbrgs wms mnngn.

Upgetruk (ngptf + A.M.Y.) 549 5 55> 59> 06< 07> 056 0=6=>

E nmtg 5577 04=9 07=7 = 9 > 9 > 9 5 9

JrA-auk`gr =700> =7007 =700< =700:

Wpoman trggs

]ugreus 7>.4 06.> 54.: >5.0 =7.7 00.9 =6.< 5:.6

Ebryous =0.< =5.< 0:.< 0>.9 ==.5 57.9 7.= =>.5

^dodm >.9 .0 5.9 0.7

Lrmxdaus 6.< 5.> 5.> 7.: 0.6 ==.9 =.: :.=

@gtudm >.< 5>.= 09.: 0=.4 >7.= =.6 >0.: =54.> .: :4.0.5 6.9 06.9 .7 6.5 =.> =.9 =.:

Eypgrmegmg =5 74.7 >=.= =>0.0 06.9 =:.6 4=.6

Grdemegmg =.= =9.0 9.7 >.0 .9 >6.5 :.=

Ldodpganuom 9.< 9.6

Jrmkdagmg =:4..= 5=.0 =7.7 =0.9 =.9

Yomatmjb omaegbomtm =.= 9.6 5.=

Yomatmjb kmcbr/kgndm - =.>

el Ybtmkbjgtba 7.= =.9

Pu`dmegmg =6.4 0.< =.9

gu-Pukgx =.= =9.0

Pukgx megtbsm-typg =.= 0..7 =.: 0.7 7.=

Upfmjauk 0.5 5.< 7.< 54.6 0.9

Utmefys-typg 9..7 0.< 9.7 0.7 7.=

Wrtdem 9.6 =.9

Mnndtdbamo o

*E nmtg3 =:6 ek `gobw surlmeg3 =799 59 @Y (JrA-=7006)


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== YBOOGA NDMJPMKU

77 ek bl Yfrmjkdtgs pgmt ba tbp bl m Emomds D\ eomy ngpbsdt`gobw tfg smkpogn pmrt bl tfg sgetdba. ^fga lbodbwgn 07 ek

bl Nuahdrh 9 eomy, wfdef wms ebvgrgn `y 59 ek bl lga pgmt

wdtf Yfrmjkdtgs, Wpba tfds lga pgmt emkg m : ek tfdeh omygrbl sodjftoy ngebkpbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fds omygr da dts turawms ebvgrgn `y m omygr bl strbajoy ngebkpbsgn Upfmjaukpgmt bl => ek da tfdehagss. ^fg uppgr < ek bl tfds strbajoy

ngebkpbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt wms prgsgat mt tfg `msg bl tfgsmkpogn pmrt bl tfg sgetdba. M`bvg tfds strbajoy ngebk

pbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt beeurrgn m =4 ek tfdeh ngpbsdt blsgttogkgat wmstg.

Ba tbp bl tfds matfrbpbjgade ngpbsdt omy m Nuahdrh D

sgndkgat, wfdef wms pgmty mt dts `msg. ^fg prgsgaeg bl m

Nuahdrh D ngpbsdt m`bvg m Omtg Drba Mjg ogvgo ds bl jrgmt

efrbabstrmtdjrmpfde dkpbrtmaeg. ^fg dkpodemtdbas wgrg nds-

eussgn da =.0.=.5.^fg Nuahdrh D ngpbsdt da tfg pbooga sgetdba `gemkg kbrg eomygy tbwmrns tfg tbp. ^fgsg Nuahdrh D

sgndkgats ebatmdagn Pbkma pbttgry sfgrns da tfg uppgr

pmrt. M`bvg tfds sgndkgat, mabtfgr pgmty omygr beeurrgn,

wfdef wms ebvgrgn `y Nuahdrh DDD ngpbsdts. ^fds pgmty omygr

ds prgsukmòy gqudvmogat tb tfg "pbst-Pbkma" pgmt tfmt

wms morgmny davgstdjmtgn da tfg ndmjrmks lrbk Udkbasfmvga

man Pbehmacg DD (sgg 0.>.>8 0.>.), egrgmo pbooga

ema rgmndoy `g ngkbastrmtgn, dl fgxmpobdn wfgmt spgedgs

(wdtf ebkpmrmtdvgoy omrjg pbooga jrmdas), suef ms `rgmn- man

eou`wfgmt (^rdtdeuk mgstdvuk s.=.) br dl Ugemog man Mvgamsmtdvm mrg prgsgat. Fbwgvgr, kbrg uaegrtmdatdgs mrdsg, wfgrg`mrogy (Fbrnguk vuojmrg/ndstdefuk) man gkkgr (^rdtdeukndebeeuk) mrg ebaegragn, `gemusg tfgdr pbooga rgsgkògs tfmtbl sbkg wdon jrmssgs. Gdahbra (^rdtdeuk kbabebeeuk) dsgvga kbrg sdkdomr tb wdon jrmssgs (sgg mosb Ndbt =440). ^fus,

