briefing book - massachusetts institute of technology · communication systems and cyber security...
TRANSCRIPT
Briefing Book 2012 M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
Fall EditionSeptember 2012
© 2012, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fall EditionSeptember 2012
MIT Briefing Book
2
Telephone Number 617.253.1000TTY 617.258.9344Website http://web.mit.edu/
TheBriefingBookisresearchedandwrittenbyavarietyofMITfacultyandstaff,inparticularthemembersoftheOfficeoftheProvostInstitutionalResearchgroup,OfficeofthePresident,OfficeofSponsoredPrograms,StudentFinancialServices,andtheMITWashingtonOffice.
Executive EditorsClaudeR.Canizares,VicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvost [email protected],Director,MITWashingtonOffice [email protected]
EditorsShirleyWong [email protected],towhomallquestionsshouldbedirected [email protected]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
Cover Art: “Building10,”byBrianKeegan
3
ChairmanoftheCorporationJohnReed
PresidentL.RafaelReif
ProvostChrisA.Kaiser
ChancellorW.EricL.Grimson
ExecutiveVicePresidentandTreasurerIsraelRuiz
VicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvostClaudeR.Canizares
Dean,SchoolofArchitectureandPlanningAdèleNaudéSantos
Dean,SchoolofEngineeringIanA.Waitz
Dean,SchoolofHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciencesDeborahK.Fitzgerald
Dean,SchoolofScienceMarcA.Kastner
Dean,SloanSchoolofManagementDavidC.Schmittlein
Director,LincolnLaboratoryEricD.Evans
AssociateProvostPhilipS.Khoury
AssociateProvostMartinA.Schmidt
AssociateProvostforFacultyEquityWesleyL.Harris
AssociateProvostforFacultyEquityBarbaraLiskov
DirectorofLibrariesAnnJ.Wolpert
DeanforGraduateEducationChristineOrtiz
DeanforUndergraduateEducationDanielE.Hastings
DeanforStudentLifeChris Colombo
VicePresidentandSecretaryoftheCorporationKirkD.Kolenbrander
VicePresidentforResourceDevelopmentJeffreyL.Newton
VicePresidentandGeneralCounselR.GregoryMorgan
VicePresidentforFinanceMichaelW.Howard
VicePresidentforHumanResourcesAlisonAlden
MIT Senior Leadership
4
MIT Washington Office TheMITWashingtonOfficewasestablishedin1991aspartoftheOfficeofthePresident.ThemissionoftheMITWashingtonOfficeistorepresenttheInstituteinWashingtonasoneofthenation’spremieracademicinstitutions.TheroleoftheWashingtonOfficehasalsoevolvedovertimetoincludearoleineducatingMIT’sstudentsinthescienceandtechnologypolicy-makingprocess.
StaffDirectorWilliamB.Bonvillian
AssistantDirectorPhilipH.Lippel
SeniorPolicyAdvisorAmandaArnold
Address MITWashingtonOffice820FirstStreet,NE,Suite610Washington,DC20002
Telephone Number202.789.1828
Fax Number202.789.1830
Website http://dc.mit.edu/
5
Contents
Section 1: MIT Facts and History 7 EconomicInformation 9 TechnologyLicensingOffice 9 People 9 Students 10 UndergraduateStudents 11 GraduateStudents 12 Degrees 13 Alumni 13 PostdoctoralAppointments 14 FacultyandStaff 15 AwardsandHonorsofCurrent FacultyandStaff 16 AwardsHighlights 17 FieldsofStudy 18 ResearchLaboratories,Centers,andPrograms 19 AcademicandResearchAffiliations 20 EducationHighlights 23 ResearchHighlights 26
Section 2: Campus Research 33 ResearchSupport 34 BroadInstituteofMITandHarvard 36 AmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryAct 37 CampusResearchSponsors 38 DepartmentofDefense 40 DepartmentofEnergy 42 DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices 44 NASA 46 NationalScienceFoundation 48 OtherFederalAgencies 50 NonprofitOrganizations 52
Section 3: Lincoln Laboratory 55 ResearchExpenditures 57 AuthorizedFunding 57 EconomicImpact 58 AirandMissileDefenseTechnology 59 CommunicationSystemsandCyberSecurity 60 Intelligence,Surveillance,andReconnaissance SystemsandTechnology 61 SpaceControl 62
AdvancedTechnology 63 TacticalSystems 64 HomelandProtection 65 LincolnLaboratoryTechnicalStaff 66 TestFacilitiesandFieldSites 67
Section 4: MIT and Industry 69 InnovationEcosystem 70 BenefitstotheNationalEconomy 71 SelectedCurrentProjects 72 CampusResearchFundedbyIndustry 73 ServicetoIndustry 74 StrategicPartnerships 75
Section 5: Global Engagement 77 MIT-Singapore 79 MITGreaterChinaInitiative 79 MIT-IndiaInitiative 80 OtherGlobalInitiatives 81 OpenCourseWare 82 InternationalScholars 83 InternationalStudents 84 InternationalStudyOpportunities 87 InternationalAlumni 88 InternationalEntrepreneurs 89 MITInternationalScienceand TechnologyInitiatives 90 CampusResearchSponsoredby InternationalOrganizations 92
Section 6: Undergraduate Financial Aid 95 PrinciplesofMITUndergraduateFinancialAid 96 WhoPaysforanMITUndergraduateEducation 97 FormsofUndergraduateFinancialAid 98 SourcesofUndergraduateFinancialAid 99
Section 7: Service to Local, National, and World Communities 101 PublicServiceCenter 103 KeyPrograms 104 SelectedRecentProjects 105
6
7
EconomicInformation 9TechnologyLicensingOffice 9People 9Students 10UndergraduateStudents 11GraduateStudents 12Degrees 13Alumni 13PostdoctoralAppointments 14FacultyandStaff 15AwardsandHonorsofCurrentFacultyandStaff 16AwardsHighlights 17FieldsofStudy 18ResearchLaboratories,Centers,andPrograms 19AcademicandResearchAffiliations 20EducationHighlights 23ResearchHighlights 26
1 MIT Facts and History
8 MIT Briefing Book
nologiesforartificiallimbs,andthemagneticcorememorythatenabledthedevelopmentofdigitalcomputers.Excitingareasofresearchandeducationtodayincludeneuroscienceandthestudyofthebrainandmind,bioengineering,energy,theenvi-ronmentandsustainabledevelopment,informa-tionsciencesandtechnology,newmedia,financialtechnology,andentrepreneurship.
Universityresearchisoneofthemainspringsofgrowthinaneconomythatisincreasinglydefinedbytechnology.AstudyreleasedinFebruary2009bytheKauffmanFoundationestimatesthatMITgraduateshadfounded25,800activecompanies.Thesefirmsemployedabout3.3millionpeople,andgeneratedannualworldsalesof$2trillion,ortheequivalentoftheeleventh-largesteconomyintheworld.
MIThasforgededucationalandresearchcollabora-tionswithuniversities,governments,andcompa-niesthroughouttheworld,anddrawsitsfacultyandstudentsfromeverycorneroftheglobe.Theresultisavigorousmixofpeople,ideas,andprogramsdedicatedtoenhancingtheworld’swell-being.
MIT Facts and History TheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyisoneoftheworld’spreeminentresearchuniversities,dedicatedtoadvancingknowledgeandeducatingstudentsinscience,technology,andotherareasofscholarshipthatwillbestservethenationandtheworld.Itisknownforrigorousacademicprograms,cutting-edgeresearch,adiversecampuscommu-nity,anditslong-standingcommitmenttoworkingwiththepublicandprivatesectorstobringnewknowledgetobearontheworld’sgreatchallenges.
WilliamBartonRogers,theInstitute’sfoundingpres-ident,believedthateducationshouldbebothbroadanduseful,enablingstudentstoparticipatein“thehumanecultureofthecommunity”andtodiscoverandapplyknowledgeforthebenefitofsociety.Hisemphasison“learningbydoing,”oncombiningliberalandprofessionaleducation,andonthevalueofusefulknowledgecontinuestobeattheheartofMIT’seducationalmission.
MIT’scommitmenttoinnovationhasledtoahostofscientificbreakthroughsandtechnologicaladvances.AchievementsoftheInstitute’sfacultyandgraduateshaveincludedthefirstchemicalsynthesisofpenicillinandvitaminA,thedevelop-mentofinertialguidancesystems,moderntech-
9
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
TotalMITexpendituresgrew6.1percentfromfiscalyear2011(FY2011)to2012.Researchexpendituresgrew3.1percentoncampusand5.1percentatLincolnLaboratory.
TotalMITexpendituresinFY2012 $2.7billion
Payroll,includingLincolnLaboratory andSMART(FY2012) $1.1billion
ResearchExpenditures(MITFY2012)Cambridgecampus $681millionLincolnLaboratory* $847millionSMART* $29millionTotal $1.56 billion
*TotalsdonotincluderesearchperformedbycampuslaboratoriesforLincolnLaboratoryandSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTech-nology(SMART).
TheTechnologyLicensingOffice(TLO)managesthepatentingandlicensingprocessforMITandMITLincolnLaboratory.TheTLOaimstobenefitthepublicbymovingresultsofMITresearchintosocietaluseviatechnologylicensing.
TechnologyLicensingOfficeStatisticsforFY2012Totalnumberofinventiondisclosures 694NumberofU.S.newutilitypatent
applicationsfiled 198NumberofU.S.patentsissued 199Numberoflicensesgranted(notincluding
trademarksandend-usesoftware) 81Numberofoptionsgranted(notincluding
optionsaspartofresearchagreements) 26Numberofsoftwareend-uselicensesgranted 32Numberofcompaniesstarted(venture
capitalizedand/orwithaminimumof $500Kofotherfunding) 16
Economic Information
People In2011–2012,MIT-affiliatedemployees,students,andalumniinMassachusettsamountedtoapproxi-mately46,000people.
Employees 14,127 Cambridgecampus 10,775 LincolnLaboratory 3,352Students 10,894AlumniinMassachusetts 21,000+
Technology Licensing Office
10 MIT Briefing Book
Students The Institute’sfall2011studentbodyof10,894ishighlydiverse.Studentscomefromall50states,theDistrictofColumbia,threeterritoriesanddepen-dencies,and115foreigncountries.U.S.minoritygroupsconstitute50percentofundergraduatesand20percentofgraduatestudents.TheInstitute’s2,909internationalstudentsmakeup10percentoftheundergraduatepopulationand38percentofthegraduatepopulation.Seepages84-86for more informationaboutinternationalstudents.
Student Profile, 2011–2012Undergraduate 4,384 (40%)Graduate 6,510 (60%)Total 10,894
Infall2011,44percentofMIT’sfirst-yearstudents(whoreportedtheirclassstanding)werefirstintheirhighschoolclass;90percentrankedinthetopfivepercent.
Student Ethnicity, 2011–2012* Undergraduate GraduateAsianAmerican 1,055 760HispanicorLatino 649 303AfricanAmerican 302 124AmericanIndianor
AlaskanNative 25 15NativeHawaiianor
otherPacificIslander 1 0Twoormoreraces 146 115Total 2,178 (50%) 1,317 (20%)
StudentswhoidentifiedatleastinpartasaU.S.minoritygrouptotaled3,495.
*DataisforU.S.citizensandpermanentresidents.Thesefiguresmaynotpreciselyreflectthepopulationbecausetheyareself-reported,andnotallstudentschoosetoidentifyanethnicityorrace.One-hundredseventeenundergraduatesand535graduatestu-dentschosenottoidentifyanethnicityorrace.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1865
1869
1873
1877
1881
1885
1889
1893
1897
1901
1905
1909
1913
1917
1921
1925
1929
1933
1937
1941
1945
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
Num
ber of FacultyNum
bero
fStude
nts
AcademicYear
Undergraduate Graduate Otherstudents Faculty
Faculty and Students 1865–2012
11
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
ArchitectureandPlanning
Engineering Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences
Management Science Undesignated*
Num
berofStude
nts
School
Undergraduate Students StudentsfirstenrolledatMITin1865.Twenty-sevenstudentsenrolledasundergraduatestudentsthatfirstyear.In2012,therewere4,384undergraduatestudents.
Undergraduate Students, 2011–2012Citizenship CountU.S.citizen 3,650U.S.permanentresident 282International 452Total 4,384
School Undergraduates
ArchitectureandPlanning 59
Engineering 2,019
Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 120
Management 106
Science 918
Undesignated* 1,162
Total 4,384
Undergraduate Students by School, 2011–2012
2,421
1,963
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
Male
Female
NumberofStudents
Undergraduate Students by Gender, 2011–2012
*Undesignatedcomprisesfreshmanwhodonotenrollinamajorandundesignatedsophmores.
12 MIT Briefing Book
Graduate Students Graduatestudentshaveoutnumberedundergradu-atestudentsatMITsince1980.Infall2011,theycomprised60percentofthestudentpopulationwith6,510students—2,778master’sstudents(includes152non-matriculating)and3,732doctoralstudents.
Graduate Students, 2011–2012Citizenship CountU.S.citizen 3,757U.S.permanentresident 296International 2,457Total 6,510
School Master’s* Doctoral Total
ArchitectureandPlanning 409 192 601
Engineering 1,071 1,747 2,818
Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 22 269 291
Management 1,108 125 1,233
Science 7 1,076 1,083
Whitaker 9 323 332
Total 2,626 3,732 6,358
*Excludesnon-matriculatingstudents
Graduate Students by School, 2011–2012
1,851
927
2,603
1,129
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Male
Female
NumberofStudents
Master's
Doctoral
Graduate Students by Gender, 2011–2012
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
ArchitectureandPlanning
Engineering Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences
Management Science Whitaker
Num
berofStude
nts
School
Doctoral Master's*
13
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
ArchitectureandPlanning
Engineering Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences
Management Science Whitaker
Num
berofDeg
reesAwarde
d
School
Doctorate Master'sandEngineer Bachelor's
DegreesIn2011–2012,MITawarded3,206degrees:
Bachelor’sdegrees 1,011Master’sdegrees 1,605Engineer’sdegrees 17Doctoraldegrees 573
Halfof2011–2012graduatesfromMITdoctoralprogramswhorespondedtotheannualDoctoralStudentExitSurveyplannedtostayinMassachu-settsaftercompletingtheirstudies.NearlytwelvepercentofthoseearningdegreesindicatedtheyattendedhighschoolinMassachusetts—aroughgaugeofwhoamongdegreerecipientswerenativetothestate.
MIT’s126,684alumniareconnectedtotheInsti-tutethroughgraduating-classevents,departmentalorganizations,andover47clubsintheU.S.and42abroad.Morethan12,000volunteersoffertheirtime,financialsupport,andserviceoncommitteesandontheMITCorporation,theInstitute’sboardoftrustees.MITgraduatesholdleadershippositionsinindustriesandorganizationsaroundtheworld.Over21,000alumniresideinMassachusetts,andabout85percentofMIT’salumniliveintheU.S.
Alumni
School Bachelor’sMaster’s and
Engineer Doctorate Total
ArchitectureandPlanning 22 203 29 254
Engineering 612 696 288 1,596
Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 59 16 55 130
Management 36 665 16 717
Science 282 28 158 468
Whitaker 14 27 41
Total 1,011 1,622 573 3,206
Degrees Awarded by School, 2011–2012
14 MIT Briefing Book
Postdoctoral Appointments
China20%
Korea9%
India8%
Germany8%Canada
7%Israel4%
Spain4%
France4%
Italy4%
Japan3%
AllOthers29%
Country of Citizenship of International Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows
*Twoormoreracesmakesuplessthanonepercentofthepostdoctoralassociateandfellowpopulation.
International63%
URM2%
Asian3%
White15%
Unknown17%
Ethnicity of PostdoctoralAssociates and Fellows
AsofOctober31,2011,MIThosts1,375postdoc-toralassociatesandfellows—374femalesand1,001males.Theseindividualsworkwithfacultyinaca-demicdepartments,laboratories,andcenters.
U.S. Citizen and Permanent Resident Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows, October 2011Ethnicity CountHispanicorLatino 23AfricanAmerican 5AmericanIndianorAlaskanNative 1 Total underrepresented minorities (URM) 29White 200Asian 46Twoormoreraces 1Unknown 229Total 505
International Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows CountryofCitizenship Count Percent China 179 20Korea 78 9India 71 8Germany 66 8Canada 62 7Israel 36 4Spain 35 4France 32 4Italy 32 4Japan 24 3AllOthers 255 29Total 870
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
< 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Num
ber
YearsatMIT
Years at MIT of Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows
Female
Male
*
15
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
India9%
UnitedKingdom
8%
Canada7%
China6%
Germany5%
Greece5%
Italy4%
France4%
Israel3%
Poland3%
Russia3%
SouthKorea3%
Spain3%
Allothers37%
Country of Origin of Internationally Born Faculty
Faculty and StaffMITemploysapproximately10,775personsoncampus.Inadditiontothefaculty,thereareresearch,library,andadministrativestaff,andmanyotherswho,directlyorindirectly,supporttheteachingandresearchgoalsoftheInstitute.
Faculty and Staff, 2011–2012Faculty 1,018Otheracademicandinstructionalstaff 883Researchstaffandresearchscientists
(includespostdoctoralpositions) 3,008Administrativestaff 2,328Supportstaff 1,478Servicestaff 795Medicalclinicalstaff 98Affiliatedfaculty,scientists,andscholars 1,167Total campus faculty and staff 10,775
Approximately500graduatestudentsserveasteachingassistantsorinstructors,and2,450graduatestudentsserveasresearchassistants.
MITLincolnLaboratoryemploysabout3,350people,primarilyatHanscomAirForceBaseinLexington,Massachusetts.
FacultyProfile Count PercentProfessors 647 63Associateprofessors 210 21Assistantprofessors 161 16Total 1,018
Male 801 79Female 217 21
Seventy-sevenpercentoffacultyaretenured.Facultymaybeappointedequallytotwodepartments.Fortyfacultymembershavedualappointments.
FacultybySchool CountArchitectureandPlanning 76Engineering 372Humanities,Arts,andSocialSciences 164Science 273Management 112Whitakerandother 21
Sixty-threepercentofthefacultyareinscienceandengineeringfields.
Eighteenpercentoffacultyaremembersofaminoritygroup;6.2percentaremembersofanunderrepresentedminority.Somefacultymembersidentifyaspartofmultiplegroups.
FacultyMinorityGroup Female MaleAsian 31 99HispanicorLatino 4 30AfricanAmerican 9 25AmericanIndianorAlaskanNative 1 2
Internationalfacultyrecruitedthroughinterna-tionalsearchesfortenure-trackpositionsremainintheU.S.toteachthenextgenerationofAmericancancerresearchers,physicists,biomedicalengi-neers,businessleaders,andcomputerscientists.
Fortypercentofcurrentfacultyareinternationallyborn.
16 MIT Briefing Book
Awards and Honors of Current Faculty and StaffNinecurrentfacultymembersatMIThavereceivedtheNobelPrize:H.RobertHorvitz NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine(shared)WolfgangKetterle NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)RobertC.Merton SverigesRiksbankPrizeinEconomicSciencesinMemoryofAlfredNobel(shared)RichardR.Schrock NobelPrizeinChemistry(shared)PhillipA.Sharp NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine(shared)SusanSolomon NobelPeacePrize(co-chairofWorkingGroupOnerecognizedunder IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),shared)SamuelC.C.Ting NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)SusumuTonegawa NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineFrankWilczek NobelPrizeinPhysics(shared)
Belowisaselectionofothernotableawardsandhonors.Recipients Award Name and Agency 145 AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesMember 92 AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceFellow 14 AmericanPhilosophicalSocietyMember 74 AmericanPhysicalSocietyFellow 17 AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersFellow 23 AssociationforComputingMachineryFellow 3 DiracMedal,AbdusSalamInternationalCentreforTheoreticalPhysics 6 FulbrightScholar,CouncilforInternationalExchangeofScholars 7 GairdnerAward,GairdnerFoundation 69 GuggenheimFellow,JohnSimonGuggenheimMemorialFoundation 16 HowardHughesMedicalInstituteInvestigator 25 HumboldtResearchAward,AlexandervonHumboldtFoundation 54 InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Fellow 33 InstituteofMedicineMember,NationalAcademies 1 JapanPrize,ScienceandTechnologyFoundationofJapan 4 JohnBatesClarkMedal,AmericanEconomicAssociation 2 KavliPrize,NorwegianAcademyofScienceandLetters 19 MacArthurFellow,JohnD.andCatherineT.MacArthurFoundation 2 MillenniumTechnologyPrize,MillenniumPrizeFoundation 65 NationalAcademyofEngineeringMember,NationalAcademies 77 NationalAcademyofSciencesMember,NationalAcademies 10 NationalMedalofScience,NationalScience&TechnologyMedalsFoundation 1 NationalMedalofTechnologyandInnovation,NationalScience&TechnologyMedalsFoundation 32 PresidentialEarlyCareerAwardsforScientistsandEngineers,ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident 3 PulitzerPrize,PulitzerBoard 2 RolfNevanlinnaPrize,InternationalMathematicalUnion 5 RoyalAcademyofEngineeringFellow 3 A.M.TuringAward,AssociationforComputingMachinery 1 VonHippelAward,MaterialsResearchSociety 3 AlanT.WatermanAward,NationalScienceFoundation
17
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
Mildred Dresselhaus, Ann Graybiel, and Jane Luu2012 Kavli Prizes MildredDresselhaus,AnnGraybielandJaneLuuareamongsevenpioneeringscientistsworldwidenamedas2012recipientsoftheKavliPrizes.Theseprizesrecognizescientistsfortheirseminaladvancesinastrophysics,nanoscience,andneuroscienceandincludeacashawardof$1millionineachfield.The2012laureateswereselectedfortheirfundamentalcontributionstoourunderstandingoftheoutersolarsystem;thedifferencesinmaterialpropertiesatthenanoscaleandatlargerscales;andhowthebrainreceivesandrespondstosen-sationssuchassight,sound,andtouch.
Kavliawardwinners,fromleft,MildredDresselhaus,AnnGraybiel,andJaneLuuPhotos (L to R): Dominick Reuter; Kent Dayton; Kavli Foundation
Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, Timothy K. Lu, Parag A. Pathak, Pawan Sinha, and Jesse Thaler2012 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and EngineersFivemembersofthefacultyare2012recipientsofPresidentialEarlyCareerAwardforScientistsandEngi-neers(PECASE),thehighesthonorbestowedbytheU.S.governmentonscienceandengineeringprofession-alsintheearlystagesoftheirindependentresearchcareers.TheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicywithintheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentcoordinatestheawards,whichwereestablishedbyPresidentBillClinton in 1996.PabloJarillo-Herrero,TimothyK.Lu’03,MEng’03,PhD’08,ParagA.Pathak,PawanSinhaSM’92,PhD’95,andJesseThalerareamong96honored.Currently,30facultymembersandtwostaffmembersarerecipientsofthePECASEaward,includingthe2012recipients.
AmyFinkelsteinPhoto: Ed Quinn
Amy Finkelstein2012 John Bates Clark MedalMITeconomistAmyFinkelstein,aleaderinstudyinghealthinsur-ancemarkets,isthe2012recipientoftheprestigiousJohnBatesClarkMedal,anannualawardgivenbytheAmericanEconomicAssociation(AEA).TheClarkMedalisgiventoaneconomistundertheageof40“whoisjudgedtohavemadethemostsignificantcontributiontoeco-nomicthoughtandknowledge,”accordingtotheAEA.
Award Highlights
18 MIT Briefing Book
MITsupportsalargevarietyoffieldsofstudy,fromscienceandengineeringtothearts.MIT’sfiveacademicschoolsareorganizedintodepartmentsandotherdegree-grantingprograms.Inaddition,severalprograms,laboratories,andcenterscrosstraditionalboundariesandencouragecreativethoughtandresearch.
School of Architecture and Planning ArchitectureMediaArtsandSciencesUrbanStudiesandPlanningCenterforRealEstate
School of EngineeringAeronauticsandAstronauticsBiologicalEngineeringChemicalEngineeringCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceEngineeringSystemsMaterialsScienceandEngineeringMechanicalEngineeringNuclearScienceandEngineering
School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences AnthropologyComparativeMediaStudiesEconomicsForeignLanguagesandLiteraturesHistoryHumanitiesLinguisticsandPhilosophyLiteratureMusicandTheatreArtsPoliticalScienceScience,Technology,andSocietyWritingandHumanisticStudies
Sloan School of Management Management
School of Science BiologyBrainandCognitiveSciencesChemistryEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesMathematicsPhysics
Interdisciplinary Educational ProgramsAmericanStudiesAncientandMedievalStudiesComputationforDesignandOptimizationComputationalandSystemsBiologyComputerScienceandMolecularBiologyHarvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand
TechnologyLeadersforGlobalOperationsMicrobiologyOperationsResearchPsychologyPolymerScienceandTechnologyMIT-WoodsHoleJointPrograminOceanography
andAppliedOceanScienceandEngineeringSystemDesignandManagementTechnologyandPolicyTransportationWomen’sandGenderStudies
Fields of Study
19
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
Inadditiontoteachingandconductingresearchwithintheirdepartments,faculty,students,andstaffworkinlaboratories,centers,andprograms.
