brief history of typography · 2019-03-31 · typography • e-books, social media, self publishing...
TRANSCRIPT
Brief History of Typography
And Access to the Written Word (A Western Perspective)
Typography: the study, use and design of type, or sets of repeatable letterforms.
Earliest WritingMiddle East spreading into Europe
Roman AlphabetTimes New Roman is used today
Medieval Ages (400-1450)
• Religious Manuscripts • Hand-scribed calligraphy • Very time consuming • Blackletter, Gothic • Gold gilding, illumination • Books only available to the
Church or wealthy patrons
Wood Block Prints• Texts made more available in
the middle of the 15th century in Europe
• Need for more readable type
• Lowercase letters
• Whiteletter scripts Juan de Torquemada. Meditationes. Rome: Stephan Plannck, March 13, 1484. Rosenwald Collection. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (9)
Renaissance (1450-1650)• Great growth in art and science
• Rationalism over religion
• Rebirth of Greek and Roman classical ideas, art
• Development of moveable type technology
Moveable Type Printing PressBooks More Available
Age of Enlightenment (1650-1765)
• Logic and scientific reasoning
• Questioning convention and authority
• Art focusses on human nature, lifestyle, culture
• Sets the stage for Democratization and Globalization
Type Design as a
Profession
• Nicholas Jensen developed first full Roman Typeface - early 1400’s
• Aldus Manutius invents italics for miniaturized books - late 1400’s
• Geoffroy Troy bases letterforms on the ideal human form - early 1500’s
• Pierre Simon Fournier standardizes font sizing with the point system - early 1700’s
• John Baskerville’s Transition Font - mid 1700’s
Industrial Revolution (1765-1900)
• Steam engine, electric light, telephone
• People moving to the cities
• Mechanization of production
• Advertising, Typewriter, Steam powered press
• Beginning of “Modern Art Movement”
Simple, Readable Text Display Font, San Serif, Bold
Many Schools of Art and Design
International SchoolArt Nouveau
Arts and Crafts
Information Revolution• Helvetica, Times New Roman • ISOTYPE, International Typographic Style, infographics• Structure, legibility, readability, internationalism
Art DecoIndustrialization and product design leads to increasingly
decorative typography
Mid and Late Modern
Art of Rebellion 1960’s and 70’s
• Vietnam War
• Rock-n-Roll
• Drug Counterculture
• Political and Social unrest
Psychodelic
Grafitti
Figurative
Computer Age• Early Apple Fonts: Chicago, Geneva
• Laser Printer, Outline Fonts
• Font Standards
• Font Revival
• Anyone can design
Modern Age
• Experimentation
• Font as part of an overall design
• Legibility ????
• Grunge, Punk, New Wave, Deconstruction, Controlled Chaos, Rave, Broken and Chaotic
Current Trends in Typography
• E-books, Social Media, Self Publishing
• Responsive web design, reader’s choice
• Kinetic Typography
• Broken and Chaotic is still in fashion, but
• Clean, legible, minimalism has returned
Cutouts and Overlay
Wide kerning
Hidden Content
Hand Drawn Lettering
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