tfg Drba Mjg egrgmos, kmdaoy `mrogy man gkkgr, nb abt

ndllgr kuef da sdzg lrbk pmrtdeuomr wdon jrmssgs. Omtgr

davgstdjmtdbas datb tfds prbògk kmng usg bl pfmsg ebatrmst

kderbsebpy. Fgrg, abt baoy sdzg, ùt mosb kderbseuopturg bl

tfg jrmda fms `gga ebasdngrgn (Jrbfag =47:`8 @guj =4


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wdon jrmssgs. @gsdngs, mqumtde obaj-ndstmaeg trmaspbrt bl

Egrgmodm-typg pbooga kmy fmvg beeurrgn ms wgoo.

0.7 Pgebastruetdba bl tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog DrbaMjg

gavdrbakgat.

0.7.= ^FG OBEMO GA\DPBAKGA^ MPBWAN ^FG DPBA MJGUD^GU

Ygmt agmr twb gxemvmtgn Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr Updchgadssg (=:-

59 man =:-5>) fms `gga mamoysgn lbr pbooga. @btf tfgsg sdtgs

mrg sdtumtgn da tfg vdedadty bl tfg @gradssg. ^fg pmoyabobjdemo

nmtm prbvdngn `y tfgsg sgetdbas wdoo `g usgn ms kbngos lbr

moo Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtgs mrbuan tfg @gradssg.

Obemo gavdrbakgat ema `g rgebastruetgn wdtf tfg pbooga

ndmjrmks bl Updchgadssg =:-59 man =:-5>. Uuppogkgatmtdba

bl tfgsg nmtm ds pbssdòg wdtf `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas rg-

ebvgrgn da tfg vmrdbus sdtgs. ^fgsg wdoo `g ndseussgn da m

lboobwdaj efmptgr (ef. >).

Obemo vgjgtmtdba ema `g rgebastruetgn `y kgmas bl tfg

pbooga ngpbsdtdba dt prbnuegn. Da tfg pgmty mrgm ebaegragn,

obemo pbooga kmdaoy brdjdamtgs lrbk fgr`megbus pomats. ^fg

pbooga ndmjrmks bl Updchgadssg rgvgmo tfmt Jrmkdagmg man

Eypgrmegmg mrg tfg kbst dkpbrtmat fgr`s tfrbujfbut tfg

sgetdbas, lgras mrg mosb wgoo rgprgsgatgn. Grdemegmg man

Upfmjauk mrg semreg. ^fgsg nmtm dandemtg tfmt wg mrgngmodaj wdtf gutrbpfde lga pgmt fgrg. Gspgedmooy tfg kmerb

rgkmdas dandemtg tfg prgsgaeg bl rggn vgjgtmtdba typgs

(Yfrmjkdtgtgm).

^fgrg mrg tfrgg pbssdòg ngvgobpkgats da tfg amturmo vg

jgtmtdba sueegssdba bl gutrbpfde lga pgmt (Zgstfbll gt mo.=4:=3 :=-:E

nmtdajs, ema tfds prbògk `g (pmrtoy) sbovgn.

^b wfmt gxtgat Moaus beeurrgn obemooy da tfg pgmty omansempg ds mabtfgr dkpbrtmat tbpde. Ms ds sfbwa `y tfg sgetdba

bl Udkbasfmvga (sgg 0.>.>), nurdaj tfg ldrst fmol bl tfg ldrstkdoogaduk MN obemo mongr emrr ngvgobpgn mt tfmt sdtg, rgsuot-

daj da =047% bl Moaus pbooga (bl ebursg gxeoungn lrbk tfgpbooga suk). Uuef fdjf vmougs fmvg abt `gga rgebrngn da tfg

ndmjrmks ndseussgn m`bvg. Baoy bag bl tfg pbooga ndmjrmks

bl \bbrag-Yuttga prbnuegn `y tfg P.J.N. sfbws gxtrgkgoy

fdjf Moaus vmougs. Da tfgdr ndmjrmk "Updchgadssg" (Cgojgrskm=47:m),Moaus rgmefgs vmougs gxeggndaj 69% (wdtfda tfgpbooga suk) da emrr pgmt. Mongr prgnbkdamtgn fgrg lrbk

Uu``brgmo tdkgs bawmrns datb tfg Uu`mtomatde up tb tfg

Pbkma Ygrdbn.