Someoftheseinclude:
CenterforArchaeologicalMaterialsCenterforBiomedicalEngineeringCenterforCollectiveIntelligenceCenterforComputationalEngineeringCenterforComputationalResearchinEconomics andManagementScienceCenterforEnergyandEnvironmentalPolicy ResearchCenterforEnvironmentalHealthSciencesCenterforFutureCivicMediaCenterforGlobalChangeScienceCenterforGynepathologyResearchCenterforInternationalStudiesCenterforMaterialsScienceandEngineeringCenterforRealEstateCenterforTransportationandLogisticsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence LaboratoryDeshpandeCenterforTechnologicalInnovationDivisionofComparativeMedicineFrancisBitterMagnetLaboratoryHaystackObservatoryInstituteforMedicalEngineeringandScienceInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologiesInstituteforWorkandEmploymentResearchJointProgramontheScienceandPolicyofGlobal ChangeKnightScienceJournalismProgramDavidH.KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancer ResearchLaboratoryforFinancialEngineeringLaboratoryforInformationandDecisionSystems
Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs
LaboratoryforManufacturingandProductivityLaboratoryforNuclearScienceLeanAdvancementInitiativeLegatumCenterforDevelopmentand EntrepreneurshipLincolnLaboratoryMartinTrustCenterforMITEntrepreneurshipMaterialsProcessingCenterMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchMediaLaboratoryMicrosystemsTechnologyLaboratoriesMITCatalystClinicalResearchCenterMITCenterforArt,Science,andTechnologyMITCenterforDigitalBusinessMITEnergyInitiativeMITKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpace ResearchMITPortugalProgramMITProfessionalEducationMITPrograminArt,CultureandTechnologyMITSeaGrantCollegeProgramNuclearReactorLaboratoryOperationsResearchCenterPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryPlasmaScienceandFusionCenterResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsSimonsCenterfortheSocialBrainSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchand TechnologySociotechnicalSystemsResearchCenter
20 MIT Briefing Book
Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardTheBroadInstituteofMITandHarvardseekstotransformmedicinebyempoweringcreativeandenergeticscientistsofalldisciplinesfromacrosstheMIT,Harvard,andtheHarvard-affiliatedhospitalcommunitiestoworktogethertoaddresseventhemostdifficultchallengesinbiomedicalresearch.Seepage36formoreinformation.
Charles Stark Draper LaboratoryFoundedasMIT’sInstrumentationLaboratory,DraperLaboratoryseparatedfromMITin1973tobecomeanindependentnot-for-profitresearchandeducationalorganization.MITandDraperLaboratorystillcollaborateinareassuchasguidance,navigationandcontrol,complexreliablesystems,autonomoussystems,informationanddecisionsystems,andbio-medicalandchemicalsystems.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute HowardHughesMedicalInstitute(HHMI)isascien-tificandphilanthropicorganizationthatconductsbiomedicalresearchincollaborationwithuniversi-ties,academicmedicalcenters,hospitals,andotherresearchinstitutionsthroughoutthecountry.SixteenHHMIinvestigatorsholdfacultyappointments.
Idaho National Laboratory UnderthepurviewoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,theIdahoNationalLaboratoryincludestheNationalUniversityConsortium(NUC)—fiveleadingresearchuniversitiesfromaroundthenationwhosenuclearresearchandengineeringexpertiseareofcriticalimportancetothefutureofthenation’snuclearindustry.MITleadstheNUCteaminsupportofnuclearresearchandrelatededucationprograms.TheNUCconsistsofMIT,OregonStateUniversity,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,OhioStateUniversity,andUniversityofNewMexico.
Magellan ProjectTheMagellanProjectisafive-universitypartnershipthatconstructedandnowoperatestwo6.5meteropticaltelescopesattheLasCampanasObserva-toryinChile.Thetelescopesallowresearcherstoobserveplanetsorbitingstarsinsolarsystemsbeyondourownandtoexplorethefirstgalaxiesthatformedneartheedgeoftheobservableuniverse.CollaboratingwithMITontheMagellanProjectareCarnegieInstituteofWashington,HarvardUniversity,UniversityofArizona,andUniversityofMichigan.
Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center TheMassachusettsGreenHighPerformanceComputingCenter(MGHPCC)isacollaborationoffiveofthestate’smostresearch-intensiveuniver-sities—MIT,UniversityofMassachusetts,BostonUniversity,NortheasternUniversity,andHarvardUniversity—theCommonwealthofMassachusetts,CISCO,andEMC.TheMGHPCCfacility,projectedtobecompletedtheendof2012,willbeadatacenterdedicatedtothegrowingresearchcomputingneedsthatsupportbreakthroughsinscience.
MIT-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and EngineeringTheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution(WHOI)isthelargestindependentoceanographicinstitu-tionintheworld.MITandWHOIofferjointdoctoraldegreesinoceanographyanddoctoral,profes-sional,andmaster’sdegreesinoceanographicengineering.
Academic and Research Affiliations
21
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
Naval Construction and EngineeringThegraduateprograminNavalConstructionandEngineering(Course2N)isintendedforactivedutyofficersintheU.S.Navy,U.S.CoastGuard,andforeignnavieswhohavebeendesignatedforspecializationinthedesign,construction,andrepairofnavalships.ThecurriculumpreparesNavy,CoastGuard,andforeignofficersforcareersinshipdesignandconstructionandissponsoredbyCommander,NavalSeaSystemsCommand.Besidesprovidingtheofficersacomprehensiveeducationinnavalengi-neering,weemphasizetheirfuturerolesasadvo-catesforinnovationinshipdesignandacquisition.
Northeast Radio Observatory CorporationTheNortheastRadioObservatoryCorporation(NEROC)isanonprofitconsortiumofeducationalandresearchinstitutionsthatwasformedin1967toplananadvancedradioandradarresearchfacilityintheNortheast.NEROCpresentlyconsistsofnineeducationalandresearchinstitutions,theseareMIT,BostonUniversity,BrandeisUniversity,DartmouthCollege,HarvardUniversity,Harvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,UniversityofMassachu-setts,UniversityofNewHampshire,andWellesleyCollege.
Ragon InstituteThePhillipT.andSusanM.RagonInstitutewasestablishedatMIT,MassachusettsGeneralHospital,andHarvardinFebruary2009.TheRagonInstitutebringsscientistsandclinicianstogetherwithengi-neersusingthelatesttechnologiesinaninterdis-ciplinaryefforttobetterunderstandhowthebodyfightsinfectionsandultimatelytoapplythatunder-standingagainstawiderangeofinfectiousdiseasesandcancers.TheinitialfocusoftheinstituteistheneedforaneffectivevaccineagainstAIDS.
Reserve Officer Training Corps ProgramsMilitarytraininghasexistedatMITsincestudentsfirstarrivedin1865.In1917,MITestablishedthenation’sfirstArmyReserveOfficerTrainingCorps(ROTC)unit.Today,AirForce,Army,andNavalROTCunitsarebasedatMIT.Theseprogramsenablestudentstobecomecommissionedmilitaryofficersupongraduation.Morethan12,000officershavebeencommissionedfromMIT,andmorethan150haveachievedtherankofgeneraloradmiral.
Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreTheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)CentreisamajorresearchenterpriseestablishedbyMITinpartnershipwiththeNationalResearchFoundationofSingapore.TheSMARTCentreservesasanintellectualhubforresearchinteractionsbetweenMITandSingaporeatthefrontiersofscienceandtechnology.Seepage79formoreinformationaboutSMARTandpage44foradescriptionofaselectedSMARTproject.
Synthetic Biology Engineering Research CenterTheSyntheticBiologyEngineeringResearchCenter(SynBERC)isamulti-institutionresearchefforttolaythefoundationfortheemergingfieldofsyntheticbiology.InadditiontoMIT,participatinguniversitiesareUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,HarvardUniversity,StandfordUniversity,andPrairieViewA&MUniver-sity.SynBERC’sfoundationalresearchwillbemoti-vatedbypressingbiotechnologyapplications.Syn-BERCworkwillalsoexaminetheethical,economic,andbiosecurityimplicationsofsyntheticbiologyandassesstheeffectsofintellectualpropertyandsecu-rityregimesonthedevelopmentofthefield.
22 MIT Briefing Book
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchWhiteheadInstituteisanonprofit,independentresearchinstitutionwho’sresearchexcellenceisnurturedbythecollaborativespiritofitsfacultyandthecreativityanddedicationofitsgraduatestudentsandpostdoctoralscientists.Whitehead’sprimaryfocusisbasicscience,withanemphasisonmolecularandcellbiology,geneticsandgenomics,anddevelopmentalbiology.WhiteheadisaffiliatedwithMITthroughitsmembers,whoholdfacultypositionsatMIT.Asmallnumberofjuniorinvestiga-torsalsoholdpositionsatWhiteheadInstituteaspartoftheWhiteheadFellowsprogram.
Cross-Registration at Other Institutions MIThascross-registrationarrangementswithseveralareaschools.Attheundergraduatelevel,studentsmaycross-registeratHarvardUniversity,WellesleyCollege,MassachusettsCollegeofArtandDesign,andtheSchooloftheMuseumofFineArts.Atthegraduatelevel,qualifiedstudentsmayenrollincoursesatHarvardUniversity,WellesleyCollege,BostonUniversity,BrandeisUniversity,andTuftsUniversity.
Academic and Research Affiliations (continued)
23
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
Education Highlights MIThaslongmaintainedthatprofessionalcompe-tenceisbestfosteredbycouplingteachingwithresearchandbyfocusingeducationonpracticalproblems.Thishands-onapproachhasmadeMITaconsistentleaderinoutsidesurveysofthenation’sbestcolleges.MITwasthefirstuniversityinthecountrytooffercurriculumsinarchitecture(1865),electricalengineering(1882),sanitaryengineering(1889),navalarchitectureandmarineengineering(1895),aeronauticalengineering(1914),meteorology(1928),nuclearphysics(1935),andartificialintel-ligence(1960s).Morethan4,000MITgraduatesareprofessorsatcollegesanduniversitiesaroundtheworld.MITfacultyhavewrittensomeofthebest-sellingtextbooksofalltime,suchas EconomicsbyPaulA.SamuelsonandCalculus and Analytic Geom-etry byGeorgeThomas.ThefollowingaresomenotableMITteachingmilestonessince1969,whenhumans,includingMITalumnusBuzzAldrin,firstlandedonthemoon.
1969 MITlaunchestheUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP),thefirstofitskind.Theprogram,whichenablesundergraduatestoworkdirectlywithfacultyonprofessionalresearch,subsequentlyiscopiedinuniversitiesthroughouttheworld.About2,400MITstudentsparticipateinUROPannually.
1970TheHarvard-MITPrograminHealthSciencesandTechnologyisestablishedtofocusadvancesinscienceandtechnologyonhumanhealthandtotrainphysicianswithastrongbaseinengineeringandscience.
1971MITholdsitsfirstIndependentActivitiesPeriod(IAP),aJanuaryprogramthatemphasizescreativityandflexibilityinteachingandlearning.
1977MITorganizesthePrograminScience,Tech-nology,andSocietytoexploreandteachcoursesonthesocialcontextandconsequencesofscienceandtechnology—oneofthefirstprogramsofitskindintheU.S.
1981 MITlaunchesProjectAthena,a$70millionprogramtoexploretheuseofcomputersineduca-tion.DigitalEquipmentCorporationandIBMeachcontribute$25millionincomputerequipment.
1981TheMITSloanSchoolofManagementlaunchesitsManagementofTechnologyprogram,theworld’sfirstmaster’sprogramtofocusonthestrategicmanagementoftechnologyandinnova-tion.
1983–1990MITlanguageandcomputersciencefacultyjoinintheAthenaLanguageLearningProjecttodevelopinteractivevideosthatimmersestudentsinthelanguageandcharacterofothercultures.Theworkpioneersanewgenerationoflanguagelearningtools.
1984MITestablishestheMediaLaboratory,bringingtogetherpioneeringeducationalprogramsincomputermusic,film,graphics,holography,lasers,andothermediatechnologies.
1991MITestablishestheMacVicarFacultyFellowsProgram,namedinhonorofthelateMargaretA.MacVicar,torecognizeoutstandingcontributionstoteaching.MacVicar,aprofessorofphysics,hadconceivedof,designed,andlaunchedUROP(see1969,above).
1992MITlaunchestheLaboratoryforAdvancedTechnologyintheHumanitiestoextenditspioneeringworkincomputer-andvideo-assistedlanguagelearningtootherdisciplines.ItsfirstventurewasatextandperformancemultimediaarchiveforstudiesofShakespeare’splays.
1993Inrecognitionoftheincreasingimportanceofmolecularandcellbiology,MITbecomesthefirstcollegeinthenationtoaddbiologytoitsunder-graduaterequirement.
1995MIT’sPoliticalScienceDepartmentestablishestheWashingtonSummerInternshipProgramtoprovideundergraduatestheopportunitytoapplytheirscientificandtechnicaltrainingtopublicpolicyissues.
24 MIT Briefing Book
1998MITteamsupwithSingapore’stwoleadingresearchuniversitiestocreateaglobalmodelforlong-distanceengineeringeducationandresearch.Thislarge-scaleexperiment,thefirsttrulyglobalcollaborationingraduateengineeringeducationandresearch,isamodelfortoday’sdistanceeducation.
1999TheUniversityofCambridgeandMITestab-lishtheCambridge-MITInstitute,whoseprogramsincludestudentandfacultyexchanges,aninte-gratedresearchprogram,professionalpracticeeducation,andanationalcompetitivenessnetworkinBritain.
1999MITestablishestheSocietyofPresidentialFellowstohonorthemostoutstandingstudentsworldwideenteringtheInstitute’sgraduateprograms.Withgiftsprovidedbyleaddonors,presi-dentialfellowsareawardedfellowshipsthatfundfirstyeartuitionandlivingexpenses.
2000MITFacultyapprovetheCommunicationRequirement(CR),whichwentintoeffectfortheClassof2005.TheCRintegratessubstantialinstruc-tionandpracticeinwritingandspeakingintoallfouryearsandacrossallpartsofMIT’sunder-graduateprogram.Studentsparticipateregularlyinactivitiesdesignedtodevelopbothgeneralandtechnicalcommunicationskills.
2001StudioPhysicsisintroducedtoteachfreshmanphysics.Incorporatingahighlycollaborative,hands-onenvironmentthatusesnetworkedlaptopsanddesktopexperiments,thenewcurriculumletsstudentsworkdirectlywithcomplicatedandunfa-miliarconceptsastheirprofessorsintroducethem.
2001MITlaunchesOpenCourseWare,aprogramthatmakesmaterialsfornearlyallofitscoursesfreelyavailableonthewebandservesasamodelforsharingknowledgetobenefitallhumankind.
2001MITestablishesWebLab,amicroelectronicsteachinglaboratorythatallowsstudentstointeractremotelyontheWebwithtransistorsandothermicroelectronicsdevicesanywhereandatanytime.
2001MIT’sEarthSystemInitiativelaunchesTerra-scope,afreshmancourseinwhichstudentsworkinteamstosolvecomplexearthsciencesproblems.Bringingtogetherphysics,mathematics,chemistry,biology,management,andcommunications,thecoursehasenabledstudentstodevisestrategiesforpreservingtropicalrainforests,understandthecostsandthebenefitsofoildrillingintheArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge,andplanamissiontoMars.
2002Togiveengineeringstudentstheopportunitytodeveloptheskillsthey’llneedtobeleadersintheworkplace,MITintroducestheUndergraduatePrac-ticeOpportunitiesProgram(UPOP).Theprograminvolvesacorporatetrainingworkshop,jobseminarstaughtbyalumni,anda10-weeksummerinternship.
2003MITLibrariesintroduceDSpace,adigitalrepositorythatgathers,stores,andpreservestheintellectualoutputofMIT’sfacultyandresearchstaff,andmakesitfreelyavailabletoresearchinstitutionsworldwide.Withinayearofitslaunch,DSpacematerialhadbeendownloadedmorethan8,000times,andmorethan100organizationshadadoptedthesystemfortheirownuse.
2003 MIT’sPrograminComputationalandSystems Biology(CSBi),anInstitute-wideprogramlinkingbiology,engineering,andcomputerscienceinasystemsbiologyapproachtothestudyofcell-to-cellsignaling,tissueformation,andcancer,beginsacceptingstudentsforanewPh.D.programthatwillgivethemthetoolsfortreatingbiologicalenti-tiesascomplexlivingsystems.
2005Combiningcoursesfromengineering,mathe-matics,andmanagement,MITlaunchesitsmaster’sprograminComputationforDesignandOptimiza-tion,oneofthefirstcurriculumsinthecountrytofocusonthecomputationalmodelinganddesignofcomplexengineeredsystems.Theprogrampreparesengineersforthechallengesofmakingsystemsrangingfromcomputationalbiologytoairlineschedulingtotelecommunicationsdesignandoperationsrunwithmaximumeffectivenessandefficiency.
Education Highlights (continued)
25
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
2006MITcreatestheCampaignforStudents,afundraisingeffortdedicatedtoenhancingtheeducationalexperienceatMITthroughcreatingscholarshipsandfellowships,andsupportingmulti-disciplinaryeducationandstudentlife.
2007MITmakesmaterialfromvirtuallyallMITcoursesavailableonlineforfreeonOpenCourseWare.Thepublicationmarksthebeginningofaworldwidemovementtowardopeneducationthatnowinvolvesmorethan160universitiesand5,000courses.
2009MITlaunchestheBernardM.Gordon-MITEngineeringLeadershipProgram.Throughinteractionwithindustryleaders,faculty,andfellowstudents,theprogramaimstohelpundergraduateengineeringstudentsdeveloptheskills,tools,andcharactertheywillneedasfutureengineeringleaders.
2009MITintroducesaminorinenergystudies,opentoallundergraduates.Thenewminor,unlikemostenergyconcentrationsavailableatotherinstitutions,andunlikeanyotherconcentrationatMIT,isdesignedtobeinherentlycross-disciplinary,encompassingallofMIT’sfiveschools.Itcanbecombinedwithanymajorsubject.Theminoraimstoallowstudentstodevelopexpertiseanddepthintheirmajordisciplines,butthencomplementthatwiththebreadthofunderstandingofferedbytheenergyminor.
2010 MITintroducestheflexibleengineeringdegreeforundergraduates.Thedegree,thefirstofitskind,allowsstudentstocomplementadeepdisciplinarycorewithanadditionalsubjectconcen-tration.Theadditionalconcentrationcanbebroadandinterdisciplinaryinnature(energy,transpor-tation,ortheenvironment),orfocusedonareasthatcanbeappliedtomultiplefields(roboticsandcontrols,computationalengineering,orengi-neeringmanagement).
2011MITannouncesMITx,anonlinelearninginitia-tivethatwillofferaportfoliooffreeMITcoursesthroughanonlineinteractivelearningplatform.Theinstituteexpectstheplatformtoenhancetheeducationalexperienceofitson-campusstudentsandserveasahostforavirtualcommu-nityofmillionsoflearnersaroundtheworld.TheMITxprototypecourse—6.002xor“CircuitsandElectronics”—debutsinMarch2012withalmost155,000peopleregisteringforthecourse.
2012MITandHarvardUniversityannounceedX,atransformationalnewpartnershipinonlineeducation.ThroughedX,thetwoinstitutionswillcollaboratetoenhancecampus-basedteachingandlearningandbuildaglobalcommunityofonlinelearners.Anopen-sourcetechnologyplatformwilldeliveronlinecoursesthatmovebeyondthestandardmodelofonlineeducationthatreliesonwatchingvideocontentandwillofferaninteractiveexperienceforstudents.TheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleylaterjoinsedX.ThethreeinstitutionsofferthefirstedXcoursesinfall2012.
2012LincolnLaboratorydebutsanewoutreachprogram—atwo-weeksummerresidentialprogramforhigh-schoolstudents.Theprogram,LincolnLaboratoryRadarIntroductionforStudentEngi-neers,focusesonradartechnology.Theproject-basedcurriculumisbasedonapopularclassofferedduringMIT’sIndependentActivityPeriodandtaughtbyLaboratorytechnicalstaff.WhiletheinstructorsadaptedtheIAPcoursetosuithigh-schoolstudents,theyretainedthechallengingnatureoftheoriginalclass.Thegoaloftheprogramisthatstudentstakeawaynotonlyanunder-standingofradarsystemsbutalsotherealizationthatengineeringisaboutproblem-solvingandapplyingknowledgeininnovativeways.
26 MIT Briefing Book
Research Highlights ThefollowingareselectedresearchachievementsofMITfacultyandstaffoverthelastfourdecades.
1969 IoannisV.Yannasbeginstodevelopartificialskin—amaterialusedsuccessfullytotreatburnvictims.
1970 DavidBaltimorereportsthediscoveryofreversetranscriptase,anenzymethatcatalyzestheconversionofRNAtoDNA.Theadvance,whichledtoaNobelPrizeforBaltimorein1975,providedanewmeansforstudyingthestructureandfunctionofgenes.
1973 JeromeFriedmanandHenryKendall,withStanfordcolleagueRichardTaylor,completeaseriesofexperimentsconfirmingthetheorythatprotonsandneutronsaremadeupofminuteparticlescalledquarks.Thethreereceivethe1990NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirwork.
1974 SamuelC.C.Ting,UlrichBecker,andMinChendiscoverthe“J”particle.Thediscovery,whichearnsTingthe1976NobelPrizeinPhysics,pointstotheexistenceofoneofthesixpostulatedtypesofquarks.
1975–1977BarbaraLiskovandherstudentsdesigntheCLUprogramminglanguage,anobject-orientedlanguagethathelpsformtheunderpinningsforlanguageslikeJavaandC++.Asaresultofthisworkandotheraccomplishments,LiskovlaterwinstheTuringAward,consideredtheNobelPrizeincomputing.
1975–1982 JoelMosesdevelopsthefirstextensivecomputerizedprogram(MACSYMA)abletomanipu-latealgebraicquantitiesandperformsymbolicintegrationanddifferentiation.
1976 H.GobindKhoranaandhisresearchteamcompletechemicalsynthesisofthefirsthuman-manufacturedgenefullyfunctionalinalivingcell.Theculminationof12yearsofwork,itestablishesthefoundationforthebiotechnologyindustry.Khoranawonthe1968NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforothergeneticswork.
1977 PhillipSharpdiscoversthesplitgenestructureofhigherorganisms,changingtheviewofhowgenesaroseduringevolution.Forthiswork,Sharpsharedthe1993NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicine.
1977 RonaldRivest,AdiShamir,andLeonardAdlemaninventthefirstworkablepublickeycryp-tographicsystem.Thenewcode,whichisbasedontheuseofverylargeprimenumbers,allowssecretcommunicationbetweenanypairofusers.Stillunbroken,thecodeisinwidespreadusetoday.
1979 RobertWeinbergreportsisolatingandiden-tifyingthefirsthumanoncogene—analteredgenethatcausestheuncontrolledcellgrowththatleadstocancer.
1981 AlanGuthpublishesthefirstsatisfactorymodeloftheuniverse’sdevelopmentinthefirst10–32secondsaftertheBigBang.
1982 AlanDavisondiscoversanewclassoftechne-tiumcompoundsthatleadstothedevelopmentofthefirstdiagnostictechnetiumdrugforimagingthehumanheart.
1985 SusumuTonegawadescribesthestructureofthegeneforthereceptors—“anchormolecules”—onthewhitebloodcellscalledTlymphocytes,theimmunesystem’smastercells.In1987,TonegawareceivestheNobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforsimilarworkontheimmunesystem’sBcells.
1986 H.RobertHorvitzidentifiesthefirsttwogenesfoundtoberesponsiblefortheprocessofcelldeath,whichiscriticalbothfornormalbodydevel-opmentandforprotectionagainstautoimmunediseases,cancer,andotherdisorders.Goingontomakemanymorepioneeringdiscoveriesaboutthegeneticsofcelldeath,Horvitzsharesthe2002NobelPrizeinPhysiology/Medicineforhiswork.
1988 SallieChisholmandassociatesreportthediscoveryofaformofoceanplanktonthatmaybethemostabundantsinglespeciesonearth.
27
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
1990 JuliusRebek,Jr.andassociatescreatethefirstself-replicatingsyntheticmolecule.
1990 Buildingonthediscoveryofthemetath-esis—theprocessofcuttingcarbon-carbondoublebondsinhalfandconstructingnewones—RichardSchrockdevisesacatalystthatgreatlyspeedsupthereaction,consumeslessenergy,andproduceslesswaste.Aprocessbasedonhisdiscoveryisnowinwidespreaduseforefficientandmoreenviron-mentallyfriendlyproductionofimportantpharma-ceuticals,fuels,syntheticfibers,andmanyotherproducts.Schrocksharesthe2005NobelPrizeinChemistryforhisbreakthrough.
1991 ClevelandheartdoctorsbeginclinicaltrialsofalasercathetersystemformicrosurgeryonthearteriesthatislargelytheworkofMichaelFeldandhisMITassociates.
1993 H.RobertHorvitz,togetherwithscientistsatMassachusettsGeneralHospital,discoveranassociationbetweenagenemutationandtheinheritedformofamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(LouGehrig’sdisease).
1993 DavidHousmanjoinscolleaguesatotherinstitutionsinannouncingasuccessfulendtothelongsearchforthegeneticdefectlinkedwithHuntington’sdisease.
