Brief Response

• How will the US economic failure in 1929 affect the global economy?

• the developing world (Latin America, Asia) will not be able to sell their exports

• Germany and Japan saw trade fall and would blame US, Britain, and France.

• France and Britain could not pay their debts to US banks.

• US banks failed and many Americans lost work and wealth.

10.7 Students analyze the rise of totalitarian governments after World War I.

10.7.1 Understand the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution, including Lenin's use of totalitarian means to seize and maintain control (e.g., the Gulag).

10.7.2 Trace Stalin's rise to power in the Soviet Union and the connection between economic policies, political policies, the absence of a free press, and systematic violations of human rights (e.g., the Terror Famine in Ukraine).

10.7.3 Analyze the rise, aggression, and human costs of totalitarian regimes (Fascist and Communist) in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, noting especially their common and dissimilar traits.

10.7 The Rise of Totalitarianism:

Mussolini, Stalin, Hitler

p. 434 Fascism Begins in Italy

A Winner is a Loser?• During World War I, Italy made a dishonorable

choice…… (2)– It changed sides, becoming a traitor to its old allies, Germany

and Austria-Hungary – It accepted a bribe of lands made by its new allies, France and

Britain• When the War ended, Italy was mistreated by its new

allies, not respected…..– Britain and France did not give Italy ALL the land it had been

promised.• Some lands went to the new Serbian-led nation of Yugoslavia.

• Italians were outraged and spiteful toward France and Britain.

Other Italian problems in the early 1920s included: (6)

• Soviet Union sent Comintern agents to help Italian Communists– Led strikes and street demonstrations– Peasants seized lands – Workers seized factories

• Labor unions demanded better conditions• Trade declined• Returning veterans came home to unemployment• Taxes rose• The coalition government was full of arguing factions and

parties.

Benito Mussolini:

• A lower class man. – Veteran.

• He formed a new political party, combining….. – Socialism:

• using the government to make life better for the people. Still allowing capitalism.

– Nationalism: • using the government to protect the people from

internal and external dangers.

Fascism:

• a centralized, authoritarian government that is nationalistic, anti-democratic, and socialist.

• Italy—Fascists• Germany—Nazis• Japan—Ultranationalists

1919

• Mussolini began the ______movement, • Fascist

– Supported by (2)• fellow unhappy veterans • other discontented Italians.

• They began the National Fascist Party. (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF)

• They promoted: (2)– An end to government corruption– Social law and order

• Extreme nationalism• Action not talk

– Violence – Discipline– War

• Emotional not reasonable• National expansion• Struggle for survival, “survival of the fittest”• Anti-democracy • Anti-communist• Anti-equality• Anti-freedom• Unthinking obedience to the state• Supremacy of the state

Fascism as a practice: (10)

Black Shirts:• Fascists had teams of “combat squads”, wearing

black. • They were copying earlier Italian nationalists. • They:

– Were against democracy– Favored violent action against people they believed

dangerous to Italy• Socialists• Leftist press• Farmer cooperatives

– Intimidated and terrorized elected officials until they quit the government

– Were supported by most Italians who no longer trusted the old society.

March on Rome:• In 1922, Mussolini and Black Shirts demanded

control of the national government.

• King Vittorio Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to be prime minister and form a new government.

• He became the legal leader of Italy.

Totalitarian State:

• One party rules the entire government • controls much or most of every citizen’s

life.

Mussolini’s government: (5)

• Suppressed rival parties• Controlled the press• Rigged elections

– Put Fascist supporters into the legislature• Won support from Pope Pius XI

– (Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent nation state)

• Used a secret police to control opposition– Critics imprisoned, exiled, or murdered

• Use of various multimedia propaganda techniques to make the leader or ruling party

• “larger than life”• Win popular support

• Look like are just people, “political theater”

“Cult of Personality”:

Connection with Past Glory• Italian Fascists used it to connect their

20th century nation with the greatness of the ____ Empire.

• Roman

What made Fascism appealing to Italians? (6)

• Strong, stable government• No political parties arguing as in a

democracy• Quick decisions• Feeling of power and confidence from the

leader• Promise to end dangers inside and outside

of Italy• National pride.

On a separate paper--Italo Balbo quote: p. 434

• What is Balbo angry about? (3)

• What kind of government action is he looking for? (3)

Answers:

• What is Balbo angry about?– Bad economy, veterans could not find jobs.– Corrupt politicians– Britain and France cheat Italy, not giving it all the

lands they promised.• What kind of government action is he looking

for?– Honest government– End the chaos, bring law and order– Wants Italian pride, strength, and world respect

• Used propaganda to make him popular across Italy. In what forms? (11)– Statues, – art– Posters, – banners– Newspapers– magazines– Radio– Rallies (electronic PA systems), – parades– film.– Music

Mussolini’s government:

Living for the State:• Loyalty to state more important than individual rights• Propaganda told all citizens to “____! ____! ____!” (3)• Believe! Obey! Fight!• Men encouraged to be violent, ruthless warriors ready to fight for

Italian glory• Women lost jobs as government expected them to return home and

raise many Italian babies.– Mothers of 14 or more got a medal from Mussolini, in person!

• Children put into strict, militaristic youth groups • The Balilla

– Ancient Roman glory– Patriotic songs, chants, and hymns

• “Mussolini is always Right!”

World Opinion

• Many nations, even democracies, initially applauded Mussolini… (2)– Bringing social order

• Eliminating communists and other radicals

– Developing economic strength

• This admiration would change when (2)– he began attacking north and east Africa, – threatened neighbors in Europe.

Mussolini’s totalitarian state and “cult of personality” will be a model for ___

• Josef Stalin– will reign similarly, but develop his own, similar methods,

• Though he lacked the flamboyant personality.

– though adapted for his form of Communism • Adolf Hitler,

• who will become dictator of Germany, in the 1930s

– Tech point: Stop after Italian visit

hwk

Standards Check, p. 435

• Question:’• It united Italians in their desire for a new,

more effective government, no matter how aggressive.

Standards Check, p. 436

• Question:• Fascist Italy:

– Government a dictatorship– Terror tactics– State controlled economy– Altered domestic life– Secret Police

• Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell'Antifascismo; “OVRA”

6, Thinking Critically, 436-7

• Question• 1• To create a constant flow of people willing

to serve the government• 2• to reinforce traditional roles• To create as many soldiers and loyal

citizens as possible.

Standards Check, p. 438

• Question:• Intense loyalty to the government and the

leader• Use of terror, • promotion of social change

Brief Response

• What was attractive about fascism to many Italians and many people in the rest of the world?

Dictatorship, p. 439

• Question• 1• Dictators suppress opponents with

violence, imprisonment, and death