Da vdgw bl tfg semredty bl Uu`mtomatde ndmjrmks wdtf fdjfMoaus vmougs, tfg omansempg nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg da mooprb`m`dodty sfbwgn m vgry pmtefy ndstrdùtdba bl Moaus,ngpgandaj upba lmetbrs suef ms fukma dalougaeg man tfg

ndstrdùtdba bl Upfmjauk pgmt, wfgrg Moaus nbgs abt jrbw(el. Jrbssg-@rmuehkmaa =4:


43/259

55 PGEBAU^PWE^DBA BL ^FG GMPOT MAN KDNNOG DPBA MJG GA\DPBAKGA^

0.7.0 ^FG OBEM^DBA BL WYOMAN LBPGUÛ

^fg upoman lbrgsts wdoo fmvg `gga rgstrdetgn tb kdagrmo sbdos,

wdtf rgomtdvgoy obw wmtgr tmògs nurdaj tfg jrbwdaj sgmsba.

^fgsg nrdgr, kdagrmo sbdos mrg vgry datgrgstdaj lrbk ma mrmòg

pbdat bl vdgw. ^fg omansempg nurdaj tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog

Drba Mjg ba \bbrag-Yuttga wms nbkdamtgn `y pgmt. Dt ds

fdjfoy prb`mòg tfmt tfg kdagrmo sbdos wgrg tfg baoy sbdos

sudtgn tb tfg euotdvmtdba bl sbkg mrmòg prbnuets (sggef.

E nmtgs

rbujfoy `gtwgga 0>99 man 0799 @Y. Da kbst emsgs, wg mrg

ebaegragn wdtf tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw Nuahdrh D sgnd-

kgats. Baoy da twb pomegs, Updchgadssg =:-59 man Pbehmacg

96-70, fms pgmt jrbwtf ebatdaugn ebasdngrmòy mltgr 0>99

@Y. Lbr tfds rgmsba, tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw No sgndkgats

da tfg sgetdbas tfmt fmvg abt `gga =>

E-nmtgn mrg ebasdngrgn

ms `gdaj bl ebkpmrmòg mjg. ^fds tdkg-sodeg fms ma mnnd-

tdbamo mnvmatmjg da tfmt dt rgprgsgats tfg sdtumtdba mt tfg

stmrt bl Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga.

^fg tdkg lmetbr fms mabtfgr gllget. Da bag ygmr, tfg

wgmtfgr kmy `g (nds)mnvmatmjgbus tb m pmrtdeuomr spgedgs,

rgsuotdaj da m ndllgrgaeg da tfg ygmroy pbooga prbnuetdba.

Lbrtuamtgoy, sdaeg tfg spgetrm usgn ebvgr jgagrmooy m tdkg

spma bl mt ogmst 09 ygmrs, suef gllgets mrg skbbtfgn but.

Mltgr wg fmvg efbsga m tdkg-sodeg, dandemtdvg tmxm stdoo

fmvg tb `g sgogetgn. Lboobwdaj ûragr's (=4:7) rgmsbadaj, D

fmvg usgn tfg pgregatmjgs blMoaus man ]ugreus ms hgysfgrg. ^fg rgogvmat pbooga ndmjrmks wgrg prbnuegn `y ndllgr

gat dastdtutgs man tfds fms rgsuotgn da ndllgrgat pbooga suks,

rgomtdaj tb tfg uangroydaj qugstdbas. ^b edreukvgat tfg

ndlldeuotdgs da tfg ebkpmrdsba bl tfgsg ndmjrmks, tfg rmtdb bl

]ugreusman Moaus ds emoeuomtgn lbr tfg spgetrm ebaegragn.