1993 AlexanderRichandpostdoctoralfellowShuguangZhangreportthediscoveryofasmallproteinfragmentthatspontaneouslyformsintomembranes.Thisresearchwillleadtoadvancesindrugdevelopment,biomedicalresearch,andtheunderstandingofAlzheimer’sandotherdiseases.
1994 MITengineersdeveloparobotthatcan“learn”exercisesfromaphysicaltherapist,guideapatientthroughthem,and—forthefirsttime—recordbiomedicaldataonthepatient’sconditionandprogress.
1995 ScientistsattheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchandMITcreateamapofthehumangenomeandbeginthefinalphaseoftheHumanGenomeProject.Thispowerfulmapcontainsmorethan15,000distinctmarkersandcoversvirtuallyallofthehumangenome.
1996 AgroupofscientistsatMIT’sCenterforLearningandMemory,ledbyMatthewWilsonandNobellaureateSusumuTonegawa,usenewgeneticandmultiple-cellmonitoringtechnologiestodemonstratehowanimalsformmemoryaboutnewenvironments.
1997 MITphysicistscreatethefirstatomlaser,adevicethatisanalogoustoanopticallaserbutemitsatomsinsteadoflight.Theresultingbeamcanbefocusedtoapinpointormadetotravellongdistanceswithminimalspreading.
1998 MITbiologists,ledbyLeonardGuarente,identifyamechanismofaginginyeastcellsthatsuggestsresearchersmayonedaybeabletointer-venein,andpossiblyinhibit,theagingprocessincertainhumancells.
1998 AninterdisciplinaryteamofMITresearchers,ledbyYoelFinkandEdwinL.Thomas,inventthe“perfectmirror,”whichoffersradicalnewwaysofdirectingandmanipulatinglight.Potentialappli-cationsrangefromaflexiblelightguidethatcanilluminatespecificinternalorgansduringsurgerytonewdevicesforopticalcommunications.
1999 MichaelCima,RobertLanger,andgraduatestudentJohnSantinireportthefirstmicrochipthatcanstoreandreleasechemicalsondemand.Amongitspotentialapplicationsisa“pharmacy”thatcouldbeswallowedorimplantedundertheskinandprogrammedtodeliverprecisedrugdosagesatspecifictimes.
28 MIT Briefing Book
MITFactsandHistory
1999 AlexanderRichleadsateamofresearchersinthediscoverythatleft-handedDNA(alsoknownasZ-DNA)iscriticalforthecreationofimportantbrainchemicals.HavingfirstproducedZ-DNAsyntheti-callyin1979,Richsucceedsinidentifyingitinnaturein1981.HealsodiscoversitsfirstbiologicalroleandreceivestheNationalMedalofScienceforthispioneeringworkin1995.
2000 ScientistsattheWhiteheadInstitute/MITCenterforGenomeResearchandtheircollaboratorsannouncethecompletionoftheHumanGenomeProject.Providingaboutathirdofallthesequencesassembled,theCenterwasthesinglelargestcontributortothisinternationalenterprise.
2000 Researchersdevelopadevicethatusesultrasoundtoextractanumberofimportantmoleculesnoninvasivelyandpainlesslythroughtheskin.Theyexpectthatthefirstapplicationwillbeaportabledevicefornoninvasiveglucosemoni-toringfordiabetics.
2000 ResearchersfromtheMITSloanSchoolofManagementlaunchtheSocialandEconomicExplo-rationsofInformationTechnology(SeeIT)Project,thefirstempiricalstudyoftheeffectsofinformationtechnology(IT)onorganizationalandworkprac-tices.ExaminingIT’srelationshiptochangesinthesemodels,SeeITprovidespracticaldataforunder-standingandevaluatingIT’sbusinessandeconomiceffects,whichwillenableustotakefulladvantageofitsopportunitiesandbettercontrolitsrisks.
2001 Inasteptowardcreatingenergyfromsunlightasplantsdo,DanielNoceraandateamofresearchersinventacompoundthat,withthehelpofacatalystandenergyfromlight,produceshydrogen.
2002 MITresearcherscreatethefirstacrobaticroboticbird—asmall,highlyagilehelicopterformilitaryuseinmountainandurbancombat.
2002–2005 ScientistsatMIT,theWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearch,andtheBroadInstitutecompletethegenomesofthemouse,thedog,andfourstrainsofphytoplankton,photosyn-theticorganismsthatarecriticalfortheregulationofatmosphericcarbondioxide.Theyalsoidentifythegenesrequiredtocreateazebrafishembryo.Incollaborationwithscientistsfromotherinstitutions,theymapthegenomesofchimpanzees,humans’closestgeneticrelative,andthesmallestknownvertebrate,thepufferfish.
2003 MITscientistscoolasodiumgastothe lowesttemperatureeverrecorded—ahalf-a-billionthofadegreeaboveabsolutezero.Studyingtheseultra-lowtemperaturegaseswillprovide valuableinsightsintothebasicphysicsofmatter;andbyfacilitatingthedevelopmentofbetter atomicclocksandsensorsforgravityandrotation,theyalsocouldleadtovastimprovementsin precisionmeasurements.
2004 MIT’sLevitatedDipoleExperiment,acollabo-rationamongscientistsatMITandColumbia,gener-atesastrongdipolemagneticfieldthatenablesthemtoexperimentwithplasmafusion,thesourceofenergythatpowersthesunandstars,withthegoalofproducingitonEarth.Becausethehydrogenthatfuelsplasmafusionispracticallylimitlessandtheenergyitproducesiscleananddoesn’tcontributetoglobalwarming,fusionpowerwillbeofenormousbenefittohumankindandtoearthsystemsingeneral.
2004AteamledbyneuroscientistMarkBearilluminatesthemolecularmechanismsunderlyingFragileXSyndromeandshowsthatitmightbepossibletodevelopdrugsthattreatthesymptomsofthisleadingknowninheritedcauseofmentalretardation,whoseeffectsrangefrommildlearningdisabilitiestosevereautism.
Research Highlights(continued)
29
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
2004 ShuguangZhang,MarcA.Baldo,andrecentgraduatePatrickKiley,firstfigureouthowtostabi-lizespinachproteins—which,likeallplants,produceenergywhenexposedtolight—sotheycansurvivewithoutwaterandsalt.Then,theydeviseawaytoattachthemtoapieceofglasscoatedwithathinlayerofgold.Theresultingspinach-basedsolarcell,theworld’sfirstsolid-statephotosyntheticsolarcell,hasthepotentialtopowerlaptopsandcellphoneswithsunlight.
2005 MITphysicists,ledbyNobellaureateWolfgangKetterle,createanewtypeofmatter,agasofatomsthatshowshigh-temperaturesuperfluidity.
2005 VladimirBulovicandTimSwagerdeveloplasingsensorsbasedonasemiconductingpolymerthatisabletodetectthepresenceofTNTvaporsubpartsperbillionconcentrations.
2006 MITlaunchestheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI)toaddressworldenergyproblems.LedbyErnestJ.MonizandRobertC.Armstrong,MITEIcoordinatesenergyresearch,education,campusenergymanage-ment,andoutreachactivitiesacrosstheInstitute.
2007 RudolfJaenisch,oftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearch,conductsthefirstproof-of-principleexperimentofthetherapeuticpotentialofinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPScells),usingiPScellsreprogrammedfrommouseskincellstocureamousemodelofhumansickle-cellanemia.JaenischwouldthenuseasimilarapproachtotreatamodelofParkinson’sdiseaseinrats.
2007MarinSoljacicandhiscolleaguesdevelopanewformofwirelesspowertransmissiontheycallWITricity.Itisbasedonastronglycoupledmagneticresonanceandcanbeusedtotransferpoweroverdistancesofafewmeterswithhighefficiency.Thetechniquecouldbeusedcommerciallytowirelesslypowerlaptops,cellphones,andotherdevices.
2007 DavidH.Koch’62,SM’63givesMIT$100milliontocreatetheDavidH.KochInstituteforInte-grativeCancerResearch.TheKochInstituteopensin2011.Itbringstogethermoleculargeneticists,cellbiologists,andengineersinauniquemulti-disci-plinaryapproachtocancerresearch.
2007TimJamisondiscoversthatcascadesofepoxide-openingreactionsthatwerelongthoughttobeimpossiblecanveryrapidlyassembletheRedTidemarinetoxinswhentheyareinducedbywater.SuchprocessesmaybeemulatinghowthesetoxinsaremadeinnatureandmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofwhatcausesdevastatingRedTidephenomena.Thesemethodsalsoopenupanenvironmentallygreensynthesisofnewclassesofcomplexhighlybiologicallyactivecompounds.
2007MITmathematiciansformpartofagroupof18mathematiciansfromtheU.S.andEuropethatmapsoneofthethemostcomplicatedstructureseverstudied:theexceptionalLiegroupE8.The“answer”tothecalculation,ifwritten,wouldcoveranareathesizeofManhattan.Theresultingatlashasapplica-tionsinthefieldsofstringtheoryandgeometry.
2008 MrigankaSur’slaboratorydiscoversthatastrocytes,star-shapedcellsinthebrainthatareasnumerousasneurons,formthebasisforfunctioningbrainimaging.Usingultrahigh-resolutionimagingintheintactbrain,theydemonstratethatastrocytesregulatebloodflowtoactivebrainregionsbylinkingneuronstobraincapillaries.
2008 AteamledbyMarcA.Baldodesignsasolarconcentratorthatfocuseslightattheedgesofasolarpowercell.Thetechnologycanincreasetheeffi-ciencyofsolarpanelsbyupto50percent,substan-tiallyreducingthecostofgeneratingsolarelectricity.
30 MIT Briefing Book
Research Highlights(continued)2008 DanielNoceracreatesachemicalcatalystthathurdlesoneoftheobstaclestowidespreaduseofsolarpower—thedifficultyofstoringenergyfromthesun.Thecatalyst,whichischeapandeasytomake,usestheenergyfromsunlighttoseparatethehydrogenandoxygenmoleculesinwater.Thehydrogencanthenbeburned,orusedtopoweranelectricfuelcell.
2009 AteamofMITresearchersledbyAngelaBelcherreportsthatitisabletogeneticallyengineervirusestoproduceboththepositivelyandnega-tivelychargedendsofalithium-ionbattery.Thebatteryhasthesameenergycapacityasthosebeingconsideredforuseinhybridcars,butisproducedusingacheaper,lessenvironmentallyhazardousprocess.MITPresidentSusanHockfieldpresentsaprototypebatterytoPresidentBarackObamaatapressbriefingattheWhiteHouse.
2009ResearchersatMIT’sPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryshowforthefirsttimethatmultiple,interactinggeneticriskfactorsmayinflu-encetheseverityofautismsymptoms.Thefindingcouldleadtotherapiesanddiagnostictoolsthattargettheinteractinggenes.
2009 GerbrandCederandgraduatestudentByoungwooKangdevelopanewwaytomanufac-turethematerialusedinlithiumionbatteriesthatallowsultrafastcharginganddischarging.Thenewmethodcreatesasurfacestructurethatallowslithiumionstomoverapidlyaroundtheoutsideofthebattery.Batteriesbuiltusingthenewmethodcouldtakeseconds,ratherthanthenowstandardhours,tocharge.
2009Asneuroscienceprogressesrapidlytowardanunderstandingofbasicmechanismsofneuralandsynapsefunction,MITneuroscientistsarediscov-eringthemechanismsunderlyingbraindisordersanddiseases.Li-HueiTsai’slaboratorydescribesmechanismsthatunderlieAlzheimer’sdiseaseandproposethatinhibitionofhistonedeacetylasesistherapeuticfordegenerativedisordersoflearningandmemory.HerlaboratoryalsodiscoversthemechanismsofactionofthegeneDisrupted-in-Schizophrenia1anddemonstrateswhydrugssuchaslithiumareeffectiveincertaininstancesofschizophrenia.Thisresearchopensuppathwaystodiscoveringnovelclassesofdrugsfordevastatingneuropsychiatricconditions.
2010 Anewapproachtodesalinationisbeingdevel-opedbyresearchersatMITandinKoreathatcouldleadtosmall,portabledesalinationunitsthatcouldbepoweredbysolarcellsorbatteriesandcoulddeliverenoughfreshwatertosupplytheneedsofafamilyorsmallvillage.Asanaddedbonus,thesystemwouldremovemanycontaminants,viruses,andbacteriaatthesametime.
2010 YangShao-Horn,withsomeofherstudents,andvisitingprofessorHubertGasteiger,reportsthatlithium-oxygen(alsoknownaslithium-air)batterieswithelectrodeswithgoldorplatinumasacatalysthaveahigherefficiencythansimplecarbonelec-trodes.Lithium-airbatteriesarelighterthantheconventionallithium-ionbatteries.
2010AteamatMediaLab,includingRameshRaskar,visitingprofessorManuelOliveira,studentVitorPamplona,andpostdoctoralresearchassociateAnkitMohan,createanewsystemtodetermineaprescriptionforeyeglasses.Initssimplestform,thetestcanbecarriedoutusingasmall,plasticdeviceclippedontothefrontofacellphone’sscreen.
31
MIT Facts and History
MIT Briefing Book
2010MITreleasesThe Future of Natural Gas report. Thetwo-yearstudy,managedbytheMITEnergyInitiative,examinesthescaleofU.S.naturalgasreservesandthepotentialofthisfueltoreducegreenhouse-gasemissions.Whilethereportemphasizesthegreatpotentialfornaturalgasasatransitionalfueltohelpcurbgreenhousegasesanddependenceonoil,italsostressesthatitisimpor-tantasamatterofnationalpolicynottofavoranyonefuelorenergysourceinawaythatputsothersatadisadvantage.
2010MichaelStranoandhisteamofgraduatestudentsandresearcherscreateasetofself-assemblingmoleculesthatcanturnsunlightintoelectricity;themoleculescanberepeatedlybrokendownandreassembledquickly,justbyaddingorremovinganadditionalsolution.
2011ElazerEdelman,HSTgraduatestudentJosephFranses,andformerMITpostdoctoralfellowsAaronBakerandVipulChitaliashowthatcellsliningbloodvesselssecretemoleculesthatsuppresstumorgrowthandpreventcancercellsfrominvadingothertissues,afindingthatcouldleadtoanewcancertreatment.
2011TheAlphaMagneticSpectrometer(AMS)—aninstrumentdesignedtousetheuniqueenvironmentofspacetosearchforantimatteranddarkmatterandtomeasurecosmicrays—isdeliveredtotheInter-nationalSpaceStation.TheAMSexperiment,ledbySamuelC.C.Ting,isdesignedtostudyhigh-energyparticles;suchstudycouldleadtonewtheoriesabouttheformationandevolutionoftheuniverse.
2011Ateam,includingKarenGleason,VladimirBulović,andgraduatestudentMilesBarr,developsmaterialsthatmakeitpossibletoproducephoto-voltaiccellsonpaperorfabric,nearlyassimplyasprintingadocument.Thetechniquerepresentsamajordeparturefromthesystemstypicallyusedtocreatesolarcells,whichrequireexposingthesubstratestopotentiallydamagingconditions,eitherintheformofliquidsorhightemperatures.
2011Bycombiningaphysicalinterfacewithcomputer-visionalgorithms,researchersinMIT’sDepartmentofBrainandCognitiveSciencescreateasimple,portableimagingsystemthatcanachieveresolutionspreviouslypossibleonlywithlargeandexpensivelabequipment.Thedevicecouldallowmanufacturerstoinspectproductstoolargetofitunderamicroscopeandcouldalsohaveapplica-tionsinmedicine,forensics,andbiometrics.More-over,becausethedesignusesmultiplecameras,itcanproduce3-Dmodelsofanobject,whichcanbemanipulatedonacomputerscreenforexaminationfrommultipleangles.
2011Researchers,ledbyDanielNocera,haveproducedan“artificialleaf”—asiliconsolarcellwithdifferentcatalyticmaterialsbondedontoitstwosides.Theartificialleafcanturntheenergyofsunlightdirectlyintoachemicalfuelthatcanbestoredandusedlaterasanenergysource.
2011LincolnLaboratoryresearchers,ledbytech-nicalstaffmemberGregoryCharvat,buildanewradartechnologysystemthatcanseethroughwallsupto60feetaway,creatinganinstantaneouspictureoftheactivityontheotherside.Thesystemalsocreatesareal-timevideoofmovementbehindthewallattherateof10.8framespersecond.
2012NASA’sGravityRecoveryAndInteriorLabo-ratory(GRAIL)twinspacecraftsuccessfullyenterslunarorbit.Bypreciselymeasuringchangesindistancebetweenthetwinorbitingspacecraft,scientistswillconstructadetailedgravitationalmodelofthemoonthatwillbeusedtoanswerfundamentalquestionsaboutthemoon’sevolutionanditsinternalcomposition.GRAIL’sprincipal investigatorisMariaZuber.
2012Researchers,includingJeffreyGrossman,discoverthatbuildingcubesortowersofsolarcells—toextendthecellsupwardinthree-dimen-sionalconfigurations—generatestwoto20timesthepowerproducedbyfixedflatpanelswiththesamebasearea.
32
2012Researchers,ledbyIanHunter,haveengi-neeredadevicethatdeliversatiny,high-pressurejetofmedicinethroughtheskinwithouttheuseofahypodermicneedle.Thedevicecanbeprogrammedtodeliverarangeofdosestovariousdepths—animprovementoversimilarjet-injectionsystemsthatarenowcommerciallyavailable.
Research Highlights(continued)
2012AclinicaltrialofanAlzheimer’sdiseasetreat-mentdevelopedatMITfindsthatthenutrientcocktailcanimprovememoryinpatientswithearlyAlzheimer’s.RichardWurtmaninventedthesupple-mentmixture,knownasSouvenaid,whichappearstostimulategrowthofnewsynapses.
33
ResearchSupport 34BroadInstituteofMITandHarvard 36AmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryAct 37CampusResearchSponsors 38 DepartmentofDefense 40 DepartmentofEnergy 42 DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices 44 NASA 46 NationalScienceFoundation 48 OtherFederalAgencies 50 NonprofitOrganizations 52
2 Campus Research
34 MIT Briefing Book
MIThashistoricallyviewedteachingandresearchasinseparablepartsofitsacademicmission.Therefore,theInstituterecognizesitsobligationtoencouragefacultytopursueresearchactivitiesthatholdthegreatestpromiseforintellectualadvance-ment.MITmaintainsoneofthemostvigorousprogramsofresearchofanyuniversityandconductsbasicandappliedresearchprincipallyattwoMas-sachusettslocations,theMITcampusinCambridgeandMITLincolnLaboratory,afederallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)inLexing-ton.
MITpioneeredthefederal/universityresearchrelationship,startinginWorldWarII.Initiallycalleduponbythefederalgovernmenttoservethena-tionalwareffort,thatrelationshiphascontinued
intothepresentday,helpingMITfulfillitsoriginalmissionofservingthenationandtheworld.Allfederalresearchoncampusisawardedcompeti-tively,basedonthescientificandtechnicalmeritoftheproposals.InFY2012,therewere2,540 activeawardsand460membersofresearchconsortiums.
Researchactivitiesrangefromindividualprojectstolarge-scale,collaborative,andsometimesin-ternationalendeavors.Peer-reviewedresearchaccomplishmentsformabasisforreviewingthequalificationsofprospectivefacultyappointeesandforevaluationsrelatedtopromotionandtenuredecisions.
Research Support
MIT Research Expenditures1940–2012
Theredlinerepresentsanadjustmentforinflation,usingtheConsumerPriceIndexforallUrbanConsumers(CPI-U)asthedeflatorwithfiscalyear2012asthebase.
SMART:Singapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ResearchExpen
dituresinMillions
FiscalYear
SMART
LincolnLabsNonFederal
LincolnLabsFederal
DefenseLabsFederal
BroadNonFederal
BroadFederal
CampusNonFederal
CampusFederal
TotalResearchC$
Sputnik1957
ProjectMAC1963
DraperLabdivested
1973
CancerCenter1974
Whitehead1982
FacultyEarlyRetirement
1997
BroadInstitute
2004 - 2010
ARRAFunding
2010
35
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
TheInstituteprovidesthefacultywiththeinfrastruc-tureandsupportnecessarytoconductresearch,muchofitthroughcontracts,grants,andotherarrangementswithgovernment,industry,andfoun-dations.TheOfficeofSponsoredProgramsprovidescentralsupportrelatedtotheadministrationofsponsoredresearchprograms,anditassistsfaculty,otherprincipalinvestigators,andtheirlocaladmin-istratorsinmanagingandidentifyingresourcesforindividualsponsoredprojects.Inaddition,aResearchCouncil—whichischairedbytheVicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvostandcomposedoftheheadsofallmajorresearchlaboratoriesandcentersthatreporttotheVicePresidentforResearchandAssociateProvost—addressesresearchpolicyandadministrationissues.
TheResourceDevelopmentOfficeisavailabletoworkwithfacultytogenerateproposalsforfounda-tionorotherprivatesupport.
TheInstituteseesprofoundmeritinapolicyofopenresearchandfreeinterchangeofinformationamongscholars.Atthesametime,MITiscommittedtoactingresponsiblyandethicallyinallitsresearchactivities.Asaresult,MIThaspoliciesrelatedtothesuitabilityofresearchprojects,researchconduct,sourcesofsupport,useofhumansubjects,spon-soredprograms,relationswithintelligenceagencies,theacquisitionofartandartifacts,thedispositionofequipment,andcollaborationswithresearch-orientedindustrialorganizations.ThesepoliciesarespelledoutonthePoliciesandProcedureswebsiteandontheOfficeofSponsoredProgramswebsite.
DAPER:DepartmentofAthletics,PhysicalEducationandRecreationDSL:DivisionofStudentLife
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
FacultyCountRe
searchExpen
dituresinMillions
FiscalYear
CampusFederal CampusNonFederal Constant$ FacultyexcludingDAPER&DSL
Campus Research Expenditures and FacultyExcluding Broad and Defense Labs
1940–2012
36 MIT Briefing Book
Broad Institute of Harvard and MITThe BroadInstituteisfoundedontwoprinciples—thatthisgenerationhasahistoricopportunityandresponsibilitytotransformmedicine,andthattofulfillthismission,weneednewkindsofresearchinstitutionswithadeeplycollaborativespiritacrossdisciplinesandorganizations.Operatingundertheseprinciples,theBroadInstituteiscommittedtomeetingthemostcriticalchallengesinbiologyandmedicine.
Broadscientistspursueawidevarietyofprojectsthatcutacrossscientificdisciplinesandinstitu-tions.Collectively,theseprojectsaimto:assembleacompletepictureofthemolecularcomponentsoflife;definethebiologicalcircuitsthatunderliecellularresponses;uncoverthemolecularbasisof
majorinheriteddiseases;unearthallthemutationsthatunderliedifferentcancertypes;discoverthemolecularbasisofmajorinfectiousdiseases;andtransformtheprocessoftherapeuticdiscoveryanddevelopment.
MITadministeredBroadInstituteresearchexpen-dituresduringFY2004–FY2010.TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009.Thechartbe-lowdisplaysBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.FiveMITfacultymembersarecurrentlycoremembersoftheBroadInstitute.Theirresearchexpendituresarenotreflectedinthecampusresearchexpenditurestotalsfoundintherestofthissection.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
HealthandHumanServices 46,344,769 71,220,070 78,238,123 87,315,284 112,958,244 138,935,579 7,637,672
NationalScienceFoundation 1,304,105 1,809,782 1,416,267 2,107,756 1,022,548 990,917 (772)
Allotherfederal 33,683 464,691 1,912,009 1,377,190 919,377 1,113,471 79,716
Industry 514,186 3,200,233 5,944,244 11,242,651 6,935,104 13,656,981 680,132
Nonprofitorganizations 425,355 1,432,595 2,694,886 7,683,458 19,370,397 23,376,207 3,792,875
MITinternal (3,317,186) 4,516,525 143,822 549,160 341,683 74,792 0
Total 45,304,913 82,643,895 90,349,350 110,275,500 141,547,351 178,147,946 12,189,623
Constantdollars† 55,401,735 98,109,832 103,322,554 122,930,748 152,153,320 188,859,674 12,798,706
Broad Institute Research Expenditures by Sponsor (in U.S. dollars)*Fiscal Years 2004–2010
*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
$200
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
MITInternal
FoundationsandotherNonprofits
Industry
AllOtherFederal
NationalScienceFoundation
HealthandHumanServices
ConstantDollars
37
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
MIT and the American Recovery and Reinvestment ActThefollowingareaselectionofsomeofthevariousresearchprojectsatMITsupportedbyARRA:
ARPA-E: Energy Storage for the Nation’s Energy GridWithanearly$7millionfive-yeargrantfromthenewlyformedARPA-E(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy),agroupledbyDonaldSadowayisdevelopinganinnovativesolutiontotheproblemofstoringhugeamountsofenergyaspartofthenation’senergygrid—aliquidmetalbattery.Thefirstofitskind,theall-liquidbatteryisdesignedtouselow-cost,abundantmoltenmetals.ARPA-Epredictstheliquidbatterytechnology“couldrevo-lutionizethewayelectricityisusedandproducedonthegrid,enablinground-the-clockpowerfromAmerica’swindandsolarpowerresources,increasingthestabilityofthegrid,andmakingblackoutsathingofthepast.”
