Understanding Biotechnology & its Applications

Tulika P. Srivastava (tulika@iitmandi.ac.in)

IIT Mandi B.Tech 2nd year 3rd Sem (Aug Nov 2015)

Schedule:

Monday, Wednesday 11:00 AM 12:30 PMRoom #: A1-3

Why you are being taught this course?

Technology of hope

Applications in a wide range of fields to improve our life style

Multidisciplinary

Biotechnology industries

are booming rapidly

What is the broad objective of this course?

Broad objective of this course is to give an introduction to biotechnology and its applications in our daily life. This course will help you to get familiarized with various techniques that are used routinely towards this.

What is the Syllabus?

Unit 1 (1 hr): Introduction to biotechnology and the history of biotechnological developments with major milestones.

Unit 2 (3 hrs): Basic biology: Brief introduction to genes and genomes.

Unit 3 (5 hrs): Introduction to recombinant DNA technology and its application to genomics.

Unit 4 (4 hrs): Introduction to proteins and their products.

Unit 5 (5 hrs): Microbial biotechnology.

Unit 6 (5 hrs): Plant biotechnology.

Unit 7 (5 hrs): Animal biotechnology.

Unit 8 (5 hrs): Bioremediation and environmental biotechnology.

Unit 9 (5 hrs): Medical biotechnology.

Unit 10 (2 hrs): Biotechnology regulations and ethics.

Textbooks and References

Text Book:

Introduction to Biotechnology (3rd Edition) by William J. Thieman and Michael A. Palladino published by Benjamin-Cummings publishing company.

Other References:

Biotechnology for Beginners by Reinhard Rennebergpublished by Academic press.

Basic Biotechnology 3rd Edition by Ratledge Colin published by Cambridge university press.

Credits Distributions for IC136

Quiz 1: 20 %

Quiz 2: 20 %

Tutorial 1: 5 %

Tutorial 2: 5%

Final Exam: 50 %

What is Biotechnology?

"Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to

make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.

Examples:Yeast in bread making and alcohol productionUse of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful

organismsCloning of plants and animalsImproving rice quality

Biotechnology is drawn on

Pure biological sciences

(genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, etc.)

Knowledge and methods from outside biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, and biorobotics, etc.)

Pioneers in Biotechnology

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

1675 Dutch tradesman Father of Microbiolody Discovered bacteria using a simple microscopeVan Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: the infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 the bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in

1676 the vacuole of the cell. the spermatozoa in 1677. Van Leeuwenhoek had troubles with

Dutch theologists about his practice. the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682.[10]

Gregor Mendel

1863 Austrian monk who

conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s.

Often considered the founder of genetics.

Mendel summarized his findings in two laws: Law of Segregation Law of Independent

Assortment.

Louis Pasteur

1870s

French Chemist and Microbiologist

Disproved the notion of spontaneous generation, describing the role of bacteria in spoilage (germ theory of disease) and the scientific basis for fermentation

Created the rabies vaccine

Robert Hooke

1665

Invented the compound light microscope

First to observe cells in cork

Mechanics

Gravitation

Microscopy

Palaeontology

Astronomy

James Watson & Francis Crick

1953 Englishmen responsible

for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction data generated by Rosalind Franklin

Watson and Crick base pairing

Nobel Prize in 1962

Paul Berg

1972

Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another.

Used for the study of viral chromosomes

Historical Development of Biotechnology

1750 B.C.

Origins of biotechnology emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding

Domestication of animal for use as livestock

Selective breeding eg corn

Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation)

Use of natural enzymes in yogurt

Use of yeast to produce bread

Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer

1869 DNA is discovered in trout sperm by Friedrich

Miescher, an eminent physiological chemist from Basel, Switzerland

DNA was isolated, analyzed and recognized as a unique macromolecule

1919

The word biotechnology is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer Karl Ereky.

1928 Alexandar Flemming discovered and purified antibiotic

Penicillin

Discovered the mold Penicillium which inhibited the growth of bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus.