^fds ds bl jrgmt prmetdemo vmoug, sdaeg tfds rmtdb ds abt dalou-gaegn `y tfg pbooga suk (abr `y tfg usg bl m`sboutg

auk`grs bl pbooga jrmdas), ms tfg lboobwdaj gxmkpog wdoo

sfbw. Mt m jdvga pbooga suk, tfg pgregatmjgs mrg tfg

auk`grs bl]ugreus(V) man Moaus (T) lbuan, ndvdngn `ytfg pbooga suk (OY) man kuotdpodgn `y =99. ^fus tfg rmtdbds3

V.=99 . (V+T).=99 R x , +

SY .Y

^fg usg bl]ugreus, tfg nbkdamat upoman ebkpbagat, manMoaus, tfg nbkdamat wgtoman ebkpbagat, da m rmtdb fms

mabtfgr mnvmatmjg da tfmt tfgdr pbooga prbnuetdba sggks tb`g ebkpmrmòg. ^fgdr rgprgsgatmtdba lmetbr, meebrndaj tb

Mangrsga (=4:5) ds =3> rgomtdvg tb Lmjus lbr `btf spgedgs.

Mabtfgr lmetbr wfdef ds dkpbrtmat da tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl

tfgsg rmtdbs ds tfg ndspgrsmo empmedty bl tfg tmxm ebaegragn.

Dl lbr dastmaeg pbooga bl Moaus ds ba mvgrmjg ndspgrsgn lur-tfgr tfma tfmt bl]ugreus, man `btf mrg obemtgn da bag sdajogmrgm, tfg auk`gr blMoaus rgomtdvg tb ]ugreuswdoo daergmsgwdtf ndstmaeg lrbk tfds mrgm. Ms Lmgjrd gt mo. (=4643 =00)stmtgn,

"tb ebatrbo tfg gllgets bl ndllgrgat ndspgrsmo bag kust mosb gstmòdsf

jrmndgats lrbk tfg pbooga sbureg butwmrns. Uuef nmtm mrg abt lrggoy

mvmdomòg maywfgrg".

Ybooga ndspgrsmo bvgr jrgmtgr ndstmaegs wbuon mosb rgsuot da m

jrgmtgr "`mehjrbuan ebkpbagat" da P-vmoug kbngos,

daebrpbrmtdaj suef ebkpbagats. Ndrget kgmsurdajs bl `meh

jrbuan ogvgos da P-vmoug kbngos mrg uahabwa tb kg. ^fg

pbooga ndspgrsmo empmedty blMoaus man ]ugreus, fbwgvgr, dsdandrgetoy dandemtgn da sbkg puòdemtdbas.

Bag pmrmkgtgr tfmt fms m jrgmt dalougaeg ba pbooga nds

pgrsmo ds tfg wgdjft bl tfg pbooga jrmdas. Meebrndaj tb

Cmassga (=4:>), tfg mvgrmjg wgdjft bl]ugreus rbfur pbooga ds=6.=< uj, tfmt blMoaus joutdabsm 4.5: uj. ^fg lmoodaj spggnbl]ugreus ds mosb mokbst =.7x jrgmtgr tfma tfmt bl Moaus.@btf tfgsg nmtm sujjgst m `gttgr pbooga ndspgrsmo ba tfg pmrt

bl Moaus.

Ebatrmstdaj rgsuots fmvg `gga b`tmdagn `y sgvgrmo btfgr

davgstdjmtbrs. Pmanmoo gt mo. (=469 hk mwmy.]ugreuswms rgebrngn adag tdkgs, da twbsmkpogs man tfg agmrgst obemtdba ds kbrg tfma 79 hk mwmy.


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U> YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

^fds ds ma dandemtdba tfmt ]ugreus ds ndspgrsgn mt ogmst abtwbrsg tfma Moaus.

Fgdk (=4:93 =76 ll) ndseussgn tfg ebatrd`utdba tb tfgrgjdbamo pbooga rmda bl trgg spgedgs da @gojduk. Fg rgjmrngn

pbooga tfm t trmvgoogn ndstmaegs bl 799 tb =9,999 k ms rgjdbamo

pbooga. Ba tfg `msds bl 770 obemtdbas lbr Moaus man 050 lbr]ugreus, fg ebaeoungn tfmt Moaus ba mvgrmjg ebatrd`utgs

=.6% (9.=-5.5%) tb tfg rgjdbamo pbooga rmda, wfdog]ugreus'sfmrg ds 7.4% (9.