Neutrino Physics at MITNewfindingsfromphysicistsatMITmayforcescientiststorethinktheStandardModel,thetheorythatservesasthefoundationofparticlephysics.ScientistsledbyJanetConradatMIT’sNeutrinoandDarkMatterGrouphaveobservedunexpectedbehaviorinneutrinos,tinyparticlesgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthesun.Theseunexpectedbe-haviorssuggesttherearemoretypesofneutrinosthanthethreespecifiedintheStandardModel.Toinvestigatetheseobservations,thegroupisdesign-ingastate-of-the-art100-tonliquidargonchamberdetectiondeviceincollaborationwiththeFermiNationalAccelerationLaboratory.Thedetectorisscheduledtobeginoperatingin2013.
The2009economicstimuluspackage,theAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA)providedsupportforsciencefundingatatimewhenuniversi-tiesnationwidewerefacingfundingcutbacksandfinancialconcernsduetotherecession.Overall,ARRAprovided$22billioninone-timeresearchanddevelopment(R&D)fundingforfiscalyears2009and2010,inadditiontoregularlyappropriatedfunds.Thisfundingwasincludedinthelegislationtohelpfulfillitspurposeof“reinvestment”;sinceR&Dsup-portisdirectlyrelatedtothenation’sinnovationcapacityandthereforeitslongertermeconomicstrength,theCongressallocatedapproximatelytwopercentofthetotalfundinginthelegislationtoR&D.
Inmostcases,ARRAR&Dfundingwasappliedtowardexistingresearchproposalsthathadreceivedhighratingswithinagenciesbuthadnotbeenawardedduetofundinglimitations.Insomecases,however,ARRAfundingwasappliedtowardnewinitiatives.ForexampleattheDepartmentofEnergy,ARRAincludedtheinitialfunding($400million)forthenewAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy(ARPA-E)andfullfive-yearfundingforadditionalEnergyFrontierResearchCenters(EFRCs).MIThasreceivedseveralARPA-Eawards,andhousestwoEFRCs,oneofwhichisfundedthroughARRA.
ARRA awards at MIT
OriginalsourceoffundingNumber of awards
Obligatedamount
(inU.S.dollars)DepartmentofEnergy 23 53,534,812
HealthandHumanServices/NationalInstitutesofHealth
91 63,054,451
NationalScienceFoundation 62 30,824,929
NASA 3 885,212
Allotheragencies 7 2,644,100
MIT’stotalARRAexpendituresthroughfiscalyearendingJune30,2012total$117,810,486.
ForthequarterApril1,2012–June30,2012, MIT reportedthat275.74jobswerecreatedorretainedwithARRAfunding.
38 MIT Briefing Book
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Federal 350,897,272 376,476,261 374,103,793 382,784,774 373,603,371
Non-federal 120,857,180 107,672,988 110,675,892 114,361,780 114,389,201
Total 471,754,452 484,149,249 484,779,685 497,146,554 487,992,571
Constantdollars* 589,510,002 592,048,558 575,501,115 568,531,503 543,994,740
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Federal 369,008,780 381,459,466 430,154,479 469,520,579 472,582,743
Non-federal 132,487,316 158,595,887 184,216,417 191,304,692 208,496,567
Total 501,496,096 540,055,353 614,370,896 660,825,271 681,079,310
Constantdollars* 539,072,583 572,527,950 645,069,350 680,186,642 681,079,310
Thetablesandchartsforcampusresearchexpendi-turesbelow,andonthefollowingpages,showtheamountMITexpendedbyfiscalyear(July1–June30).ThesefiguresdonotincludeexpendituresforMITLincolnLaboratory.InformationforLincolnLab-oratorybeginsonpage55.Expendituresfundedby
Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars) Fiscal Years 2003–2012
Campus Research Sponsorsindustrialsponsorsareshownonpage73intheMITandIndustrysection.Federalresearchexpendituresincludeallprimarycontractsandgrants,includingsub-awardsfromotherorganizationswherethefed-eralgovernmentistheoriginalfundingsource.
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
Fiscal Year
MITInternal
State,Local,andForeignGovernmentsFoundationsandotherNonprofitsIndustry
AllOtherFederal
NationalScienceFoundationNASA
HealthandHumanServices
DepartmentofEnergy
DepartmentofDefense
ConstantDollars
39
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Campus Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor
Primary Sponsor2012
(in U.S. Dollars)Percentage
of Total DepartmentofDefense 117,457,789 17%DepartmentofEnergy 90,940,035 13%HealthandHumanServices 133,687,332 20%NASA 30,203,575 4%NationalScienceFoundation 81,487,208 12%Allotherfederal 18,806,804 3% Total Federal 472,582,743 69%Industry 109,744,829 16%Foundationsandothernonprofits 48,373,460 7%State,local,andforeigngovernments 38,272,515 6%MITinternal 12,105,763 2% Total Non-Federal 208,496,567 31%Grand Total 681,079,310
Campus Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor
DepartmentofDefense18%
DepartmentofEnergy14%
HealthandHumanServices20%
NASA8%
NationalScience
Foundation12%
AllOtherFederal3%
Industry15%
FoundationsandotherNonprofits
4%
State,Local,andForeignGovernments
3%
MITInternal3%
FY2003
DepartmentofDefense
17%
DepartmentofEnergy13%
HealthandHumanServices20%NASA
4%
NationalScience
Foundation12%
AllOtherFederal3%
Industry16%
FoundationsandotherNonprofits
7%
State,Local,andForeignGovernments
6%
MITInternal2%
FY2012
40 MIT Briefing Book
The Angstrom ProjectComputerchips’clockshavestoppedgettingfaster,makingitdifficulttomaintaintheregulardoublingofcomputerpowerthatwenowtakeforgranted.Tokeepup,chipmakershavebeengivingchipsmore“cores,”orprocessingunits;butdistribut-ingcomputationsacrossthesemultiplecoresisacomplexproblem.
InAugust2010,theDepartmentofDefense’sDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyan-nouncedthatitwasdividingalmost$80millionamongfourresearchteamsaspartofa“ubiquitoushigh-performancecomputing”initiative.Threeofthoseteamsareledbycommercialchipmanufac-turers.ThefourthisledbyMIT’sComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,andwillcon-centrateonthedevelopmentofmulticoresystems.
TheMIT-ledAngstromteamwillrethinkcomputingandcreateafundamentallynewcomputingarchi-tecturetomeetthechallengesofextreme-scalecomputing.Onecomponentofthisgoalistocreatemoreefficientchannelsofcommunicationamongthemultiplecores.Apersonalcomputertodaymayhavebetween4and8cores.Angstromresearchershopetoenablecommunicationbetweenhundredsoreventhousandsofcores.Theyarealsoworkingtodevelopaself-awareoperatingsystemthatwouldcommunicatewiththiscomplexnetworkofcores.Themulticoreoperatingsystemwouldconstantlymonitoreachofthecores,andwouldjudgehowtobestdistributetasksamongthem.
Nanoparticle Vaccine DeliveryOneofthebarrierstodevelopingvaccinesfordis-easeslikeHIV,malaria,andhepatitisB,wherevac-cinescontainingtheviruswouldbetoodangerousordifficulttomake,ishowtoprovokeastrongim-muneresponse.Currentvaccinesthatdonotuseakilledoralteredvirusdothisbydeliveringsyntheticversionsofproteinsproducedbythevirus.Thesevaccines,whilesafer,donotprovokeastrongimmuneresponse.AnanoparticledevelopedbyDarrellIrvine,maysolvethisproblem.Theparticleisaseriesofconcentricfattydropletscalledlipo-somes.Irvinehopesthatencasingtheproteinsinthisvirus-likepackagingcouldpromoteastrongerimmuneresponse.Existingliposomepackagingshavefailedbecauseliposomeshavepoorstabil-ityinbloodandbodilyfluids.Irvine’sconcentricspheresapproachcreatesaparticlethatislesslikelytobreakdowntooquicklyfollowinginjection.However,oncethenanoparticlesareabsorbedbythecell,theydegradequickly,releasingthevaccineandprovokinganimmuneresponse.
IrvineisnowcollaboratingwithscientistsattheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearchtotestthenanoparticles’abilitytodeliveranexperimentalmalariavaccineinmice.HisworkissponsoredbytheDepartmentofDefense,aswellastheNationalInstitutesofHealth,andtheGatesFoundation.
Department of Defense Selected Current Projects
41
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
ResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence
LaboratoryInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologiesMicrosystemsTechnologyLaboratoriesMechanicalEngineeringAeronauticsandAstronauticsPlasmaScienceandFusionCenterLaboratoryforInformationandDecisionSystemsMediaLaboratoryMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearch
Infall2011,theDepartmentofDefensefundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith343researchassistantshipsand72fellowships.
Twenty-sixcurrentfacultyandstaffhavereceivedtheOfficeofNavalResearchYoungInvestigatorProgramAward.
Department of Defense Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 87,369,845 97,528,094 106,890,338 107,753,196 117,457,789
Constantdollars* 93,916,360 103,392,290 112,231,360 110,910,233 117,457,789
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Expenditures ConstantDollars
42 MIT Briefing Book
Improved Nuclear EnergyMITiscommittedtomakingnuclearpowersaferandmoreefficient.MITisapartnerintheDepart-mentofEnergyfundedNuclearEnergyInnovationHubknownastheConsortiumforAdvancedSimula-tionofLightWaterReactors(CASL).TheHubisledbyOakRidgeNationalLaboratory,andinadditiontoMIT,includespartnersfromuniversities,industry,andothernationallabs.Itisararecollaborationamongveteranresearchersandtechnologyapplica-tiongroupstoachieveimprovedenergysources,inthiscaseputtingthepowerofmoderncomputingintoamulti-scalerepresentationofnuclearplants.
CASLaimstoprovidestate-of-the-artsimulationmodelsoftheimportantphysicsthatgovernthebehaviorofnuclearpowerreactors.Inparticular,CASLaimstoimprovethereliabilityofnuclearplantoperationbyenablingbetterpredictionofmaterialsfailureslimitsandsafetymarginsintheplants.Thesimulationtoolswillenableplantstoavoidsomeofthelimitingfactorsintheoperationofplants.Thisincludesmaterialsphenomena,suchascorrosionintheradiationenvironment,andthermalhydraulicphenomena,suchasdepositionofcrudonfuelelements,therebylimitingheattransferconditionsfromthefueltothecoolantunderrealisticcondi-tionsofplantchemistry.Suchimprovedmodelswillaidthedesignoffuturereactorswithenhancedsafetyandeconomics.
Department of Energy Selected Current ProjectsDetecting Cosmic RaysAlthoughphysicistsunderstandalotaboutthecompositionofconventionalatomicmatter,thesefamiliarmaterialsrepresentonlyasmallpartoftheuniverse’stotalmassandenergy,aboutfourpercent.Thecompositionoftheother96percentisamystery.Nowateamofresearchersfrom56institutionsisworkingtosolvethismysterywithaninstrumentthatmeasurescosmicrays,chargedparticlesinspace,beforetheyreactwiththeEarth’satmosphere.Onitsfinalmission,theSpaceShuttleEndeavordeliveredtheinstrument,theAlphaMagneticSpectrometer(AMS)totheInternationalSpaceStation—transformingthestationintoahigh-energyphysicslaboratorywithaccesstothemostpowerfulacceleratorintheuniverse,theuniverseitself.TheAMSwillsearchforprimordialantimatter,theidentityofdarkmatter,andtheoriginofcosmicrays.TheprincipalinvestigatoroftheAMSexperi-mentisNobelLaureateandSamuelC.C.Ting,wholedthedesign,construction,andcommissioningofAMSwithhisElectromagneticInteractionsGroupattheMITLaboratoryforNuclearScience.
TheAMSatatestfacilityPhoto Credit: Michele Famiglietti AMS-02 Collaboration
TheoriginalagreementtodeveloptheAMSexperi-mentfortheInternationalSpaceStationwassignedbytheDepartmentofEnergyandNASA.TheAMSisexpectedtooperateforthelifetimeoftheInterna-tionalSpaceStation.
43
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
PlasmaScienceandFusionCenterLaboratoryforNuclearScienceMaterialsProcessingCenterResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsNuclearScienceandEngineeringMechanicalEngineeringChemicalEngineeringMaterialsScienceandEngineeringNuclearReactorLaboratoryCenterforGlobalChangeScience
Infall2011,theDepartmentofEnergyfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith215researchassistantshipsand18fellowships.
SeventeencurrentfacultyhavereceivedtheDepartmentofEnergyOutstandingJuniorInvestigatorawardorEarlyCareerResearchProgramAward.
Department of Energy Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 65,610,631 65,773,294 73,273,733 89,562,126 90,940,035
Constantdollars* 70,526,755 69,728,128 76,935,023 92,186,186 90,940,035
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
$100
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Expenditures ConstantDollars
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
44 MIT Briefing Book
Invisibility Cloaking Devices ResearchersattheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)Centrehavecreatedadevicethatcanrenderanobjectthesizeofapeppercorninvisible.Theteam’s“cloaking”device,whichhidesanobjectfromviewinordinaryvisiblelight,isuniqueamongpreviousattemptsatinvisibility.Otherexistingcloakingdeviceshideonlymicroscopicobjects,donotaffectlightfromthefullvisiblespectrum,oruserareordifficulttomanufacturematerials.The“shields”usedinthisexperimentweremadefromcalcitecrystal,acomponentofwhich,calcite,occursnaturallyinseashells.Theteamplacedametalwedge2mminheightonamirrorcoveredinalayerofcalcitecrys-tal.Shieldsofcalcitecrystalwithoppositecrystalorientationsweregluedtogetherandsuspendedoverthewedge.Whenviewedfromacertainangle,thewedge“disappears,”andisundetectable.TheresearchteamwasledbyGeorgeBarbastathis,postdoctoralfellowsBaileZhangandYuanLuo,andresearcherXiaogangLiu,andtheresearchwasfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthandSin-gapore’sNationalResearchFoundation.
Convergence: A New Era of Cancer ResearchOnOctober9,2007,MITannouncedthelaunchofamajornewinitiativeincancerresearch,supportedbya$100milliongiftfromMITalumnusDavidH.Koch.TheDavidH.KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearch,whichopenedinMarch2011,addressedoneofthemostpressingchallengestohumanhealth:theultimateeradicationofcancer,startingwithrealimprovementsindetection,treat-ment,andprevention. TheKochInstitutestrivestofosteraneweraofcancerresearchbasedonconvergence,whichistheprincipleofmergingdistincttechnologies,devices,anddisciplinesintoaunifiedwholethatcreatesahostofnewpathwaysandopportunities.ThepromiseoftheconvergenceapproachisoutlinedinanMITWhitePaperreleasedinJanuary2011by12membersoftheMITfaculty.“TheThirdRevolution:TheConvergenceofLifeScience,PhysicalScience,andEngineering”outlinesthisnewapproachtolifesciencesthatwillenableadvancesintranslationalmedicineandthefutureofpersonalizedmedicine.
TheKochInstitutebringstogethermorethan40laboratoriesandmorethan650researchersfromthefieldsofengineering,physical,andlifesciences,includingcancerbiologists,genomescientists,chemists,engineers,andcomputerscientists.Thesescientistswillpressthefrontlineofcancerresearch.Areasofresearchincludedevelopingnanotechnol-ogy-basedcancerdrugs;improvingdetectionandmonitoring;exploringthemolecularandcellularbasisofmetastasis;advancingpersonalizedmedi-cinethroughanalysisofcancerpathwayanddrugresistance;andengineeringtheimmunesystemtofightcancer.
Department of Health and Human Services Selected Current Projects
45
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
KochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearchBiologyChemistryBiologicalEngineeringHarvard/MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand
TechnologyCenterforEnvironmentalHealthSciencesPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence
LaboratoryResearchLaboratoryofElectronics
Infall2011,theDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,includingtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),fundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgrad-uatestudentswith173researchassistantshipsand137fellowships.
SevencurrentfacultyhavereceivedtheNIHDirector’sPioneerAward.TherecipientsareEmeryBrown,ArupChakraborty,AvivRegev,LeonaSamson,AliceTing,AlexandervanOudenaarden,andMehmetFatihYanik.
Health and Human Services (HHS) Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)* Fiscal Years 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 113,348,419 116,960,155 136,923,238 152,664,013 133,687,332
BroadInstituteresearch 112,958,244 138,935,579 7,637,672 0 0
Total HHS 226,306,663 255,895,734 144,560,910 152,664,013 133,687,332
Constantdollars† 243,263,543 271,282,303 151,784,228 157,136,882 133,687,332
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Campus BroadInstitute CampusConstantDollars
*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.ThechartabovedisplaysbothcampusresearchexpendituresandBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
46 MIT Briefing Book
Detecting Ancient Radio WavesAstronomersatMIT’sHaystackObservatoryarebuildingaradioarraytelescopeintheAustralianOutbackthatisordersofmagnitudesmoresensi-tivethananyotherexistinginstrument.Thetele-scope,theMurchisonWidefieldArray(MWA),shouldhelptoanswerquestionsaboutapoorlyunderstoodperiodoftheuniverse’sformationcalledtheEpochofReionization(EOR).AftertheBigBang,butbeforetheformationofstars,therewasnolightintheuniverse.Duringthistime,grav-itycausedhydrogenandheliumparticlestoformclouds.Theenergyfromthiscondensationignitedtheclouds,creatingthefirststars,andwiththem,light.Itisnearlyimpossibletodetectthisearlylight,soastronomershopetolearnmoreaboutthebirthofthestarsbydetectingancientradiowaves.
TheMWAisuniqueinitsconstruction.Itwillconsistof8,000antennasspreadacross1.5kmofaradio-silentareaoftheAustralianOutback.Thetelescopewillhavenomovingparts.Instead,itwillusesophisticatedcomputationtotransformthehugeamountofdataitcollectsintoimagesofthesky.ThisdigitalapproachgivestheMWAanexpan-sivefieldofview,andallowsastronomerstofocusonaparticularareaintheskywithouthavingtophysicallypointthetelescope.
InadditiontostudyingancientremnantsoftheEOR,theMWAwillalsostudyoursunandthesurround-ingheliospheretoimproveourunderstandingofhowspaceweatheraffectstheearth.TheMWAisaninternationalcollaborationledbyMITHaystackObservatory.ItissupportedbyNASA,aswellasotherfederalsourcesandinstitutionalpartnerswithintheU.S.,Australia,andIndia.
Probing the Violent UniverseTheChandraX-rayobservatory,launchedinJuly1999,isoneofNASA’smajorastronomicalsatel-lites.X-raysmarkthemostenergeticphenomenaintheuniverseincludingblackholes,highlyactivestars,supernovaeandtheirremnants,quasars,andthetenmilliondegreegasthatpermeatesclustersofgalaxies.ChandracarriesbyfarthebestX-raytelescopeeverbuilt,onecapableofmakingimagesatX-raywavelengthsthatarecomparabletothosemadebythebestground-basedopticaltelescopesinvisiblelight.MIT’sKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchbuilttwoofthefourscientificinstrumentsthatrecordtheradiationfocusedbythetelescope.AgreatmajorityoftheobservationsperformedwithChandrauseoneorbothoftheseinstruments,whichweredevelopedovermorethanadecadeusingtechnologicaladvancesmadebothoncampusandatMITLincolnLaboratory.Thespe-cialized,X-raysensitivecharge-coupleddevicesandtheperiodic,submicronstructuresatthecoresoftheseinstrumentsremainuniqueintheworld.Theyprovideastronomerswithordersofmagnitudeim-provementsinimagingandspectroscopicsensitivity.MIT’sownresearcherscontinuetouseChandratoprobetheviolentuniverseandalsoparticipateintheChandraX-rayCenter,whichoperatestheobser-vatoryfromCambridge,Massachusetts.
NASASelected Current Projects
47
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
KavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchEarth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesAeronauticsandAstronauticsEarthSystemInitiativeHaystackObservatoryCenterforGlobalChangeScienceResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsHarvard/MITDivisionofHealthSciencesand
TechnologyMechanicalEngineeringInstituteforSoldierNanotechnologies
Infall2011,NASAfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith67researchassistantshipsand10fellowships.
NASA Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 25,479,571 27,358,036 30,629,006 28,079,693 30,203,575
Constantdollars* 27,388,724 29,003,028 32,159,455 28,902,394 30,203,575
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Expenditures ConstantDollars
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
48 MIT Briefing Book
Solar-Power BreakthroughResearchersledbyDanielNocerahavecreatedwhattheycallan“artificialleaf”—adevicethatcanturnenergyfromthesunintoastorablefuelsource.Theartificialleaftakestheformofawirelesssolarcellthatsplitswatermoleculesintohydrogenandoxy-gengases,whichcanthenbestoredforlateruse.Thecellismadeofasiliconsolarcellwithadiffer-entcatalyticmaterialbondedtoeachside.Whenitisplacedinwaterandexposedtosunlight,onesidegeneratesH2bubbles,andtheothersidegeneratesO2 bubbles.
Theartificialleafisuniqueamongexistingsolar-poweredwater-splittingsystems,whichusecor-rosiveorrarematerials.Thedeviceismadeentirelyofinexpensive,abundantmaterialssuchassilicon,cobalt,andnickel.Itneedsonlysunlightandwateratroomtemperaturetooperate.Nocerahopesthatthesepropertieswillleadtoanenergysystemthatissafeandcheapenoughtobewidelyadoptedinhomesaroundtheworld,includinginareaswithoutreliableaccesstoelectricity.
Theteamiscurrentlyworkingonthenextstepincreatingacommerciallyviabledevice—collectingandstoringthegasesproducedbythecatalysts.
Mind-Machine Interface MITresearchersatanewmulti-institutionresearchcenterhopetomakeroboticsystemsthataretrulyintegratedwiththebody’snervoussystem.TheNationalScienceFoundationEngineeringResearchCenterforSensorimotorNeuralEngineeringwaslaunchedwithan$18.5milliongrantfromtheNa-tionalScienceFoundation.Itsmissionisto“developinnovativewaystoconnectadeepmathematicalunderstandingofhowbiologicalsystemsacquireandprocessinformationwiththedesignofeffec-tivedevicesthatinteractseamlesslywithhumanbeings.”ResearchersfromMITandtheUniversityof
Washington,amongothers,willdevelopnewtech-nologiesforamputees,andpeoplewithspinalcordinjuries,cerebralpalsy,stroke,Parkinson’sdisease,andage-relatedneurologicaldisorders.ScientistsatMITandpartnerinstitutionswillworktoperformmathematicalanalysisofthebody’sneuralsignals;designandtestimplantedandwearableprostheticdevices;andbuildnewroboticsystems.
Printable Solar Cells Inconventionalsolarcells,thecostsoftheinactivecomponents—thesubstrate(usuallyglass)thatsup-portstheactivephotovoltaicmaterial,thestruc-turestosupportthatsubstrate,andtheinstallationcosts—aretypicallygreaterthanthecostoftheac-tivecomponentsofthecellsthemselves,sometimestwiceasmuch.Researchershavecomeupwithamethodofprintingsolarcellsdirectlyontopaper—amethodthatmaygreatlydecreasethecostandin-creasetheversatilityofsolarpower.Thetechniquerepresentsamajordeparturefromthesystemsusedtocreatemostsolarcells,whichrequireexposingthesubstratestopotentiallydamagingconditions,eitherintheformofliquidsorhightemperatures.Thenewprintingprocessusesvapors,notliquids,andtemperatureslessthan120degreesCelsius.Theseconditionsmakeitpossibletouseordinaryuntreatedpaper,cloth,orplasticasthesubstrateonwhichthesolarcellscanbeprinted.Theresilientsolarcellsstillfunctionevenwhenfoldedintoapaperairplane.ResearchersalsoprintedasolarcellonasheetofPETplastic(athinnerversionofthematerialusedforsodabottles)andthenfoldedandunfoldedit1,000times,withnosignificantlossofperformance.Bycontrast,acommerciallyproducedsolarcellonthesamematerialfailedafterasinglefolding.TheworkwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationandtheEni-MITAllianceSolarFrontiersProgram.
National Science Foundation Selected Current Projects
49
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
ComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence Laboratory
Earth,Atmospheric,andPlanetarySciencesResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsBiologicalEngineeringKavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearchMathematicsHaystackObservatoryChemistryMechanicalEngineeringCenterforMaterialsScienceandEngineering
Infall2011,theNationalScienceFoundationfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith289researchassistantshipsand279fellowships.
TheNationalScienceFoundationhasawardedFacultyEarlyCareerDevelopment(CAREER)Awardsto133currentfacultyandstaffmembers.
National Science Foundation Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 63,950,370 60,394,853 69,801,369 74,859,339 81,487,208
Constantdollars* 68,742,093 64,026,291 73,289,155 77,052,626 81,487,208
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
$90
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Expenditures ConstantDollars
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
50 MIT Briefing Book
Other Federal Agencies Selected Current ProjectSafer SkiesIn thelast10yearsalone,over110smallplaneshavebeeninvolvedinmidaircollisions,andthou-sandsmorehavereportedclosecalls.Inanefforttoreducethenumberofcollisions,theFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)hasmandatedthatby2020,allcommercialaircraft—andsmallaircraftflyingnearmostairports—mustbeequippedwithanewtrackingsystemthatbroadcastsGPSdata.Inanticipationofthedeadline,theFAAhaschargedMITwithleadinganinvestigationofthesystem’slimitsandcapacities.InOctober2011,atthe30thDigitalAvionicsSystemsConferenceinSeattle,MITresearcherspresentedanearlyresultofthatinvestigation,anewalgorithmthatusesdatafromthetrackingsystemtopredictandpreventcollisionsbetweensmallaircraft.