Accidental discovery

"When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer," Fleming would later say, "But I suppose that was exactly what I did."[2][5]

1940s-1950s

Widespread work is undertaken to investigate the structure and function of DNA

1980

The U.S. Supreme Court approved the patenting of genetically altered organisms.

1980s-1990s

A variety of GMOs and biotechnology techniques were introduced in fields from agriculture to medicine

Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals

Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants

1990s

First transgenic organisms (GMOs) were introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops.

Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offering natural insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis

1997

Dolly was the first animal cloned from diploid cells, produced in Scotland

Late 1990s-Early 2000s

Human cloning was outlawed in the U.S. and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research began to arise.

CELL THEORY

All living things are composed of cells and their products.

All cells arise from preexisting cells.

All cells are basically alike in composition and metabolic activities.

The function of an organism as a whole is the outcome of the activities and interactions of the constituent cells.

What is a cell?

Cell is the Structural and Functional unit of all organisms.

Basic Cell Plan

Prokaryotes

Pro = Primitive, karyon = nucleus

Contain neither nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Archaebacteria and Monera

Basic Cell Plan

Eukaryotes

(Eu = true, karyon = nucleus)

Contain double membrane nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals

PLASMA MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEOID

PROKARYOTIC BACTERIAL CELL

CELL WALL

PLASMID DNA

FLAGELLUM

Cytoplasm Contents

Carbohydrates

Fatty acids

Proteins Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structures

Enzymes proteins that can catalyze biochemical reactions

RNA ribonucleic acid messenger RNA (mRNA); transfer RNA

(tRNA);ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

Plasmids nonchromosomal genetic material (DNA)

The cytoplasm consists of water, nutrients and important biomolecules necessary for metabolism, growth and reproduction. These include:

CELL WALL

PLASMA MEMBRANE

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

NUCLEUS

CHROMATIN

NUCLEARMEMBRANE

MITOCHONDRIA VACUOLE

GOLGI BODY

PLANT CELL

PLASTID

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell wall: Absent Present

Shape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)

Vacuole: One or more small

vacuoles (much smaller

than plant cells).

One, large central vacuole

taking up 90% of cell

volume.

Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant

forms.

Chloroplast: Animal cells don't have

chloroplasts

Plant cells have

chloroplasts because they

make their own food

Plastids: Absent Present

Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and a cell

membrane

Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in

cytoplasm.

Lysosomes usually not

evident.

Cilia: Present It is very rare

Differences b/w Plant & Animal Cells

All cells possess a plasma membrane

Plasma membrane has phospholipid bilayer

and embedded glycoproteins a. Isolates cytoplasm from environment

b. Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell

c. Interacts with other cells/environment

The nucleus is eukaryotic cells genetic library which contains

most of the genes. Some genes are located in mitochondria

and chloroplasts.

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane.

Space between membranes is called the nuclear envelope (NE).

chromatin

DNA and associated proteins within the nucleus organized into fibrous material.

In a normal cell chromatin appears as diffuse mass.

chromosomes

When the cell prepares to divide, the chromatin fibers coil up to be seen as separate structures.

A typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, but sex cells (eggs and sperm, or gametes) have only 23 chromosomes.

The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA).

The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and combines with ribosomes to translate its

genetic message into the primary structure

of a specific polypeptide.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Manufactures membranes.

Performs a diversity of biosynthetic functions.

Smooth ER looks smooth because it lacks ribosomes.

Rough ER looks rough because bound ribosomes are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope.

Rough ER is also a membrane factory.

Membrane bound proteins are synthesized directly into the membrane.

Enzymes in the rough ER also synthesize phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol.

Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

These includes the sex hormones of vertebrates and adrenal steroids.

Enzymes in the smooth ER of the liver help detoxify drugs and poisons.

A center of

manufacturing,

warehousing, sorting,

and shipping.

packages proteins

inside the cell before

they are sent to their

destination;

it is particularly

important in the

processing of proteins

for secretion

Golgi Complex