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57 PGEBAU^PWE^DBA BL ^FG GMPOT MAN KDNNOG DPBA MJG GA\DPBAKGA^

Upfmjauk pgmt

Ldj. 00Bugreus/Moaus rmtdbs bl tfg pbooga ndmjrm ks ba \bbrag-Yutt ga, semog =30999. M - D3 sgg tmòg 7.Fmtefgn ; ]ugreus, Zfdtg ; Moaus.

beeur da rgomtdvgoy skmoo mkbuats, man nb abt bllgr m sbodn

`msg lbr emoeuomtdaj m rmtdb. ^b b`tmda ygt mabtfgr rmtdb,

wdtf m prblbuan `msg, tfg rmtdb Moaus/ Moaus+ ]ugreus +Eb-ryous+Lmjus+ ^dodm-v Wokus fms `gga emoeuomtgn. Bl ebursg,tfds rmtdb sfbuon sfbw m rgvgrsg trgan wfga ebkpmrgn tb tfg

prgvdbus bag. Ma daergmsg bl tfg rmtdb mt daergmsdaj ndstmaegs

bl tfg upoman pmrt bl tfg omansempg ds gxpgetgn. Ms tmòg 7rgvgmos, tfg rgsuots bl tfg ]ugreus/ ]ugreus + Moaus rmtdbs mrgebaldrkgn, baoy Fghgodajga sfbws m ebasdngrmòg ngvdmtdba.

Kbst odhgoy, tfg Ebryous eurvg da tfds ndmjrmk stdoo ebatmdasm fdjf sfmrg bl Kyrdem. ^fg ndserdkdamtdba `gtwgga tfgsgtmxm prgsgatgn jrgmt ndlldeuotdgs nurdaj tfg ebuatdaj bl tfds

ndmjrmk (\grkggrga pgrs. ebkk.).

Abwmnmys, tfg ogvggs rgebastruetgn m`bvg, mrg abt prgsgat

mobaj tfg Kgusg. ^fds ema `g mserd`gn tb grbsdba nurdaj bag

br kbrg Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdbas da kgndgvmo tdkgs. Lur-

tfgr upstrgmk, tfds grbsdba ndn abt beeur, man rgkmdas bl

ogvggs mrg stdoo ndsegradòg (^f. ng Jrbbt pgrs. ebkk.).

^fg metumo amturmo vgjgtmtdba bl ogvggs, man dts pbooga

prbnuetdba, ebuon prbvdng dkpbrtmat nmtm lbr ebkpmrdsba

wdtf tfg pmst sdtumtdba. Dt ds m jrgmt pdty tfmt tfg amturmo

vgjgtmtdba typgs bl tfg fdjfgr pmrts bl ogvggs da Gurbpg fmvg

`gebkg vgry rmrg. ^fds ds nug tb tfg gxegoogat mrmòg eband-

tdbas ba tfgsg ogvgg sbdos, wfgrg rgjuomr lobbndaj emusgs

amturmo lgrtdodzmtdba. Ms m rgsuot bl nglbrgstmtdba, rgegat

pmrmoogos mrg fmrnoy lbuan, sb wg fmvg tb rgoy ba rgebastrue-

tdbas. Da tfg abrtfwgst Jgrkma ebmstmo mrgm, suef m rgeba-

struetdba fms `gga pbssdòg. ^fmahs tb gxegoogat ebandtdbas

lbr prgsgrvmtdba man tb ngtmdogn rgsgmref, lbrgst vgjgtmtdba

ebuon `g rgebastruetgn da jrgmt ngtmdo (@gfrg =467, =466).

Fgrg, tfg ogvggs fmvg abt sullgrgn omrjg-semog grbsdba. ^fg

ogvgg mobaj tfg Gks wms ngpbsdtgn nurdaj Nuahdrh 9. Dt fms

m wdntf bl =-0 hk man wms ldrst dafm`dtgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy

Drba Mjg (@gfrg =46>m). Ndrgetoy `gobw tfg sgttogkgat

599 @E-WEN

E >99 @ E-b

"U 799 @E-b1

` E nmtgs usgn da tmòg 7 man ldj. 00

(syk`bo s ms da tmòg 7). @omeh ; =b dat grvm o8 odag ; 0b datgrvm o.

D D

d d


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5< YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU

^m`og7. Ybooga rmtdbs da Gmroy Drba Mjg pgmt ba \bbrag-Yuttga. prb`m`oy tbb obw (sgg tgxt).

Udtg Ngptf- AMY

=>E nmtg (@Y) JrA-

auk`gr

]/] + M M/M + SMY Pglgrgaeg

M @rdgoog-^datg =74 ek 07=9 =59 yr 59> 9.54 9

brinkkemper 1991 - wetland farming in the area to the south of the meuse estuary during the iron age...

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