Themainchallengeindesigningacollision-detec-tionalgorithmislimitingfalsealarms.Ifawarningsystemusingthealgorithmgoesofftooeasily,thenpilotsmayignoreit,orturnthesystemoff.Atthesametime,itneedstohaveroomforerror.WhileGPSismoreaccuratethanradartracking,it’snotperfect;norarethecommunicationschannelsthatplaneswouldusetoexchangelocationinformation.Moreover,anypredictionofaplane’sfutureposi-tioncanbethrownoffbyunexpectedchangesoftrajectory.Muchoftheworkonthenewalgorithmthusinvolvesoptimizingthetrade-offbetweener-rortoleranceandfalsealarms.Researchershopetobeginlivetestingofthealgorithmsoon.
51
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Someoftheleadingotherfederalagenciesprovidingfundinginclude:FederalAviationAdministration,Intelli-genceAdvancedResearchProjectsActivity,DepartmentofTransportation,DepartmentofCommerce,Depart-mentofHomelandSecurity,andEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
AeronauticsandAstronauticsCenterforTransportationandLogisticsComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence
LaboratorySeaGrantCollegeProgramCenterforGlobalChangeScienceEarth,AtmosphericandPlanetarySciencesCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchLaboratoryofElectronicsSloanSchoolofManagementMaterialsProcessingCenter
Infall2011,otherfederalagenciesfundedtheprimaryappointmentsofgraduatestudentswith44researchassistantshipsand8fellowships.
Other Federal Agencies Campus Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008–2012
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
$16
$18
$20
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Expenditures ConstantDollars
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 13,249,945 13,445,035 12,636,795 16,602,212 18,806,804
Constantdollars* 14,242,747 14,253,461 13,268,221 17,088,636 18,806,804
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
52 MIT Briefing Book
Nonprofit OrganizationsSelected Current Projects
Protein linked to memory and learning may lead to novel Alzheimer’s treatmentsFindingsfromthePicowerInstituteforLearningandMemorymayleadtonewdrugsforAlzheimer’sdiseaseandotherdebilitatingneurologicaldiseases.Sirtuin1,anenzymeassociatedwithResveratrol,acompoundfoundinredwine,isknowntoslowtheagingprocess.Inthebrain,itdoesthisbyshieldingneuronsfromdamage.AteamofresearchersleadbyLi-HueiTsai,foundthatitalsoincreasessynap-ticplasticity,theabilitytostrengthenorweakenneuralconnectionsinresponsetonewinformation.Thismeansthat,inadditiontopreventingdamage,Sirtuin1actuallypromotesnewlearningandmem-ory.ResearchershopetousethisfindingtocreateSirtuin1-basedtreatmentsforneurodegenerativediseases.TheresearchissupportedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth,aswellastheSimonsFounda-tion,theSwissNationalScienceFoundation,andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitute.
Synthetic Vocal CordsIn1997,theactressandsingerJulieAndrewslosthersingingvoicefollowingsurgerytoremovenon-cancerouslesionsfromhervocalcords.ShewenttoStevenZeitels,aprofessoroflaryngealsurgeryatHarvardMedicalSchool,forhelp.Zeitelswasalreadystartingtodevelopanewtypeofmaterialthatcouldbeimplantedintoscarredvocalcordstorestoretheirnormalfunction.In2002,heenlistedthehelpofMIT’sRobertLanger,anexpertinde-velopingpolymersforbiomedicalapplications.TheteamledbyLangerandZeitelshasnowdevelopedapolymergelthattheyhopetostarttestinginasmallclinicaltrial.Thegel,whichmimicskeytraitsofhu-manvocalcords,couldhelpmillionsofpeoplewithvoicedisorders—notjustsingerssuchasAndrewsandStevenTyler,anotherpatientofZeitels’.Theteamhopesthatthepolymerwillbenefitthosewithvoicesstrainedfromoveruse,childrenwhosecordsarescarredfromintubationduringsurgery,andvictimsoflaryngealcancer.TheprojectisfundedbytheInstituteofLaryngologyandVoiceRestora-tion,whichconsistsofpatientswhosemissionistosupportandfundresearchandeducationintreatingandrestoringvoice.
53
Campus Research
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
MasdarInstituteofScienceandTechnologyMechanicalEngineeringEconomicsMcGovernInstituteforBrainResearchBrainandCognitiveSciencesMIT-SingaporeUniversityofTechnologyandDesign
CollaborationCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringMITEnergyInitiativeEarthSystemInitiativeKochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearch
Nonprofit Organizations (in U.S. Dollars)Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures*
Fiscal Years 2008–2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 28,324,003 37,161,950 46,846,106 44,436,470 48,373,460
BroadInstituteresearch 19,370,397 23,376,207 3,792,875 0 0
Total Nonprofit 47,694,400 60,538,156 50,638,981 44,436,470 48,373,460
Constantdollars† 51,268,083 64,178,211 53,169,274 45,738,404 48,373,460
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Campus BroadInstitute CampusConstantDollars
*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.ThechartabovedisplaysbothcampusresearchexpendituresandBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
54
55
3 Lincoln Laboratory
ResearchExpenditures 57AuthorizedFunding 57EconomicImpact 58AirandMissileDefenseTechnology 59CommunicationSystemsandCyberSecurity 60Intelligence,Surveillance,andReconnaissance
SystemsandTechnology 61SpaceControl 62AdvancedTechnology 63TacticalSystems 64HomelandProtection 65LincolnLaboratoryTechnicalStaff 66TestFacilitiesandFieldSites 67
56 MIT Briefing Book
Lincoln LaboratoryMITLincolnLaboratoryisafederallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)oper-atedbytheInstituteundercontractwiththeDepartmentofDefense.TheLaboratory’scorecompetenciesareinsensors,informationextrac-tion(signalprocessingandembeddedcomputing),communications,integratedsensing,anddeci-sionsupport,allsupportedbyastrongprograminadvancedelectronicstechnology.
Sinceitsestablishmentin1951,MITLincolnLabo-ratory’smissionhasbeentoapplytechnologytoproblemsofnationalsecurity.TheLaboratory’stechnologydevelopmentisfocusedonitsprimarymissionareas—spacecontrol;airandmissiledefensetechnology;communicationsystemsandcybersecurity;intelligence,surveillance,andrecon-naissancesystemsandtechnology;advancedtech-nologies;tacticalsystems;andhomelandprotection.Inaddition,LincolnLaboratoryundertakesgovern-ment-sponsored,nondefenseprojectsinareassuchasairtrafficcontrolandweathersurveillance.
TwooftheLaboratory’sprincipaltechnicalobjec-tivesare(1)thedevelopmentofcomponentsandsystemsforexperiments,engineeringmeasure-ments,andtestsunderfieldoperatingconditionsand(2)thedisseminationofinformationtothegov-ernment,academia,andindustry.Programactivitiesextendfromfundamentalinvestigationsthroughthedesignprocess,andfinallytofielddemonstrationsofprototypesystems.Emphasisisplacedontransi-tioningsystemsandtechnologytoindustry.
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
DARPA:DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyDHS:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityDoD:DepartmentofDefenseFAA:FederalAviationAdministrationMDA:MissileDefenseAgencyNASA:NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationNOAA:NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationOSD:OfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense
MITLincolnLaboratoryalsoemphasizesmeetingthegovernment’sFFRDCgoalsofmaintaininglong-termcompetency,retaininghigh-qualitystaff,providingindependentperspectiveoncriticalissues,sustainingstrategicsponsorrelationships,anddevelopingtechnologyforbothlong-terminter-estsandshort-term,high-priorityneeds.
Air Force36%
Army7%
DARPA4%
MDA6%
Navy3%
OSD3%
Other DoD17%
DHS, FAA, NOAA, NASA
10%
Other Government
Agencies14%
Authorized Funding by Sponsor FY2011*TotalAuthorizedFunding=$870.0million
57
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
*ResearchexpendituredataarefortheMITfiscalyear,July1–June30.
†LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
589.6 613.6661.0
795.2 785.7
39.262.0
88.0
100.6 84.3
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
$1,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inMillions
FiscalYear
DepartmentofDefense OtherPrograms
572.0 569.6622.2
662.3714.0
39.8 40.956.1
90.792.1
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
MITFiscalYear
DepartmentofDefense OtherPrograms
Authorized FundingFiscal Years 2007–2011†
Research ExpendituresMIT Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
58 MIT Briefing Book
Goods and Services (including subcontracts) Expenditures Fiscal Year 2011* (in $millions)
Type AmountLargebusiness 202.6Smallbusiness 123.9Woman-ownedsmallbusiness 78.7Smalldisadvantagedbusiness 20.5Veteran-ownedsmallbusiness 9.1Total 434.8
TopSevenStatesMassachusetts 209.2California 44.6NewHampshire 26.4Texas 19.5NewYork 19.0Virginia 11.2Colorado 10.9
OtherNewEnglandStatesRhodeIsland 4.2Connecticut 3.0Vermont 0.2Maine 0.04
Lincoln Laboratory’s Economic ImpactLincolnLaboratoryhasgeneratedandsupportedarangeofnationalbusinessandindustrialactivi-ties.ThechartsbelowshowtheLaboratory’seco-nomicimpactbybusinesscategoryandstate.InFY2011,theLaboratoryissuedsubcontractswithavaluethatexceeded$434million;NewEnglandstatesaretheprimarybeneficiariesoftheoutsideprocurementprogram.
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
LargeBusiness46.6%
SmallBusiness28.5%
Woman-ownedSmallBusiness
18.1%
SmallDisadvantaged
Business4.7%
Veteran-ownedSmallBusiness
2.1%
59
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
Air and Missile Defense Technology IntheAirandMissileDefenseTechnologymission,LincolnLaboratorydevelopsandassessesintegratedsystemsfordefenseagainstballisticmissiles,cruisemissiles,andairvehiclesintactical,regional,andhomelanddefenseapplications.Activitiesincludetheinvestigationofsystemarchitectures,develop-mentofadvancedsensoranddecisionsupporttechnologies,developmentofflight-testhardware,
extensivefieldmeasurementsanddataanalysis,andtheverificationandassessmentofdeployedsystemcapabilities.Astrongemphasisisonrapidlyprototypingsensorandsystemconceptsandalgo-rithms,andontransferringresultingtechnologiestogovernmentcontractorsresponsiblefordevelopingoperationalsystems.
Air and Missile Defense TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
121.8 118.1127.5
140.5
125.2
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
60 MIT Briefing Book
Communication Systems and Cyber Security Communications SystemsLincolnLaboratoryisworkingtoenhanceandpro-tectthecapabilitiesofthenation’sglobaldefensenetworks.Emphasisisplacedonsynthesizingsystemarchitectures,developingcomponenttech-nologies,buildinganddemonstratingend-to-endsystemprototypes,andthentransferringthistech-nologytoindustryfordeploymentinoperationalsystems.Currenteffortsspanallnetworklayers(fromphysicaltoapplication),withprimaryfocusesonradio-frequencymilitarysatellitecommunica-tions,net-centricoperations,free-spacelasercom-munications,line-of-sightnetworking,andhumanlanguagetechnology.
Cyber SecurityLincolnLaboratoryconductsresearch,develop-ment,evaluation,anddeploymentofprototypecomponentsandsystemsdesignedtoimprove
thesecurityofcomputernetworks,hosts,andapplications.Aparticularfocusistheintersec-tionbetweentheLaboratory’straditionalmissionareasandthecyberdomain.Effortsincludecyberanalysis;creationanddemonstrationofrobustarchitecturesthatcanoperatethroughcyberattacks;developmentofprototypesthatdemon-stratethepracticalityandvalueofnewtechniquesforcryptography,cybersensing,automatedthreatanalysis,anti-tampersystems,andmaliciouscodedetection;demonstrationsoftheimpactofcyberontraditionaltacticalsystems;quantitative,repeat-ableevaluationoftheseprototypes;and,whereappropriate,deploymentofprototypetechnologytonational-levelexercisesandoperations.TheLaboratorydevelopsanddeployscontrolandtraffic-generationsoftwareformanyoftheDepartmentofDefense’slargestcyberranges.
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
Communication Systems and Cyber SecurityDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
112.9
142.6
120.9
140.3
164.5
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
61
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
Toexpandintelligence,surveillance,andreconnaissance(ISR)capabilities,LincolnLaboratoryconductsresearchanddevelopmentinadvancedsensing,signalandimageprocessing,automatictargetclassification,decisionsupportsystems,andhigh-performancecomputing.Byleveragingthesedisciplines,theLaboratoryproducesnovelISRsystemconceptsforbothsurfaceandunderseasurveillanceapplications.SensortechnologyforISRincludespassiveand
activeelectro-opticalsystems,surfacesurveillanceradar,radio-frequencygeolocation,andunderseaacousticsurveillance.Increasingly,theworkextendsfromsensorsandsensorplatformstoincludetheprocessing,exploitation,anddisseminationarchitecturesthatconnectsensorstooperationalusers.PrototypeISRsystemsdevelopedfromsuccessfulconceptsarethentransitionedtoindustryandtheusercommunity.
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems and Technology
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems and TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2008–2011*
45.8
71.7 70.5 69.8
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
*TheISRSystemsandTechnologymissionareawasinstitutedin2008.LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
62 MIT Briefing Book
Space Control TheSpaceControlmissiondevelopstechnologythatenablesthenation’sspacesurveillancesystemtomeetthechallengesofspacesituationalawareness.TheLaboratoryworkswithsystemstodetect,track,andidentifyman-madesatellites;performssatellitemissionandpayloadassessment;andinvestigatestechnologytoimprovemonitoringofthespace
environment,includingspaceweatherandatmo-sphericandionosphericeffects.Thetechnologyemphasisistheapplicationofnewcomponentsandalgorithmstoenablesensorswithgreatlyenhancedcapabilitiesandtosupportthedevelopmentofnet-centricprocessingsystemsforthenation’sSpaceSurveillanceNetwork.
Space ControlDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
104.4 105.4
119.7
166.9
125.5
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
63
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
Advanced Technology ResearchanddevelopmentintheAdvancedTechnologymissionfocusontheinventionofnewdevices,theirpracticalrealization,andtheirinte-grationintosubsystems.Althoughmanydevicescontinuetobebasedonsolid-stateelectronicorelectro-opticaltechnologies,recentworkishighlymultidisciplinary,andcurrentdevicesincreasinglyexploitbiotechnologyandinnovativechemistry.Thebroadscopeofworkincludesthedevelopmentofuniquehigh-performancedetectorsandfocal
planes,three-dimensional(3-D)integratedcircuits,biological-andchemical-agentsensors,diodelasersandphotonicdevicesusingcompoundsemiconduc-torsandsilicon-basedtechnologies,microelectro-mechanicaldevices,radio-frequency(RF)compo-nents,uniquelasersincludinghigh-powerfiberandcryogeniclasers,andquantumlogicinbothsuper-conductingandtrapped-ionforms.
Advanced TechnologyDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
49.851.7
46.8
62.2
42.4
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
64 MIT Briefing Book
Tactical SystemsIntheTacticalSystemsmission,LincolnLaboratoryassiststheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)inimprov-ingtheacquisitionandemploymentofvarioustacticalairandcounterterroristsystemsbyhelpingtheU.S.militaryunderstandtheoperationalutilityandlimitationsofadvancedtechnologies.Activi-tiesfocusonacombinationofsystemsanalysistoassesstechnologyimpactinoperationallyrelevant
scenarios,rapiddevelopmentandinstrumentationofprototypeU.S.andthreatsystems,anddetailed,realistic,instrumentedtesting.AtightcouplingbetweentheLaboratory’seffortsandtheDoDsponsorsandwarfightersinvolvedintheseeffortsensuresthattheseanalysesandprototypesystemsarerelevantandbeneficialtothewarfighter.
Tactical SystemsDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2007–2011*
67.4
57.9
79.2
97.1 94.7
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
*LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
65
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
Homeland Protection TheHomelandProtectionmissionsupportsthenation’ssecuritybyinnovatingtechnologyandarchitecturestohelppreventterroristattackswithintheUnitedStates,toreducethevulnerabilityofthenationtoterrorism,tominimizethedamagefromterroristattacks,andtofacilitaterecoveryfromeitherman-madeornaturaldisasters.ThebroadsponsorshipforthismissionareaspanstheDepart-mentofDefense,theDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,andotherfederal,state,andlocalentities.
Recenteffortsincludearchitecturestudiesforthedefenseofciviliansandfacilitiesagainstbiologicalattacks,developmentoftheEnhancedRegionalSituationAwarenesssystemfortheNationalCapitalRegion,theassessmentoftechnologiesforborderandmaritimesecurity,andthedevelopmentofarchitecturesandsystemsfordisasterresponse.
Homeland ProtectionDepartment of Defense Authorized Funding
Fiscal Years 2008–2011*
*TheHomelandProtectionmissionareawasinstitutedin2008.LincolnLaboratoryfiscalyearrunsconcurrentwiththeU.S.Governmentfiscalyear,October1–September30.
19.7
30.6
36.0
43.6
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
$50
2008 2009 2010 2011
Authorized
Fun
ding
inM
illions
FiscalYear
66 MIT Briefing Book
Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff LincolnLaboratoryemploys1,670technicalstaff,392technicalsupportpersonnel,1,067supportpersonnel,and584subcontractors.Almostthree-quartersofthetechnicalstaffhaveadvanceddegrees,with41percentholdingdoctorates.Professionaldevelopmentopportunitiesandchal-lengingcross-disciplinaryprojectsareresponsiblefortheLaboratory’sabilitytoretainhighlyqualified,creativestaff.
LincolnLaboratoryrecruitsatmorethan60ofthenation’stoptechnicaluniversities,with65to75percentofnewhirescomingdirectlyfromuniver-sities.LincolnLaboratoryaugmentsitscampusrecruitingbydevelopinglong-termrelationshipswithresearchfacultyandpromotingfellowshipandsummerinternshipprograms.
Technical Staff Profile
Degrees Held by Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff
Academic Disciplines of Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff
Doctorate41%
Master's32%
Bachelor's23%
NoDegree4%
ElectricalEngineering
37%
Physics17%
Computer Engineering,Biology,
Chemistry,Meteorology,MaterialsScience15%
Computer Science11%
Mathematics9%
MechanicalEngineering
6%
Aerospace/Astronautics
5%
67
Lincoln Laboratory
MIT Briefing Book
Test Facilities and Field Sites Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test FacilityTheLaboratoryoperatesthemainhangarontheHanscomAirForceBaseflightline.This~93,000-sq-ftbuildingaccommodatestheLaboratoryFlightTestFacilityandacomplexofstate-of-the-artantennatestchambers.TheFlightFacilityhousesseveralLin-colnLaboratory–operatedaircraftusedforrapidpro-totypingofairbornesensorsandcommunications.
Millstone Hill Field Site, Westford, MassachusettsMIToperatesradioastronomyandatmosphericresearchfacilitiesatMillstoneHill,anMIT-owned,1,100-acreresearchfacilityinWestford,Massachu-setts.LincolnLaboratoryoccupiesasubsetofthefacilitieswhoseprimaryactivitiesinvolvetrackingandidentificationofspaceobjects.
Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein, Marshall IslandsLincolnLaboratoryservesasthescientificadvisortotheReaganTestSiteattheU.S.ArmyKwajaleinAtollinstallationlocatedabout2,500milesWSWofHawaii.Twentystaffmembersworkatthissite,servingtwo-tothree-yeartoursofduty.Thesite’sradarsandopticalandtelemetrysensorssupportballisticmissiledefensetestingandspacesurveil-lance.Theradarsystemsprovidetestfacilitiesforradartechnologydevelopmentandforthedevelop-mentofballisticmissiledefensetechniques.
HanscomFieldFlightandAntennaTestFacility
MillstoneHillFieldSite,Westford,Massachusetts
ReaganTestSite,Kwajalein,MarshallIslands
Other Sites PacificMissileRangeFacility,Kauai,HawaiiExperimentalTestSite,Socorro,NewMexico
68
69
InnovationEcosystem 70BenefitstotheNationalEconomy 71SelectedCurrentProjects 72CampusResearchFundedbyIndustry 73ServicetoIndustry 74StrategicPartnerships 75
4 MIT and Industry
70 MIT Briefing Book
MIT and Industry Innovation Ecosystem MITisbuiltonafoundationofinnovationandentrepreneurship.Sinceitscreationin1861bytheMassachusettsStateLegislature,MIThasbeenchargedwiththe“developmentandpracticalap-plicationofscienceinconnectionwitharts,agricul-ture,manufactures,andcommerce.”TheInstitute’smotto,mensetmanus—mindandhand—codifiesitscontinuingcommitmenttoservingsocietythroughthepracticalapplicationofuniversityresearch.
Aninstitutionalculturewithadynamicrelation-shiptoindustrialinnovationhasgrownontopofthisfoundation.Thecomponentsofthisecosystemofinnovationencompasseducation,businessconnections,andthecommercializationofuniver-sityresearch.MIT’sinnovationmodelencouragesmembersofitsresearchcommunity—itsstudents,researchers,faculty,staff,andalumni—toreachbeyondMIT’scampus.Thesuccessofthismodelisoutlinedina2009KauffmanFoundationreportEntrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT.1 The report estimatesthatlivingMITgraduateshavefoundedabout25,800activecompanies,employing3.3millionpeopleandgeneratingestimatedannualworldrevenuesof$2trillion.
MIT’sinnovationecosystemissustainedbythedeepunderstandingofscienceandengineeringinstilledinitsstudentsandisenhancedbyseveralInstituteinitiatives.Asamplingoftheseinitiativesaredescribedbelow.
Technology Licensing OfficeFordecades,MIT’sTechnologyLicensingOffice(TLO)hashelpedMITfacultyandresearcherswithpatenting,licensing,andstartingfirmsthatbuildupontechnologydevelopedatMIT.Seepage9forselectedTLOstatisticsforFY2012.
Industrial Liaison ProgramMIThaslongheldthatbreakthroughresearchhingesonopen,consultativedialogue.PartoftheOfficeofCorporateRelations,theIndustrialLiaisonProgram(ILP)wasestablishedin1948.TheILPisthelargestconduitbetweencorporationsandMIT.Morethan190companiespartnerwiththeprogramtoimprovetheiraccesstoMITandadvancetheirresearchagendas.
Deshpande Center for Technological InnovationTheDeshpandeCenterisaproof-of-conceptgroupthatdependsonthefinancialandprofessionalsupportofsuccessfulalumni,entrepreneurs,andinvestorstoprovidefundingforinnovativeresearchandgiveguidancetohelpitreachthemarketplace.TheDeshpandeCenterhasunderwrittenmorethan90projects,26ofwhichhavespunoutintocommercialventures.
Innovation PrizesAnumberofprizesatMITspurstudentsandfacultytoexploredifficultproblems.OneexampleistheMIT$100KEntrepreneurshipCompetition,astudent-run,year-longeducationalexperiencethatencouragesstudentsandresearcherstoactontheirtalent,ideas,andenergytoproducetomor-row’sleadingfirms.Overtheyears,thecompetitionhashelpedlaunchmorethan130companiesthathavegeneratedover2,500jobsandreceived$770millioninventurecapitalfunding.
1Roberts,EdwardB.,andCharlesEesley.Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT.TheKauffmanFoundation,2009.(http://www.kauffman.org/research-and-policy/mit-entrepreneurs.aspx)
71
MIT and Industry
MIT Briefing Book
Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship TheMartinTrustCenterforMITEntrepreneurshipiscommittedtofosteringanddevelopingMIT’sentrepreneurialactivitiesandinterestsinthreeprimaryareas:educationandresearch,alliance,andcommunity.TheCentereducatesandnurturesstudentsfromacrosstheInstitutewhoareinter-estedinlearningtheskillstodesign,launch,andgrowinnovation-basedventures.TheCenterfacilitatesbusinessandtechnologypartnershipsbycombiningbreakthroughacademicresearchwithpractical,provenexperience.ThepeopleoftheCentercultivateandnourishathrivingnetworkthatunifiesacademic,government,andindustryleadersaroundthevisionofentrepreneurialsuccess.
MIT Energy InitiativeTheMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI) isanInstitute-wideinitiativedesignedtohelptransformtheglobalenergysystemtomeettheneedsofthefutureandtohelpbuildabridgetothatfuturebyimprovingtoday’senergysystems.Throughitsresearchprogram,MITEIaddressesacriticallinkintheenergyinnovationchain—thepairingofMIT’sworld-classresearchteamswiththebestinindustrywhowillberesponsibleformovingtheproductsofthiscollaborationintotheenergymarketplace.Seepage78formoreinformation.
Venture Mentoring ServiceTheMITVentureMentoringService(VMS)connectsmembersoftheMITcommunitywithadvisoryresourcestoincreasesuccessfuloutcomesandacceleratethecommercializationofuniversityinnovations.TheMITVMSharnessestheknowl-edgeandexperienceofvolunteeralumniandotherbusinessleaderstohelpprospectiveentrepreneursintheuniversitycommunitybringtheirideasandinventionstomarket.
Benefits to the National Economy In2009,theKauffmanFoundationreleasedastudyonMIT’sentrepreneurialimpactonthenation’seconomy.ThestudyfoundthatthefivestatesgainingthemostjobsfromcompaniesstartedbyMITalumniwereMassachusetts,withjustunder1millionjobs;California,with526,000jobs;NewYork,with231,000jobs;Texas,with184,000jobs;andVirginia,with136,000jobs.
Nearly60percentofcompaniesfoundedbyMITalumniarelocatedoutsidetheNortheast.ThesecompanieshavealargepresenceintheSanFran-ciscoBayarea(SiliconValley),southernCalifornia,theWashington-Baltimore-Philadelphiabelt,thePacificNorthwest,theChicagoarea,southernFlorida,DallasandHouston,andtheindustrialcitiesofOhio,Michigan,andPennsylvania.Thestudyalsonotedthat“animportantsubsetoftheMITalumnicompaniesisinsoftware,electronics(includinginstruments,semiconductors,andcomputers),andbiotech.Thesefirmsarethecuttingedgeofwhatwethinkofashightechnologyand,corre-spondingly,aremorelikelytobeplanningfutureexpansionthancompaniesinotherindustries.Theyexportahigherpercentageoftheirproducts,holdoneormorepatents,andspendmoreoftheirrevenuesonresearchanddevelopment.”
ThestudyalsofoundthatMITactsasamagnetforforeignentrepreneurs.Itstatesthat“halfofthosecompaniescreatedby‘imported’entrepreneurs,2,340firms,areheadquarteredintheUnitedStates,generatingtheirprincipalrevenue($16bil-lion)andemployment(101,500people)benefitshere.”Seepage89formoreinformationoninter-nationalentrepreneurs.
72 MIT Briefing Book
IndustrySelected Current Projects Micro-Ants ResearchersatMIT,incollaborationwithresearchersatBostonUniversityandinGermany,havecreatedanewsystemthatusesmicroscopicmagneticbeadssuspendedinliquidtomoveobjectsinsidemicrofluidicchips.Thebeads,whicharemadeofpolymerswithspecksofmagneticmaterialsuspendedinthem,havebeendubbed“micro-ants”fortheirabilitytotransportobjectsmuchlargerthanthemselves.Whentheyareplacedinarotatingmagneticfield,thebeadsspontaneouslyformshortchainsandspin,creatingacurrentthatcantransportsurroundingparticlesasmuchas100timeslargerthanthebeads.Thenewmethodcouldprovideasimpler,less-expen-sivealternativetocurrentmicrofluidicdevices,atechnologyinvolvingtheprecisecontroloftinyamountsofliquidsflowingthroughmicroscopicchannelsonachipinordertocarryoutchemicalorbiologicalanalysisoftinysamples.Theworkmayalsohelpscientistbetterunderstandthehumanbody.Themicro-antsfunctionsimilarlytocilia,whicharetinyhair-likefilamentsthatlineorganslikethetracheaandtheintestines.Likethemicro-ants,ciliaworkinunisontocreatecurrentsthatsweepalongcells,nutrients,andotherparticles.TheworkwasledbyAlfredoAlexander-KatzandwasfundedbygrantsfromDuPontandgrantsfromtheGermanGovernment.
Closing in on Bionic Speed Robotshavethepotentialtogowhereitistoohot,toocold,tooremote,toosmall,ortoodangerousforpeopletoperformanynumberoftasks,fromrepairingwaterleakstostitchingbloodvesselstogether.MITresearchers,ledbySidneyYip,haveproposedatheorythatmighteliminateanobstacletoachievingthesegoals—thelimitedspeedandcontrolofthe“artificialmuscles”thatmaketheserobotsmove.Today,engineersconstructroboticmusclesfrompolymersthatcarryanelectroniccur-rent,whicharetriggeredbyactivatingwavescalled“solitons.”Proposingamodelthatexplainshowthesewaveswork,XiLin,apostdoctoralassociateinYip’slab,hasdevelopedanunderstandingwhichwillpermitengineerstodesignlighter,muchmoreflexiblepolymers.Abletotransmitthewavemuchmorequickly,theycanmaketherobotmusclesmove1,000timesfasterthanthoseofhumans.ThisworkwassupportedbyHondaR&DCo.Ltd.,andDARPA.
73
MIT and Industry
MIT Briefing Book
Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Receiving Support in Fiscal Year 2012(shownindescendingorderofexpenditures)
MITEnergyInitiativeChemicalEngineeringComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligence
LaboratoryMediaLaboratory SloanSchoolofManagementMechanicalEngineeringKochInstituteforIntegrativeCancerResearchSociotechnicalSystemsResearchCenterAeronauticsandAstronauticsResearchLaboratoryofElectronics
Industry Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures (in U.S. Dollars)* Fiscal Years 2008–2012
MITisaleaderinconductingresearchsponsoredbyindustry.Approximately200industrialsponsorssupportedresearchprojectsontheMITcampusinFY2012,withnearly$110millioninexpenditures.Companiesoftenjointogetherinthesecollabora-tionstosupportmulti-disciplinaryresearchpro-gramsinawiderangeoffields.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Campusresearch 75,259,081 85,562,146 92,649,701 100,762,512 109,744,829
BroadInstituteresearch 6,935,104 13,656,981 680,132 0 0
Total Industry 82,194,185 99,219,127 93,329,833 100,762,512 109,744,829
Constantdollars† 88,352,894 105,185,002 97,993,272 103,714,730 109,744,829
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
Campus Broad CampusConstantDollars
*TheBroadInstituteseparatedfromMITonJuly1,2009andnolongerreceivesfundingthroughMIT.ThechartabovedisplaysbothcampusresearchexpendituresandBroadInstituteresearchexpendituresfundedthroughMIT.†ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
74 MIT Briefing Book
Industrial Performance Center TheIndustrialPerformanceCenter(IPC)isdedicatedtothestudyofinnovation,productivity,andcompet-itivenessinthenationandaroundtheworld.TheCenterspecializesinbringingtogethermultidisci-plinaryteamsofresearchersinengineering,science,management,andthesocialsciencestocarryoutinnovative,appliedresearchonindustrialgrowthandtransformation,nationalandregionaleconomicgrowthandcompetitiveness,andinnovationperfor-mance.TheIPCseekstohelpleadersinbusiness,government,education,andothersectorsofsocietybetterunderstandglobalindustrialdevelopmentsandcreatepracticalnewapproachesforstrength-eningpublicpolicies,businessstrategies,technicalpractices,andeducationalprograms.
Leaders for Global OperationsTheLeadersforGlobalOperations(LGO)programisaneducationalandresearchpartnershipamongglobaloperationscompaniesandMIT’sSchoolofEngineeringandSloanSchoolofManagement.Itsobjectiveistodiscover,codify,teach,andother-wisedisseminateguidingprinciplesforworld-classmanufacturingandoperations.The24-monthLGOprogramcombinesgraduateeducationinengineer-ingandmanagementforthosewithtwoormoreyearsoffull-timeworkexperiencewhoaspiretoleadershippositionsinmanufacturingoroperationscompanies.Arequiredsix-monthinternshipcom-prisingaresearchprojectatoneofLGO’spartnercompaniesleadstoadual-degreethesis,culminat-ingintwomaster’sdegrees—anMBA(orSMinmanagement)andanSMinengineering.
MIT International Science and Technology InitiativesTheMITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitiativesprogram(MISTI)enlargesstudents’opportunitiesforinternationallearningthroughon-campusresourcesandinternshipsinforeigncompaniesandlaboratories;supportsfacultycollaborationswithresearchersabroad;andworkswithcorporations,government,andnonprofitorganizationstopromoteinternationalindustry,education,andresearch.Morethan400studentsparticipateannuallyinMISTIinternships,preparingfortheirstayabroadwithintegratedcoursesinforeignlanguagesandcultures.Seepages90–91for moreinformation. MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovation and Global LeadershipThisfull-time,12-month(June–June)immersiveMBAprogramisdesignedforhigh-performingmid-careerprofessionals.Theprogramtypicallyenrollsmorethan100outstandingindividualswith10–20yearsofprofessionalexperiencefromatleasttwodozennations,representingawidevarietyoffor-profitandnonprofitindustries,organiza-tions,andfunctionalareas.Manyparticipantsaresponsoredbyorhavethestrongsupportoftheiremployers,buttheprogramalsoadmitsindepen-dentparticipants,manywithuniqueentrepreneur-ialexperiencesandperspectives.Theprogramischaracterizedbyarigorousacademiccurriculum,frequentinteractionswithinternationalbusinessandgovernmentleaders,andavaluableexchangeofglobalperspectives.
Service to Industry
75
MIT and Industry
MIT Briefing Book
Office of Corporate Relations MIT’sOfficeofCorporateRelationspromotescreativecollaborationamongMIT,industry,andgovernment.ItsIndustrialLiaisonProgramenablesmemberfirmstodrawuponMITexpertisetoinformtheirowntechnologystrategies,andatthesametimehelpsfacultymembersstayabreastofthelatestindustrialdevelopments.
MIT Professional EducationMITProfessionalEducationprovidesshortcourses,semesterorlongerlearningprograms,andcustom-izedcorporateprogramsforscienceandengineer-ingprofessionalsatalllevels.TaughtbyrenownedfacultyfromacrosstheInstitute,MITProfessionalEducationprogramsofferprofessionalstheoppor-tunitytogaincrucialknowledgeinspecializedfieldstoadvancetheircareers,helptheircompanies,andhaveanimpactontheworld.
System Design and ManagementTheSystemDesignandManagementprogrameducatesengineeringprofessionalsintheprocessesofengineeringanddesigningcomplexproductsandsystems,andgivesthemthemanagementskillstheyneedtoexercisethesecapacitiesacrossorga-nizations.SponsoredbytheSchoolofEngineeringandtheSloanSchoolofManagement,theprogramoffersajointmaster’sdegreefrombothschools.Studentscanpursuethesedegreeseitheroncampusorthroughahybridon-campus/off-campuscurriculumthatusesvideoconferencingandweb-basedinstruction.
Strategic Partnerships In1994,MITbegantobuildnewkindsofresearchpartnerships,creatinglonger-termallianceswithmajorcorporationsthatwouldallowthesecompa-niestoworkwithMITtodevelopprogramsandstrategiesthataddressareasofrapidchange.Inreturnfortheirresearchandteachingsupport,thecorporationsshareownershipofpatentableinventionsandimprovementsdevelopedfromthepartnership.Inanumberofthesealliances,fundsareearmarkedforspecificeducationprojects.
Aselectionofthesepartnershipsaredescribedbelow.
DuPontEstablishedin2000,theDuPontMITAlliance(DMA)bringstogethereachinstitution’sstrengthsinmate-rialsandchemicalandbiologicalsciencestodevelopnewmaterialsforbioelectronics,biosensors,biomi-meticmaterials,alternativeenergysources,andnewhigh-valuematerials.DuPontalsoworkswithMIT’sSloanSchoolofManagementtodefinenewbusinessandpolicymodelsfortheseemergingtechnologies.Eachyear,theDMAsupportsfirst-yeargraduatestudentsthroughit’sDuPontFellowsprogram.
Eni S.p.AInFebruary2008,analliancewassignedbetweenEniandMIT.ThisalliancebroughtthecreationoftheEni-MITSolarFrontiersCenter(SFC).TheSFC,headquarteredontheMITcampus,promotesresearchinadvancedsolartechnologiesthroughprojectsrangingfromnewmaterialstohydrogenproductionfromsolarenergy.EnicollaborationwithMITpromotesthecreationoftechnologicalandculturalsynergiesthroughamultidisciplinaryapproach.Inparticular,thecooperationbetweenMITresearchersandthoseoftheResearchCenterforNonConventionalEnergy,EniDoneganiInsti-tute,promotestheexchangeofexpertisethroughthepursuitofcommonobjectives.InadditiontotheSFC,EnisupportsprojectsinenergyresearchatMITontraditionalhydrocarbons,methanehydrates,globalclimatechange,andtransportationoptions.
76 MIT Briefing Book
Ford Motor CompanyFordandMIThavebeencollaboratingsincethe1950s.In1998theFord-MITAlliancewasformal-izedandhascreatedamodelformutuallybeneficialuniversity-corporateresearch.FordandMITcol-laborateonabroadrangeoftechnical,business,andpolicytopicsfocusedonthefutureoftransportation,including:vehicleautonomy,activesafety,materialsscience,energystorage,powertrainefficiency,enter-prisemodeling,andhealthandwellness.
NovartisNovartisandMIThavelaunchedalong-termre-searchcollaborationaimedattransformingthewaypharmaceuticalsareproduced.Thepartnership,knownastheNovartis-MITCenterforContinuousManufacturing,willworktodevelopnewtechnolo-giesthatcouldreplacetheconventionalbatch-basedsysteminthepharmaceuticalsindustry—whichoftenincludesmanyinterruptionsandworkatseparatesites—withcontinuousmanufacturingprocessesfromstarttofinish.TheNovartis-MITCenterforContinuousManufacturingcombinestheindustrialexpertiseofNovartiswithMIT’sleader-shipinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.
Strategic Partnerships (continued)
Project Oxygen Alliance ApartnershipamongtheMITComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryandsixcorpo-rations—Acer,DeltaElectronics,Hewlett-Packard,NipponTelegraphandTelephone,NokiaResearchCenter,andPhilipsResearch—ProjectOxygen’sgoalistomakecomputationandcommunicationresourcesasabundantandeasytouseasoxygen.WorkingalsowithsupportfromtheDefenseAd-vancedResearchProjectsAgency,theprojectseekstofreepeoplefromcomputerjargon,keyboards,mice,andotherspecializeddevicestheyrelyonnowforaccesstocomputationandcommunication.Forexample,theresearchersarecreatingspeechandvisiontechnologiesthatenablehumanstocom-municateasnaturallywithcomputersastheydowithpeople.
Quanta ComputingTaiwan-basedQuantaComputerInc.,theworld’slargestoriginaldesignmanufacturerofnotebookcomputers,andMITComputerScienceandArti-ficialIntelligenceLaboratorybegantheT-Partyprojectcollaborationin2005.Thegoalofthisprojectistomakethedreamofhavingcompleteaccesstoyourownpersonalizedenvironment—yournotes,presentations,music,TVrecordings,photoalbums,recipes—fromanywhereintheworld,anytimeareality.Thetechnologiestheyareexploringtosupporttheirvisionfallintofivecategories:connectivity,devices,applications,automation,andnaturalinteractions.
77
MIT-Singapore 79MITGreaterChinaInitiative 79MIT-IndiaInitiative 80OtherGlobalInitiatives 81OpenCourseWare 82InternationalScholars 83InternationalStudents 84InternationalStudyOpportunities 87InternationalAlumni 88InternationalEntrepreneurs 89MITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitiatives 90CampusResearchSponsoredbyInternational
Organizations 92
5 Global Engagement
78 MIT Briefing Book
Global EngagementTheexpandingglobalconnectionsofthe21stCen-turyprovideMITwithincreasingopportunitiestoengageinprojectsandcollaborationsoutsidetheU.S.AsformerPresidentSusanHockfieldnotedinaspeechdeliveredtotheConfederationofIndianIndustriesinMumbai,India,inNovember2007,
It has never been more clear that the future of innovation will be told in many, many different lan-guages. In a world with so much talent, no one has a monopoly on good ideas. As researchers, if we are driven to find the most gifted collaborators and the most intriguing ideas, we must be prepared to look far beyond our own backyards. And as educators, if we fail to help our students learn to live and work with their peers around the world, then we have failed them altogether.
MITstrivestoencouragethefreeflowofpeopleandideasbyengagingininternationalresearchcollabo-rations,providinginternationalstudyandresearchopportunitiesforitsstudents,andhostinginterna-tionalstudentsandscholars.ThefollowingaresomeofMIT’smanyinternationalresearchcollaborations.
International Innovation InitiativeTheInternationalInnovationInitiative(I3,pro-nounced“I-cubed”)providesafocalpointforinteractionsbetweenMITresearchersandtheglobalventurecapitalcommunity.ThemissionofI3istoexploreandestablishopportunitiesfortheMITeducationandresearchcommunitytocometogetherwithinternationalpartnerstostimulateinnovativetechnologicalapproachestopresentandfutureglobalproblemsmovingtechnologiesfromthelaboratorytothemarketplace.
MIT Energy InitiativeMITEnergyInitiative(MITEI),establishedinSeptember2006,isanInstitute-wideinitiativedesignedtohelptransformtheglobalenergysystemtomeettheneedsofthefutureandtohelpbuildabridgetothatfuturebyimprovingtoday’senergysystems.MITEIstrivestoaddressthetechnicalandpolicychallengesofthecomingdecades,suchasmeetingtheworld’sgrowingdemandforenergy;minimizingrelatedimpactsontheenvironment;andreducingthepotentialgeopoliticaltensionsassoci-atedwithincreasedcompetitionforenergy.
Tosolvetheseproblems,MITEIpairstheInstitute’sworld-classresearchteamswithvariedentitiesacrosstheglobalresearchspectrum.Forexample,theInitiativeislaunchinganewmulti-disciplinaryprogramaddressingtheenergychallengesofthedevelopingworld.Ithasalsoformedinternationalallianceswithresearchinstitutionsinkeyregionsoftheworld.OneofthesealliancesistheLowCarbonEnergyUniversityAlliance,whichisapartnershipamongMIT,TsinghuaUniversity,andtheUniversityofCambridge.MITEIisalsoaresourceforpolicymakersandthepublic,providingunbiasedanalysisandservingasanhonestbrokerforindustryandgovernment.
ThefollowingareexamplesofMITEI’sresearch:
MITresearchersandtheircollaboratorsfromSouthAfricaandEnglandhavedemonstratedthatitispossibletocreateelegant,energy-efficientbuild-ingswithlittleenergyconsumptionandessentiallynoenergy-intensivematerials.
MITresearchersareworkingwithChiquitaBrandsInternationalInc.tohelpgaugethecarbonfoot-printofthesupplychainthattransportsbananasbytruckandshipfromCentralAmericatotheUnitedStates.ThecasestudywillleadtoaWeb-basedtoolthatwillhelpothercompaniescalculateandpoten-tiallyreducetheenergyconsumptionofproductsmovedbyland,water,and/orair.
79
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
MIT-Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design In2010,MITandtheSingaporeUniversityofTech-nologyandDesign(SUTD)officiallybeganapart-nershipthatincludesbotheducationandresearchcomponents.Undertheeducationcomponent,MITwillshareitsexpertisewithSUTDinabroadrangeofareas,includingpedagogy,curriculumdevelopment,andfacultyrecruitmentanddevel-opment.MITwillalsoassistindesigningprogramstoencourageinnovationandentrepreneurship.AkeyfeatureoftheresearchcomponentisthenewSUTD-MITInternationalDesignCentre(IDC).TheIDCisajointresearchprojectwithfacilitiesatbothuniversities.TheIDCaimstobecometheworld’spremierscholarlyhubfortechnologicallyintensivedesignandserveasanucleusforthegrowthoftheMIT-SUTDCollaboration.
Singapore-MIT AllianceTheSingapore-MITAllianceisaglobalpartnershipingraduateeducationcreatedbyMIT,theNationalUniversityofSingapore,andNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Settinganewstandardforinternationalcollaborationingraduateresearchandeducation,theallianceeducatesyoungengineerstoserveasleadersinatechnologicallyadvancedeconomy,andcreatesacohortofstudentsandfacultywithcreativityandentrepreneurialspirit.
Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreTheSingapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTechnology(SMART)CentreisaresearchenterpriseestablishedbyMITinpartnershipwiththeNationalResearchFoundationofSingapore.TheSMARTCentreservesasanintellectualhubforresearchinteractionsbetweenMITandSingaporeatthefrontiersofscienceandtechnology.Thispartner-shipallowsfaculty,researchers,andgraduatestudentsfromMITtocollaboratewiththeircoun-terpartsfromuniversities,polytechnics,researchinstitutes,andindustryinSingaporeandthroughoutAsia.TheSMARTCentreisMIT’sfirstresearchcentreoutsideofCambridge,Massachusetts,anditslargestinternationalresearchendeavor.
TheMITGreaterChinaInitiativehasoutlineda20-yearplanforcollaborationwiththeregion,investinginthreekeyareas:internationalizingtheMITcur-riculum,facilitatingpartnershipsandjointresearchventuresbetweenChinaandMIT,andproducinghigh-level,regionalfieldexpertiseforChineseandAmericanscientistsandengineers.
SomeoftheinitiativesbetweenMITandChina,includingthefollowing:
Tsinghua-MIT-Cambridge AllianceAcollaborationbetweenMIT,TsinghuaUniver-sity,andtheUniversityofCambridgeintheareaoflowcarbonenergyresearchwasestablishedinOctober2009.TheAlliancewilladvancecollabora-tiveprojectsincarboncaptureandsequestration,nuclearpower,efficientbuildings,biomass,andheatmanagement.Thecoreprogramwill,inaddi-tiontoworkshopsandseedfunding,supportaveryimportantinitiativetoprovideandutilizeanalyticaltoolsforunderstandingtheimpactsofcarbonpolicyinChina.
MIT China Educational Technology InitiativeThegoalofMITChinaEducationalTechnologyInitia-tive(CETI)istopromoteculturalexchangebetweenAmericanandChinesestudentsbyexploringsci-enceandtechnology.Eachsummersince1996,CETIsendsMITstudentstohighschoolsinthecitiesandtownsacrossmainlandChina,HongKong,andTai-wan.Teachinginteamsofthree,someofthepastCETIparticipantshavetaughtcurriculumsonwebdesign,programming,robotics,electricalengineer-ing,sustainabledevelopment,civilengineering,biology,aerospaceengineering,andmore.
MIT Greater China Initiative
80 MIT Briefing Book
MIT-India Initiative Translational Health Science and Technology InstituteTheTranslationalHealthScienceandTechnol-ogyInstitute(THSTI)inDelhiismodeledaftertheHarvard-MITDivisionofHealthSciencesandTech-nology(HST).FundedbytheIndiangovernment,THSTIwillbeamultidisciplinary,multiprofessionalresearchandtrainingcenterwithclosetiestoHST.HSTwillhelprecruitandtrainnewfacultymembersforTHSTI,andthetwoinstitutionswillcollaborateonresearchandeducationalendeavors.
MIT Urban Laboratory IndiaTheMITUrbanLaboratory(UrbLab)Indiaisacollab-orativeeffortbetweenMITandthesouthernIndiantownofErode.UrbLabrespondstothechallengesassociatedwithIndia’srapidgrowth,increasingin-dustrialization,andurbanization.TheprojectbuildsonalonghistoryofcooperationbetweenIndiaandMIT.AsaresultofMIT’sefforts,theIndiangovern-menthastakenstepstobetterintegratephysicalplanningandeconomicplanningatthelocallevel.Futurecollaborationswilltargetenvironmentalandurbanrenewal.
TheprimarymissionoftheMIT-IndiaInitiativeistofostercollaborationbetweenthefacultyandstudentsatMITandthoseatacademicandresearchinstitutionsinIndia.Amongitsspecificgoalsareenablingthecreationoflong-termprojectsinvolvinggroupsfrombothMITandIndianinstitutionsandpromotinginclusivegrowth,sustainabledevelop-ment,educationalleadership,entrepreneurship,newmodelsofgovernance,andadvanced,results-focusedresearchinIndia.
ThefollowingaresomeofthemanyelementsthattheInitiativeencompasses.
J-PAL South AsiaJ-PALSouthAsia,aregionalofficeoftheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLab(J-PAL)atMIT,isafocalpointfordevelopmentandpovertyresearchbasedonrandomizedtrials.J-PALSouthAsiaisbasedattheInstituteforFinancialManagementandResearch,aleadingbusinessschoolinChennai,India.In2011,J-PALSouthAsiawasselectedtohosttheSouthAsiaregionalcenterfortheCenterforLearningonEvaluationandResults(CLEAR).CLEARisaglobalinitiativecoordinatedbytheWorldBankthataimstostrengthenthemonitoringandevalua-tioncapacityofgovernmentandcivilsociety.
MIT-India ProgramTheMIT-IndiaProgram,partoftheMITInterna-tionalScienceandTechnologyInitiatives,arrangessummerinternshipsinIndianresearch,corporate,andnonprofitsettingsforMITstudents.Thepro-gram’seffortsrangefromgivingMITstudentsanimmersionexperienceinIndianresearchsettingstoorganizingIndia-basedseminarsinwhichleadingrepresentativesofIndiaandMITdiscusskeyissuesaffectingIndia’sgrowthanddevelopment.
81
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
Alliance for Global SustainabilityTheAllianceforGlobalSustainabilityisaninter-nationalpartnershipbetweenMIT,theUniversityofTokyo,theSwissInstitutesofTechnology,andChalmersUniversityofTechnologyinSwedentodevelopnewtechnologiesandidentifypolicydirec-tionsthatencourageglobaleconomicdevelopmentwhilepreservingandenhancingtheenvironment.
Global Supply Chain and Logistics ExcellenceNetwork TheMITCenterforTransportationandLogistics(MIT-CTL)createdtheMITGlobalSupplyChainandLogisticsExcellence(SCALE)Networkasaninter-nationalallianceofleadingresearchandeducationcentersdedicatedtothedevelopmentofsupplychainandlogisticsexcellencethroughinnovation.Thisinternationalsupplychainmanagementpro-gramnowencompassesfourcentersaroundtheworld:MIT-CTLinCambridge,theZaragozaLogis-ticsCenterinSpain,theCenterforLatinAmericanLogisticsInnovationinColombia,andtheMalaysiaInstituteforSupplyChainInnovation.Eachcenterfostersrelationshipsbetweenstudents,faculty,andbusinesses,teachingstudentstorunsuccessfulsupplychainsforcompaniessuchasWalmart,BASF,andStarbucks.FacultymembersfromMIToverseeeachcenter—travelingbackandforthbetweenthem—buteachismanagedandrunbylocalfacultyrecruitedandtrainedbyCTL.
Other Global Initiatives MIT Portugal ProgramTheMITPortugalProgramwaslaunchedinOctober2006bythePortugueseMinistryofScience,Tech-nology,andHigherEducationasalarge-scaleinternationalcollaborationinvolvingMITandgovernment,academia,andindustryinPortugal.Theaimoftheprogramistodevelopleadinghighereducationandresearchprogramsrelatedtoengi-neeringsystems.TheprogramissupportedbyanationalinitiativeinvolvingPortugueseuniversitiesandresearchcenters,which,togetherwithMIT,targetsbioengineeringsystems,sustainableenergysystems,engineeringdesignandadvancedmanu-facturing,andtransportationsystemsaskeyareasforeconomicdevelopmentandsocietalimpact.
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology In2011,athree-yearcollaborationbeganbetweentheSkolkovoFoundation,SkolkovoInstituteofScienceandTechnology(SkTech),andMITtodevelopanewgraduateresearchuniversity.ThenewinstitutionaimstobreaknewgroundinbringingtogetherRussian,U.S.andglobalresearchandtechnology,andinintegratingteaching,research,innovation,andentrepreneurship.EducationandresearchatSkTechwillbeorga-nizedaroundmultidisciplinarytechnologicalchal-lenges,ratherthantraditionalacademicdisciplines.Thenewinstitutionwillfocusonthefollowingprograms:energyscienceandtechnology,biomed-icalscienceandtechnology,informationscienceandtechnology,spacescienceandtechnology,andnuclearscienceandtechnology.ResearchcentersundertheSkTechorganizationalumbrellawillbemultidisciplinaryandmulti-institutional.Ineachcenter,faculty,researchers,andstudentsfromoneormoreRussianuniversitieswillcollaboratewithfaculty,researchers,andstudentsfromoneormoreuniversitiesoutsideRussia.AdefiningcomponentofSkTechwillbeitsCenterforEntrepreneurshipandInnovation(CEI),whichwillintegrateeduca-tion,research,andpracticeinentrepreneurshipandinnovation,asappliedtotheresearchresultsoftheSkTechresearchcenters.MITwillassistincreatingtheCEIorganizationandeducationprogram.
82 MIT Briefing Book
Launchedin2002,OpenCourseWare(OCW)makesmaterialsforMIT’scoursesfreelyavailableontheWeb.Materialsfrommorethan2,000MITcours-es—includinglecturenotes,multimediasimulations,problemsetsandsolutions,pastexams,readinglists,andselectionsofvideolectures—arenowpostedontheOCWwebsite.OCWrecordsanaver-ageofover40,000visitsaday,withnearlyamillionuniquevisitorseverymonth.
AbouthalfofOCWusageoriginatesoutsideofNorthAmerica.OCWmaterialsareusedextensivelyinChina(110,000visitspermonth),India(100,000visitspermonth)andtheMiddleEast(77,000visitspermonth).OCWmaterialshavebeentranslatedintoChinese,Spanish,Portuguese,PersianandThai.OCWalsodistributesandmaintainsmirrorcopiesofthesiteatuniversitiesinbandwidth-constrainedregions,primarilySub-SaharanAfrica.Todate,theOCWstaffhasdistributedmorethan200suchmirrors.
MITispursuingtwomissionswithOCW—sharingitseducationalmaterialsfreelyandopenly,and,bycreatingamodelotheruniversitiescanfollowandadvance,promotingauniversallyavailablestore-houseforhumanknowledge.About43percentofOCW’svisitorsidentifythemselvesasself-learners,42percentasstudentsenrolledinacademicprograms,andninepercentaseducators.
Thefollowingareexamplesofwayseducators,students,andself-learnersintheinternationalcommunityuseOCWcontent:
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia AsecondaryschoolmathematicsteacherinKualaLumpur,Malaysia,KianWahLiewintroduceshisstudentstoarangeofcomplexconcepts,suchasmatrices,determinants,anddifferentialequations.“Isometimesusethelecturesintheclassroom.Iletthestudentswatchalecture—forexample,the18.03DifferentialEquationsvideo—accompaniedbymyownexplanations,”Liewsays.Havingaccesstothelectureshasimpactedhisownteachingstyle,Liewsays.“TheWesternstylespendsmoretimeon
‘ideas’than‘examples.’Here,wespend20percentofthetimeintroducingideasand80percentindem-onstratingtheseideasthroughexamples.AtMIT,mostofthetimeisspentonclarifyingtheideas,andveryfewexamplesaregivenduringthelectures.”
Zaria, NigeriaKunleAdejumoisfinishinguphisfourthyearofengineeringstudiesatAhmaduBelloUniversityinZaria,Nigeria.Thoughtheuniversityboastsalargeandwell-maintainedphysicalinfrastructure,itsInternetaccess—likethatofalmostallNigerianuni-versities—isextremelylimited.WhenAdejumowasfirstintroducedtoMIT’sOpenCourseWarethroughaCD-ROMintheuniversitycomputerlabhehadonly20minutestolookthroughthematerial.“Forexample,lastsemester,Ihadacourseinmetallurgi-calengineering,”offersAdejumo.“Foroneofthelectures,havingtodowithionmaking,Ididn’thavenotes,andIcouldn’tfindtheinformationIneeded,soIwenttoOCW.Iwasabletodownloadacourseoutlineonthis,andalsosomereviewquestions.Iactuallytookthesetotheuniversityandgavethemtothelecturertoanswer.Hewasabletoanswerthesequestions,andhelpedmegainadeeperunderstandingofthematerial.”ToimproveaccesstoOCWforotherNigerianstudents,AdejumohopestoworkwithalocalradiostationtobroadcastOCWcoursematerial,aswellaspublicizethesite.
Saint Lucia RobertCroghan,anentrepreneurinSaintLucia,hasspentthepastseveralyearslookingforawaytohar-nessgeothermalenergycreatedbyadormantvol-canounderneaththeislandtocreateanalternativeenergysourcefortheregion.Croghanisnowdevel-opingahigh-voltagegridthatwoulddeliverenergytoseveralislandsthroughanunderseacable.CroganusedOCWtoresearchthetopicofgeothermalheatsources.“WhenIsawOpenCourseWare,”Croghanconcludes,“itwentrighttotheverycoreofwhatIbelieve:ifwehoardinformation,wecan’thaveprog-ress.Wegetstagnant,anditgetsaccumulatedinthehandsofafew.Andifthathappens,wemissallsortsofincredibledevelopmentsandopportunities.”http://ocw.mit.edu/
OpenCourseWare
83
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
International Scholars MIThostsmanyinternationalresearchersandfacultywhocometotheU.S.forteaching,research,collaboration,andotherpurposes.Theseinclude“visiting”scientists,professors,artists,andscholars,aswellaspostdoctoralfellowsandassociates,lecturers,instructors,researchassociatesandscien-tists,andtenure-trackfaculty.DuringtheyearJuly1,2011throughJune30,2012,MIT’sInternationalScholarsOffice(ISchO)served2,175internationalscholarsaffiliatedwithMITandtheiraccompa-nyingfamilymembers(“international”isdefinedasnon-U.S.citizen,non-U.S.permanentresident).
Thisreflectsanincreaseofapproximately5.3percentoverlastyear(2,060).AccordingtothemostrecentInstituteofInternationalEducationOpenDoorsreport(2010–2011),MITranked11thnationallywithregardtothenumbersofinterna-tionalscholarsatU.S.institutions.Postdoctoralassociatesandpostdoctoralfellowsaccountedfor55percentofMIT’sinternationalscholars.
ForeignnationalscholarscametoMITfrom90countries,withthehighestnumberscomingfromChina,Korea,India,Germany,Canada,Japan,Italy,Spain,France,andIsrael.Thetoptencountriesoforiginoftheentireinternationalscholarpopula-tionintheU.S.areroughlythesame.Scholarsfromthesetop10countriesconstituted68percentofMIT’sinternationalscholarpopulation.ThegreatestnumberofinternationalscholarscametotheSchoolofEngineering,followedbytheSchoolofScience,interdisciplinarylaboratoriesandcenters,andtheSloanSchoolofManagement.Seventy-sevenpercentofinternationalscholarsweremenand23percentwerewomen.
Top Ten Countries of Origin, 2011–2012Country CountChina 420Korea 174India 144Germany 137Canada 121Japan 114Italy 105Spain 93France 90Israel 75
International Scholars by Geographic Region
Asia45%
Europe37%
AmericasandCaribbean
9%
Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania
9%
84 MIT Briefing Book
MIThaswelcomedinternationalstudentsessentiallysinceitsinception.ThefirststudentfromCanadacametoMITin1866,thesecondyearMITofferedclasses.Thisstudentwasfollowedbyasteadystreamofstudentsfromaroundtheglobethrough-outthe19thcentury.By1900,some50foreign-bornstudentshadtraveledtoMassachusettsforstudy;however,thenumberincreaseddramaticallyafterWorldWarIIwhenaninfluxofthesestudentsbeganattendingtheInstitute.Therapidriseofinterna-tionalstudentsfromEastAsia,ledbystudentsfromChina,changedthedemographicsofthisgroupbeginninginthe1950s.
Changesinimmigrationlawin1965openedupthedoorstoasteadilyincreasingpoolofinternationaltalent.Asworldeventsandpoliticaldecisionsim-pactimmigration,sodoMIT’sinternationalstudentpopulationfluctuatesinresponsetoachanginginternationalenvironment.Worldwarsdecreasetheinternationalstudentpopulation,whilepeace-timepressures,suchaschangingimmigrationlaws,thedemiseoftheironcurtain,theVietnamWarprotests,andtheAsianfinancialcrisiscausetheirrespectiveebbsandsurges.
International Students
US to International Students by Geographic Region of Home Country
2012
Asia14% Europe
6%AmericasandCaribbean
4%Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania
3%
USCitizenorPermanentResident73%
Asia3%
Europe3%
AmericasandCaribbean
3%Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania
2%
USCitizenorPermanentResident89%
US to International Students by Geographic Region of Home Country
1962
85
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
TheUnitedStateshasbeenthedestinationofchoiceforinternationalstudentsandscholarsforthepast50years.Thenumberofforeignstudentshasrisensteadilysincethe1970s,and,accordingtothe2011OpenDoorsReportpublishedbytheInsti-tuteofInternationalEducation,therewere723,277internationalstudentsenrolledinU.S.collegesdur-ingthe2010–2011academicyear.Thesamereportfoundthattheseinternationalstudentscontributed
over$20billiontotheU.S.economythroughlivingexpensesforthemselvesandaccompanyingdepen-dents,aswellasthroughexpendituresontuition,books,fees,andothereducation-relatedexpenses.AccordingtotheOpenDoorsReport,63.4percentofinternationalstudentsreceivethemajorityoftheirfundsfrompersonalandfamilysources.
International Students by Geographic Region of Home CountryAcademic Years 1904–2012
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
Num
bero
fStude
nts
AcademicYear
Asia Europe AmericasandCaribbean Africa,MiddleEast,Oceania
86 MIT Briefing Book
ManyinternationalstudentsremainintheU.S.aftergraduation.Thegraphbelowshowsthepost-grad-uationplansofinternationalstudentsgraduatingin2011,asreportedinasurveyadministeredbyMIT.Overall,70percentofinternationalstudentsplantoremainintheU.S.aftergraduation.
International Students(continued)
ThemajorityofinternationalstudentsatMIThaveF-1Visastatus.Themajorityofinternationalnon-studentscholarsatMITweresponsoredonMIT’sJ-1exchangevisitorprogram.
Percentage of 2011 International Student Graduates Remaining in the U.S.by Degree and Post-Graduation Plans
100%
76%
97%
53%
74%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
GraduateStudy Working GraduateStudy Working Working
Bachelor's Master's PhD
87
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
International Study Opportunities JustaswithotheraspectsofanMITeducation,thereisabroadrangeofglobalactivitiesforstudentstochoosefrom.Theserunthegamutfromtraditionalstudy-abroadprogramstoinnova-tiveshorttermprojects,butmostareinfusedwiththeInstitute’sphilosophyofmensetmanus.Inthespringof2011,41percentofstudentsgradu-atingwithabachelor’sdegree,and30percentofstudentsgraduatingwithamaster’sdegreereportedhavingeducationalexperiencesabroad.
Thefollowingareexamplesofprogramsthatprovidestudentswithexperiencesabroad:
Cambridge-MIT Exchange ThroughtheCambridge-MITExchangeProgram(CME),undergraduateMITstudentscanspendtheirjunioryearstudyingattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland.TheUniversityofCambridgeconsistsof31self-governingcollegeswherestudentsliveandstudyinasupportiveeducationalenvironment.ParticipatingdepartmentsincludeAeronauticsandAstronautics;Biology;BrainandCognitiveSciences;ChemicalEngineering;Chemistry;CivilandEnviron-mentalEngineering;Earth,Atmospheric,andPlane-tarySciences;Economics;ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience;History;MaterialsScienceandEngineering;Mathematics;MechanicalEngineering;andPhysics.
Departmental ExchangesTheDepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronauticsoffersstudyattheUniversityofPretoriainSouthAfrica.TheDepartmentofArchitecturehastwoexchangeprograms,onewithDelftUniversityofTechnologyintheNetherlandsandtheotherwiththeUniversityofHongKong.TheDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringhasanexchangeprogramwithOxfordUniversity.TheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceandPrograminScience,Technol-ogy,andSocietyarestartinganexchangeprogramwithSciencesPoinParis,France.
D-LAB and the Public Service Center TheD-LabandthePublicServiceCenterhelpstu-dentsundertakehands-onpublicserviceprojectsindevelopingcountries.Seepage104formoreinfor-mationonD-Labandpage103formoreinformationonthePublicServiceCenter.
Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology CentreThe Singapore-MITAllianceforResearchandTech-nology(SMART)CentreallowsresearchersfromMITtocollaboratewiththeircounterpartsfromuniversities,researchinstitutes,andindustriesinSingaporeandAsiatoperforminterdisciplinary,experimental,computational,andtranslationalresearch.FiveInterdisciplinaryResearchGroups(IRGs)areundertheSMARTCentre,eachheadedbyaseniorMITfacultymember:InfectiousDisease,theCentreforEnvironmentalSensingandModel-ing,BioSystemsandMicromechanics,FutureUrbanMobility,andLowEnergyElectronicSystems.WithmanyMITfacultymembers,postdoctoralfellows,PhDstudents,andstaffparticipatingatSMART,theseIRGsarehelpingpromoteavibrantknowl-edge-basedatmosphereinSingapore.
MIT-Madrid ProgramTheMIT-MadridProgramgivesstudentstheoppor-tunitytostudyinMadridforthespringtermduringtheirsophomoreorjunioryear.Dependinguponmajorandinterests,studentscanchoosescienceandengineeringcoursesattheUniversidadPolitéc-nicadeMadridand/orhumanities,arts,andsocialsciencescoursesattheUniversidadComplutensedeMadrid;instructionandcourseworkareinSpanish.TheseareleadinguniversitiesinSpain,eachwithitsowndistinguishedtraditionandhistory.
Other Study Abroad OptionsMITstudentsmayalsoapplyforadmissiondirectlytoforeigninstitutionsthatofferstudyabroadprogramsortoastudyabroadprogramadministeredbyanotherU.S.institutionorastudyabroadprovider.
88 MIT Briefing Book
International AlumniMITalumniandscholarshavemadeextraordinarycontributionsintheirhomecountries,theU.S.,andtheworld.Thefollowingaresomeexamples:
Kofi Annan, SM Management 1972KofiAnnan,theseventhSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsandrecipientoftheNobelPeacePrize,wasborninKumasi,Ghana,andattendedtheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyinKu-masibeforecompletinghisundergraduatestudiesatMacalesterCollegeinSt.Paul,Minnesota.HeundertookgraduatestudiesineconomicsattheInstitutuniversitairedeshauteetudesinternation-alsinGeneva,andearnedhisSMinManagementasaSloanFellowatMIT.AnnanworkedfortheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheGhanaTouristDevelop-mentCompany,buthasspentmostofhiscareerattheUnitedNations.In2001,KofiAnnanandtheUnitedNationsreceivedtheNobelPeacePrizefor“theircontributionstoabetterorganizedandmorepeacefulworld.”
Benjamin Netanyahu, SB Architecture 1975SM Management 1976CurrentPrimeMinisterofIsraelandformerlyIs-rael’sambassadortotheUnitedNations,BenjaminNetanyahuwasbornin1948inTelAviv,IsraelandgrewupinJerusalem.HeservedasIsrael’sambas-sadortotheUnitedNationsfrom1984to1988,duringwhichtimeheledtheefforttodeclassifytheUnitedNations’archiveoncrimescommittedbyNaziGermany.Netanyahu,amemberoftheLikudparty,wasIsrael’sPrimeMinisterfrom1996until1999.DuringhistermasPrimeMinister,Netan-yahuimplementedpolicythatcombinedfightingterrorwithadvancementofthepeaceprocess.Itscornerstonewastheconclusionofwell-measuredagreementswiththePalestiniansthatinsistedonreciprocity.Duringhisthree-yearterm,thenumberofterrorattacksdrasticallydecreased.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, MCP 1978PhD Planning 1981CurrentlytheManagingDirectorofWorldBank,NgoziOkonjo-IwealawasthefirstwomantoholdthepositionofFinanceMinisterinNigeria.Duringhertermfrom2003to2006,shelaunchedanag-gressivecampaigntofightcorruption.Sheimple-mentedaseriesofeconomicandsocialreforms,includingazero-tolerancepolicyforcorruption;internationalandlocalgovernmentalcontractbid-ding;privatizingstate-ownedrefineries;andtheExtractiveIndustryTransparencyInitiative,whichaimstobringopennesstotheoilsector.Underherleadership,thecountryhastripleditsreservesfrom$7billionto$20billion;theannualGDPgrewat6percent;andinflationisdownfrom23percentto9.5percent.Okonjo-IwealastartedhercareerattheWorldBank,whereshewasthefirstwomanevertoachievethepositionsofvicepresidentandcorpo-ratesecretary.
I. M. Pei, SB Architecture 1940IeohMingPei,influentialmodernistarchitectandfounderofthefirmPeiCobbFreed&Partners,wasborninChinain1917.HecompletedhisBachelorofArchitecturedegreeatMITin1940.Peihasde-signedmorethan60buildings,includingtheJohnFitzgeraldKennedyLibraryinBoston,Massachu-setts,theGrandLouvreinParis,France,theMihoMuseuminShiga,Japan,theBankofChinaTowerinHongKong,andtheGatewayTowersinSingapore.
Tony Tan, SM Physics 1964FollowinghisdegreesfromMITandhisPhDfromtheUniversityofAdelaideinappliedmathematics,TantaughtmathematicsattheUniversityofSinga-pore.TanwaselectedtotheParliamentofSingaporein1979,andhasservedinnumerousleadershippositionsintheSingaporegovernment.InDecem-ber1991,TansteppeddownfromtheCabinettoreturntotheprivatesectorastheOverseas-ChineseBankingCorporation’sChairmanandChiefExecutiveOfficer.HerejoinedtheCabinetin1995asDeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterforDefense.InAugust2003,TanbecameDeputyPrimeMinisterandCo-ordinatingMinisterforSecurityandDefense.
89
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
International Entrepreneurs A2009KauffmanFoundationreportontheEntre-preneurialImpactofMITfoundthefollowing:
Alumni who were not U.S. citizens when admitted to MIT founded companies at different (usually higher per capita) rates relative to their American counter-parts, with at least as many remaining in the United States as are returning to their home countries....
About 30 percent of the foreign students who attend MIT found companies at some point in their lives. This is a much higher rate than for U.S. citizens who attend MIT. We assume (but do not have data that might support this) that foreign students are more inclined from the outset to become entrepre-neurs, as they had to seek out and get admitted
to a foreign university, taking on the added risks of leaving their families and their home countries to study abroad. (MIT has only its one campus in Cambridge, Mass., and, despite collaborations in many countries, does not operate any degree program outside of the United States.) We esti-mate that about 5,000 firms were started by MIT graduates who were not U.S. citizens when they were admitted to MIT. Half of those companies created by “imported” entrepreneurs, 2,340 firms, are headquartered in the United States, generating their principal revenue ($16 billion) and employment (101,500 people) benefits here.
Estimated Number of Companies Founded by International MIT Alumni
Location Total UnitedStates 2,340Europe 790LatinAmerica 495Asia 342
UnitedStates59%Europe
20%
LatinAmerica12%
Asia9%
Location of Companies Founded by International MIT Alumni
90 MIT Briefing Book
MITInternationalScienceandTechnologyInitia-tives(MISTI)program,MIT’sprimaryinternationalprogram,connectsMITstudentsandfacultywithresearchandinnovationaroundtheworld.Work-ingcloselywithanetworkofpremiercorporations,universitiesandresearchinstitutes,MISTImatchesover600MITstudentswithinternshipsandre-searchabroadeachyear.Afterseveralsemestersofculturalandlanguagepreparationoncampus,MISTIstudentsplungeintorigorous,practicalworkexperi-enceinindustryandinacademiclabsandoffices.Projectsaredesignedtoaligntheskillsandinterestsofthestudentwiththeneedsofthehost.MISTIalsoorganizestheMISTIGlobalSeedFunds,whichencourageMITstudentstoworkonfaculty-ledinternationalresearchandprojects.MISTIprogramsareavailableinAfrica,Belgium,Brazil,Chile,China,France,Germany,India,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Russia,Singapore,Spain,andSwitzerland.
MISTI’sapproachtointernationaleducationbuildsonMIT’sdistinctivetraditionsofcombiningclass-roomlearningandhands-onexperienceinUnder-graduateResearchOpportunities(UROPs),coopera-tiveprogramswithindustry,practiceschools,andinternships.Incontrasttootheruniversities’inter-nationalizationprogramsthatmainlyinvolvestudyabroad,MISTImatchesindividualstudentswithworkorresearchopportunitiesintheirownfields.http://web.mit.edu/misti/
Hereareafewexamplesfromthemorethan4,000studentsMISTIhasplacedsinceitbeganbysendingahandfulofinternstoJapanattheendofthe80s:
ChemicalEngineeringstudentNathaliaRodriguezworkedongenetherapyformusculardystrophyatGenpole,aFrenchbiotechcluster.
MatthewZedler,aMechanicalEngineeringgradu-ate,examinedChineseautogrowthandenergyatCambridgeEnergyResearchAssociatesinBeijing.
PhysicsmajorJasonBryslawskyjdesignedsupercon-ductingmagneticbearingsforelectricmotorsatSie-mensinGerman.HewrotetwopatentsatSiemens.
AmmarAmmar,anEECSundergrad,designedandtestedaGoogle/YouTubeprojectatGoogleIsrael.
Photo Credit: MISTI
MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives
91
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
MISTI Annual Internship Placements 1994 - 2012
Year* Japan China Germany India Italy France Mexico Spain Israel Brazil Chile Korea Russia Singapore MISTI
1983-1994 318 318
1995 33 2 35
1996 42 22 64
1997 36 27 22 85
1998 28 45 38 6 117
1999 35 34 33 16 1 119
2000 37 46 37 17 5 142
2001 23 59 38 11 9 29 169
2002 29 48 51 0 12 31 171
2003 37 14 50 6 14 49 170
2004 33 34 59 16 8 45 1 196
2005 30 27 69 24 13 34 9 206
2006 33 29 84 26 5 44 10 1 2 234
2007 32 33 85 38 33 35 19 27 302
2008 34 62 75 35 28 45 26 38 15 358
2009 30 53 96 42 26 81 24 48 33 433
2010 38 54 88 55 44 84 29 49 37 5 483
2011 24 65 107 47 50 97 36 49 50 6 531
2012 27 82 109 50 53 94 41 51 67 17 27 5 10 18 651
Total 872 654 932 339 248 574 154 212 137 11 27 5 10 18 4,784
MISTI Student Internship Expansion
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
*TheMISTIyearrunsfromSeptember1-August31
92 MIT Briefing Book
Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations Current Selected Projects Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPMAgroupofMechanicalEngineeringfacultyhaveenteredintoaseven-yearresearchandeducationalcollaborationwithKingFahdUniversityofPetro-leumandMinerals(KFUPM)inDhahran,SaudiArabia,leadingtothecreationoftheCenterforCleanWaterandCleanEnergyatMITandKFUPMwithinthedepartment.TheCenter’sresearchfocusesonwaterdesalinationandpurificationandonlow-carbonenergyproductionfrombothsolarenergyandfossilfuels.Additionalresearchactivitiesinvolvedesignandmanufacturing,withafocusontechnologiesrelatedtowaterandenergyproduc-tion.Thiscollaborationbeganinfall2008.Duringthefirstyear,adiversegroupofapproximately20MITfacultyparticipatedintheCenteralongwith35MITgraduatestudentsand10MITpostdocs.Inad-dition,theCenterincludesaprogramtobringSaudiArabianwomentoMITforresearchandeducationalactivities.TheCenterisdirectedbyJohnH.LienhardVandco-directedbyKamalYoucef-Toumi.
Reinventing the WheelAnewbicyclewheeldesignedbyMITresearcherscanboostarider’spowerwhiletrackingtherider’sfriends,fitness,smog,andtraffic.Thewheel,calledtheCopenhagenWheel,storesenergyeverytimetheriderbrakes,whichcanthenbeusedtoassisttherideringoingupahilloraddaburstofspeedintraffic.Inadditiontostoringpower,theCopenha-genWheelusesaseriesofsensorsandaBluetoothconnectiontotherider’siPhonetocollectdataaboutthebicycle’sspeed,directionanddistancetraveled,aswellaspickingupdataonairpollu-tion,andeventheproximityoftherider’sfriends.Theresultingdatacanbothhelptheindividualrider—forexample,byprovidingfeedbackonfit-nessgoals—andhelpthecity(iftheuseroptstosharetheinformation)bybuildingadatabaseofairquality,popularbikingroutes,andareasoftrafficcongestion.TheCopenhagenWheelwasdevelopedbyCarloRattiandwasfundedbythecityofCopen-hagen,theItaliancompanyDucati,andtheItalianenvironmentministry.
93
Global Engagement
MIT Briefing Book
Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations (in U.S. Dollars)Fiscal Years 2008-2012
International Sponsor Type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Foundationsandothernonprofits 11,299,312 17,314,194 23,170,052 20,233,545 25,025,346
Government 17,444,906 26,299,968 32,633,438 32,471,318 37,712,878
Industry 25,582,009 31,988,543 40,642,427 45,603,282 48,133,890
Total 54,326,226 75,602,705 96,445,918 98,308,146 110,872,115
Constantdollars* 58,396,824 80,148,565 101,265,060 101,188,454 110,872,115
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research
Expe
nditu
resinM
illions
FiscalYear
InternationalFoundationsandotherNonprofits
InternationalGovernment
InternationalIndustry ConstantDollars
*ConstantdollarsarecalculatedusingtheConsumerPriceIndexforAllUrbanConsumersweightedwiththefiscalyear2012equaling100.
94
95
PrinciplesofMITUndergraduateFinancialAid 96WhoPaysforanMITUndergraduateEducation 97FormsofUndergraduateFinancialAid 98SourcesofUndergraduateFinancialAid 99
6 Undergraduate Financial Aid
96 MIT Briefing Book
Undergraduate Financial AidPrinciples of MIT UndergraduateFinancial Aid
Asaresultoftheseguidingprinciples,theInstitutehashistoricallyassumedanincreasinglyhigherpercentageofnetundergraduatetuitionandfees,whichreducesthecosttothestudent.However,2011and2012sawslightincreasesinnettuitionandfeeswhencomparedtototaltuitionandfees,asexhibitedbythechartbelow.
*Nettuitionandfeescalculatedasgrossundergraduatetuitionandfeesreceived,minusMITundergraduatescholarships.
ToensurethatMITremainsaccessibletoallquali-fiedstudentsregardlessoftheirfinancialresources,MITiscommittedtothreeguidingfinancialaidprinciples:
•Need-blindadmissions:MITrecruitsandenrollsthemosttalentedandpromisingstudentswith-outregardtotheirfinancialcircumstances.
•Need-basedfinancialaid:MITawardsaidonlyforfinancialneed.Itdoesnotawardundergraduatescholarshipsforacademicorathleticachieve-mentsorforothernon-financialcriteria.
•Meetingthefullneed:MITguaranteesthateachstudent’sdemonstratedfinancialneedisfullymet.
Net Undergraduate Tuition and Fees as a Percentage of Total Tuition and Fees*
97
Undergraduate Financial Aid
MIT Briefing Book
Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate Education In2011–2012,theannualpriceofanMITeducationtotaled$55,670perstudent—$40,460fortuitionandfees,$11,775forroomandboard,anestimated$2,763forbooks,supplies,andpersonalexpenses,andaper-studentaverageof$400fortravel.With4,363undergraduatesenrolled,thecollectivepriceforundergraduateswas$242.9million.Ofthisamount,familiespaid$121.1million,or50percent,andfinancialaidcoveredtheremaining50percent.SinceMITsubsidizesthecostofeducatingunder-
graduatesthroughitstuitionpricingandcontinuestobethelargestsourceoffinancialaidtoitsunder-graduates,theInstituteistheprimarysourceforpayingforanMITundergraduateeducation,andfamiliesthesecondarysource.
Additionally,forstudentswhoreceivedMITschol-arships,thefamilyshareismainlybasedonfamilyincomewithneedierfamiliespayingasignificantlysmallershareoftheprice.
*Medianfamilyincomeforthe2011–2012MITscholarshiprecipientsis$82,389.†Averagescholarshippackageequalstheaveragescholarshipfromanysource(institutional,federal,state,andprivate)forMITscholarshiprecipientsonly.††FamilyshareofpriceiscomputedasthedifferencebetweeneachMITscholarshiprecipient’sexpensebudgetandtheiraveragescholarshippackage;itmaydifferfromthecalculatedfamilycontribution.
Family income of MIT undergraduates*
Number of MIT scholarship recipients
Percent of Undergraduates
with MIT Scholarship
Average scholarship package†
Family share of price††
Financial aid share of price
$0-25,000 380 98% $49,952 10% 90%$25,001-50,000 460 100% $48,195 13% 87%$50,001-75,000 385 97% $44,298 20% 80%$75,001-100,000 370 97% $37,621 32% 68%$100,001-125,000 320 95% $31,696 43% 57%$125,001-150,000 306 91% $24,049 57% 43%$150,001-175,000 212 83% $18,511 67% 33%$175,001-200,000 108 65% $15,515 72% 28%$200,001andup 128 8% $10,618 76% 24%Totals 2,669 60% $15,168 41% 59%
Average 2011–2012 Scholarship Packages and Share of Price by Family Income for MIT scholarship recipients
98 MIT Briefing Book
Forms of Undergraduate Financial AidTheprimaryformoffinancialaidtoMITunder-graduatesisgrantsorscholarships—termsthatareusedinterchangeably,althoughgrantsaregiftaidbasedonneedandscholarshipsaregiftaidbasedonmerit.Theshareofundergraduatefinancialaidintheformofgrants/scholarshipsissteadilyrisingwithMIT’seffortstoreducestudentself-help(i.e.loanandjobexpectations).Since2005–2006theshareofundergraduateaidintheformofgrants/scholarshipsrosefrom80.9to86.6percentwhiletheshareintheformofstudentloansfellfrom11.1to6.7percent,andterm-timeworkdecreasedfrom8.0to6.7percent.
Fromthestudents’perspective,grantsarethesoleformofaidthatunambiguouslyincreasesthefinan-cialaccessibilityofcollege,sincetheydon’trequire
repaymentanddon’tincreasethestudents’indebt-edness.ThepreponderanceofgrantaidatMITsetstheInstituteapartfromthenationaltrendtowardstudentloansastheprimaryformofundergraduatefinancialaid.
Overthelastacademicyear,22percentofunder-graduatesborrowed$8.2millioninstudentloansfromallsources.Theaverageloanwas$8,480.Stu-dentemploymentfromon-campusjobsandFederalWork-StudyProgrampositions(whichincludebothon-andoff-campuswork)totaled$8.2million,with63percentofundergraduatesworkingandearninganaverageof$2,971each.
Types of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates2011–2012
Amounts of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates, 2011–2012
AidType Amount($)GrantsandScholarships 105,467,161StudentLoans 8,217,126Term-timeemployment 8,153,365Total 121,837,652
GrantsandScholarships
86%
Studentloans7%
Term-time employment
7%
99
Undergraduate Financial Aid
MIT Briefing Book
Sources of Undergraduate Financial AidIn2011–2012,MITprovided77.7percentofundergraduatefinancialaid.Thefederalgovern-mentprovided12.7percent,andtheremaining9.6percentcamefromstateandprivateresources.MITalsodiffersherefromthenationaltrendofrelyingonthefederalgovernmentasthelargestsourceoffinancialaid.
MIT Financial AidNinety-threepercentofthefinancialaidthatMITprovidescomesintheformofgrants.In2011–2012,approximately61percentofMITundergraduatesreceivedanMITgrant,averaging$32,917each.ThesegrantscomeprimarilyfromMIT’sendowedfunds,giftsfromalumniandfriends,andgeneralInstitutefunds.
Federal Financial AidTheU.S.DepartmentofEducationisthesecond-largestsourceoffinancialaidtoMITundergradu-ates.MITparticipatesintheFederalPellGrantandtheFederalSupplementalEducationalOpportunityGrant,allofwhichprovideneed-basedaid.Approxi-mately20percentofMITundergraduatesreceivePellGrants.AsofJune30th,2011,theAcademicCompetitivenessGrantandtheNationalScienceandMathematicsAccesstoRetainTalentGrantPro-gramswereeliminated.
MITundergraduatesalsoreceiveRobertC.ByrdScholarships,thefederallyfunded,state-adminis-teredgrantswhichrecognizeexceptionallyablehighschoolseniors.
FortypercentofthefederalaidthatMITundergrad-uatesreceiveisintheformofloans.In2011–2012,approximately20percentofMITundergraduatesre-ceivedafederalloan,whichaveraged$7,118each.
MITisalenderundertheFederalPerkinsLoanProgram,whichprovidessubsidizedstudentloans;andtakespartintheFederalDirectLoanProgram,
whichoffersbothsubsidizedandunsubsidizedloans.ItalsoparticipatesintheFederalWork-StudyProgram,whichprovidesstudentjobs,includingpaidcommunityservicepositions.Alloftheseprogramsarepartnershipsbetweenthegovernmentandparticipatinginstitutions,whereinstitutionsmatchthefederalcontributionswiththeirownfunds.MIThasparticipatedintheseprogramssincetheirincep-tionandvaluestheirroleinmakinganMITeduca-tionaccessibletoallqualifiedstudents.
Inaddition,MITundergraduatesreceivefederalaidfortheirparticipationintheAirForce,Army,andNavyROTC.Thisaidisnotbasedonneed.
Private and State Financial AidPrivatesourcesoffinancialaid—includingcharitableandcivicorganizations,corporations,foundations,banks,andotherfinancialinstitutions—arethethird-largestsourceoffinancialaidtoMITunder-graduates.Thisaidincludesprivategrantsandalter-nativestudentloans(socalledtodistinguishthemfromfederalloans).
Studentsreceiveprivatescholarshipsinrecogni-tionoftheiracademicaccomplishments,athleticormusicalskills,careerinterests,andmanyothercri-teria.Alternativeloansordinarilyareunsubsidizedandarebasedonthecostofeducation,lessotherfinancialawards,withoutanyadditionalconsider-ationforfinancialneed.
Severalstates,inadditiontoMassachusetts,allowtheirresidentstoreceiveastategrantwhileattend-ingMIT.ThesestatesincludeConnecticut,Delaware,Maine,NewHampshire,Pennsylvania,RhodeIslandandVermont.Moststategrantsareneed-based.NostateloanoremploymentprogramsareavailabletoMITundergraduates.
100 MIT Briefing Book
ThefollowingchartsummarizesthesourcesandtypesoffinancialaidMITundergraduatesreceivedin2011–2012.
†Thetotalcolumnandrowareunduplicatednumbersofstudents.
Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates, 2011–2012
AidSource Amount($)MIT 94,632,625Federal 15,524,612State 214,812Private 11,465,603Total 121,837,652
Grants and Scholarships Student Loans Term-time Employment Total†Source Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) StudentsMIT 87,856,306 2,669 201,400 68 6,574,919 2,322 94,632,625 3,567
Federal 7,767,350 1,036 6,178,816 868 1,578,446 522 15,524,612 1,960State 214,812 115 N/A N/A N/A N/A 214,812 115Private 9,628,693 1,280 1,836,910 95 N/A N/A 11,465,603 1,349Total† 105,467,161 3,238 8,217,126 969 8,153,365 2,744 121,837,652 3,901
Undergraduate Financial Aid 2011–2012
MIT78%
Federal13%
Private9%
*Statefinancialaidamountsforlessthanonepercentofaid.
Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates* 2011–2012
101
PublicServiceCenter 103KeyPrograms 104SelectedRecentProjects 105
7 Service to Local, National, and World Communities
102 MIT Briefing Book
Service to Local, National, and World CommunitiesFoundedwiththemissionofadvancingknowledgetoservethenationandtheworld,MIThasbeenstronglycommittedtopublicservicefromitsstart.MembersoftheMITcommunityhelpedbuildtheBostonPublicLibraryinthelate19thcenturyanddamtheCharlesRiverearlyinthe20thcentury.ResearchanddevelopmentduringWorldWarIIincludedradarsystems;submarineandaircraftdetectionsystems;along-rangenavigationschemebasedonradarprinciples;theSCR-584radarfordirectinganti-aircraftfire;theGroundControlledApproachSystemforlandingaircraftinlowvisibility;andtheDraperGunSightwhichpositionsagunattheproperleadangletofireatmovingtargets.
In1985,EricChivian,aphysicianinMIT’smedicaldepartmentandafounderofInternationalPhysi-ciansforthePreventionofNuclearWar,shareda
NobelPeacePrizeforthegroup’sservicetohuman-ity.Morerecently,AmySmith,anMITalumnaandmechanicalengineeringinstructorinMIT’sEdgertonCenter,wonaMacArthur“geniusgrant”forhercommitmenttoinventingsimpletechnologiestosolveproblemsintheworld’spoorestplaces,suchaslowcostwater-purificationsystems,orasimpleandefficienttechnologyforgrindinggrain.
WhileMITfaculty,students,andstaffregularlyengageinconventionalprojectssuchasraisingmoneyforhurricanevictims,renovatingoldhousing,orrestoringlocalnaturereserves,MIT’sscientificandtechnologicalorientationgivesitspublicserviceoutreachaparticularemphasis.Manyofitspublicserviceprogramsarespecificallydevotedtoinventingnewtechnologiesandapplyingnewknowledgethatwilladvancesocialwell-being.
103
Service to Local, National, and World Communities
MIT Briefing Book
MIT Public Service Center ThePublicServiceCenter(PSC)offersMITstudentsmultiplewaystoassistcommunitiesbeyondMITwhileexpandingtheirowneducationandlifeexperiences.Theguidance,resources,andsupportofferedbythePSChelpstudentstoidentifypublicserviceoptionsthatsuittheirpassionsandabilities.
ThePSChelpsstudentsgainhands-onexperi-encesthatservecommunitiesandthestudentsthemselvesinlife-transformingways.Throughfellowships,internships,andgrants,theIDEASGlobalChallenge,programssuchasFourWeeksforAmericaandtheFreshmenUrbanProgram,commu-nityservicework-studypositions,andadvisingresources,studentshavetheopportunitytoengageinavarietyofopportunities.
Fellowships, Value-Added Internships, and Grants InlocationsasnearasBostonorasfarasIndia,therearemanyopportunitiestoworkoncommuni-tyissues,whetherdesigningcommunityspacesfordomesticviolencesurvivorsinBoston,scrutinizinglaborpracticesintheelectronicsindustryinMexico,ortestinganelectronicpillboxinIndia.
IDEAS Global Challenge Studentsformteamstoworkwithacommunitypartnertodesignandimplementinnovativeproj-ectsthatimprovethequalityoflifeincommunitiesaroundtheworld.Since2001,theIDEASGlobalChallengehasawardedover$400,000tomorethan75teamstomaketheirideasareality.Asaresultofimplementationfundsawardedtoteams,communi-tiesaroundtheworldhavedirectlybenefitedfromtheseinnovations.
Programs, Planning, and VolunteeringThroughlocaloutreachprograms,MITstudentscanworkwithaK–12scienceclassroom,serveasamentortoadolescentsinmathandscience,orteachachildtoread.IntheFourWeeksforAmericaprogram,studentsworkwithTeachforAmericateachersduringtheIndependentActivitiesPeriodtohelpdevelopinnovativewaystoteachscienceandmathandincreaseclassroomlearning.StudentLeadersinService,partofAmeriCorps,allowsstudentstovolunteerinthecommunityinexchangeforaneducationaward.Also,PSCstaffadvisestudentsaboutinternationalandlocalvolunteeropportunities,servicegroupmanage-ment,grantsandproposalwriting,andotherareasthathelpMITstudentsandgroupstoparticipateincommunityservice.
104 MIT Briefing Book
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action LabTheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLab(J-PAL)isanetworkofaffiliatedprofessorsaroundtheworldwhoareunitedbytheiruseofrandomizedevaluationstoanswerquestionscriticaltopovertyalleviation.J-PAL’smissionistoreducepovertybyensuringthatpolicyisbasedonscientificevidence.J-PALworkstoachievethisbyconductingrigorousimpactevaluations,buildingcapacity,andinformingpolicy.J-PALisorganizedbothbyregionalofficesandbyresearchthemescalledPrograms.J-PAL’sheadquartersisacenterwithintheMITDepartmentofEconomics,withindependentregionalofficesinAfrica,Europe,LatinAmerica,andSouthAsiathatarehostedbylocaluniversities.J-PAL’sprogramsincludeagriculture,education,energyandenviron-ment,finance,health,labormarkets,andpoliticaleconomyandgovernance.
D-LabD-Labisaprogramthatfostersthedevelopmentofappropriatetechnologiesandsustainablesolutionswithintheframeworkofinternationaldevelopment.D-Lab’smissionistoimprovethequalityoflifeoflow-incomehouseholdsthroughthecreationandimplementationoflow-costtechnologies.D-Lab’sportfoliooftechnologiesalsoservesasaneduca-tionalvehiclethatallowsstudentstogainanopti-misticandpracticalunderstandingoftheirrolesinalleviatingpoverty.D-Labseekstogiveeachstudentadeepandmeaningfulexperienceandiscommittedtomakingalong-lastingimpactinthecommunitieswheretheywork.Thiscannothappenremotely,andthusD-Labprovidesanopportunityforfieldworktoeachstudentandmaintainsstrongrelationshipswithpartnerorganizations.Asaresult,D-Laboffersaveryuniqueeducationalopportunityforuniversitystudents.D-LabispartoftheInternationalDevelop-mentInitiativeatMIT(seefollowingentry).
Key Programs International Development Initiative InternationaldevelopmentisagrowingareaofinterestforstudentsandfacultyandakeypartofMIT’sgoalofadvancingglobaleducation.TheInter-nationalDevelopmentInitiative(IDI)contributestothevibrantinternationaldevelopmentecosystematMIT.IDIaimstoservetheMITcommunitythroughfourcorefunctions:programs,mentoring,getinvolved,andnetworking.OneoftheIDIprogramsistheannualMuhammadYunusInnovationChal-lengetoAlleviatePoverty.Theprogramhighlightsapressingneedoftheworld’spoorandenablesMITstudentstodevelopsolutionsthroughavarietyofmechanisms,includingPublicServiceFellowships,theIDEASGlobalChallenge,andD-Lab.
International Development Grants Thesegrantssupportinternationaldevelop-mentprojectsthatinvolveMITstudents.Faculty,students,andotherMITcommunitymemberscanusethemtocovermaterials,travel,andotherexpensesinprojectsthatservecommunitiesindevelopingregions.
Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship TheLegatumCenterforDevelopmentandEntre-preneurshipatMITwasfoundedonthebeliefthateconomicprogressandgoodgovernanceinlow-in-comecountriesemergefromentrepreneurshipandinnovationsthatempowerordinarycitizens.Thecenteradministersahighlycompetitivefellowshipprogramforgraduatestudentswhointendtolaunchenterprisesindevelopingcountries.Thecenteralsoconvenesanannualconference,offerseduca-tionalprograms,andawardsseedgrantstosupportstudentteamsworkingoninnovativeprojectsinemergingeconomies.
105
Service to Local, National, and World Communities
MIT Briefing Book
Selected Recent Projects Cell Phone Applications in Developing Countries Withmorethan4billionusersworldwide,cellphoneshavebecomeoneoftheworld’smostreadilyavailabletechnologies.MITstudentsareusingthesecommondevicestobringlife-changingtechnologytodevelopingcountries.StudentsfromMITMediaLab’sNextLabprogramhavecreatedanopensourcemedicaldiagnosisapplicationcalledMobileCare,orMoca.Theapplicationgivesresi-dentsofunderdevelopedruralareaseasyaccesstodiagnosticmedicalcare.Zaca,alsoaNextLabproject,aimstoeconomicallyempowerfarmersintheMexicanstateofZacatecas.Theapplicationconnectsfarmerstoapeer-to-peernetworktohelpthemobtainfairpricingfortheircrops.YetanotherNextLabproject,Celedu,shortforcellulareduca-tion,isteachingchildreninruralIndianvillagestoreadusingcellphone-basedgamesandquizzes.AdnanShahid,afellowattheLegatumCenterforDevelopmentandEntrepreneurship,isdevelopingacellphonerecyclingprograminPakistan.AnotherLegatumfellow,RaviInukonda,isdevelopingaprogramtobringmobileservices,suchasupdatesonwaterandpowershutdownsandcurrentmarketratesforproduce,toruralphoneusersinIndia.
Gasoline Storage Tank Leak Detection DevelopedbyAndrewHeafitz,agraduatestudentinMechanicalEngineering,andCarlDietrich,agradu-atestudentinAeronauticsandAstronautics,thisnewlow-costtechnologyenablesownersofgasolinetanksindevelopingcountriestocontinuallytestthewaterinthetanks’monitorwells,thusreducingtherisksofenvironmentalandhealthdamagecausedwhenthetanksleak.Ifthesystemdetectsgasolineinthewell,awindowinthewellcoverchangesfromgreentored;andbecausetheynolongerhavetounboltthecover,tankownerscancheckwellsforcontaminationmuchmorefrequently.Thenewsys-temreplacestheneedforbothunaffordableelec-tronicdetectionequipmentandthetediousprocessoftestingwatermanually.Asimplepractical,andinherentlysafemechanicalsystem,thetechnologyisparticularlyusefulforaverycost-sensitiveindustry.
Inexpensive Glasses: Sight for the Poor Asmanyas1.4billionpeoplearoundtheworldneedcorrectivelensesbutcan’taffordthem.Notonlyistheirqualityoflifesignificantlyreduced,buttheirproductivityalsoslows,theyaremorepronetoaccidents,and,insomecases,theycan’tfunc-tion.Asanalternativetofarmoreexpensiveglassmoldingmachinescurrentlyinuse,MITMediaLabgraduatestudentSaulGriffithinventedaportablemachinewithaprogrammablemoldthatformsalow-costacryliclensintheexactshaperequiredinabout10minutes.
Monitoring Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis with Personal Digital AssistantsTreatmentofdrug-resistanttuberculosisisatwo-yearprocessthatinvolvesclosemonitoringoftreat-mentschedules.Inareaswithoutelectronicrecords,thisprocessgenerateshugeamountsofpaperwork.JoaquinBlaya,aHarvard-MITHealthSciencesandTechnologyPh.D.student,workedwithMITfacultyandexpertsatBrighamandWomen’shospitaltocreateapersonaldigitalassistantapplicationtotrackthesetreatmentschedules.Theprogram’sgoalwastoimprovedoctors’accesstotimelyandaccuratetestresults.WhenitwaslaunchedinLima,Peru,theapplicationreducedtheaveragetimeittooktestresultstoreachdoctorsfrom23daysto8days.TheprogramhassincebeenimplementedinallfiveofLima’sdistricts.
106 MIT Briefing Book
Passive Incubator for Premature Infants Everyyear,4millioninfantsdiewithinthefirst28daysoflife.Ofthisnumber,3.9millionliveinthedevelopingworld.Complicationsofprematurity—mostfrequentlyheatlossanddehydration—cause24percentofthesedeaths.Electricincubatorscanminimizethisproblem,butinthedevelopingworldthelackofelectricityinmostruralregionsandthefrequentlossofpowerinurbanareasrenderthistechnologyworthless.Usingphase-changematerialthatonceheated,forexamplebywoodorcoalfire,maintainsitstemperaturefor24hours,anddevisingwaystouseindigenousrawmaterialsforanoutershell,ateamofMITstudentsaredesigningalow-costincubatorthatwilloperatewithoutelectricity.ThestudentsnowarereviewingtheirdesignwithMédecinsSansFrontièresinSriLanka,andoncetheyhavebuiltaworkingmodel,theywillmeetwithSriLankanstoimplementfieldtests.
Selected Recent Projects (continued)
Portable Pedal-Powered Corn Processor InTanzaniaandotherpartsofAfrica,processingthecornharvestisalabor-intensiveprocessthatcanlastaslongastwoweeks.Abicycle-poweredmachine,adaptedbyMITundergraduateJodieWu,canmakethisprocessupto30timesfaster.Wudesignedthebicycleadd-onasaD-Lab:Designclassproject,creatingamachinethatwasbothafford-ableandportable.Previousmodelshadrequiredcompleteconversionofabicycle,makingthebikeunrideable.Wurefinedthecornshellersoitcouldbeattachedtothechainofaregularbicycleandthenlaterremoved.Wuthenspentasummervisit-ingvillagesinTanzaniaintroducingthedevice.
Institutional
Research
Produced by Institutional Research in the Office of the Provosthttp://web.mit.edu/ir/