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Brief Contents
UNIT I Chapter 20 Eukaryotic Biology and Eukaryotic
Basic of Microbiology Chapter 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology 29 Chapter 2 A World 52 7
Chapter 3 Bacteria and 75
Microorganisms 612 Chapter 2 t Viral Diversity 641
2
Metabolism and Chapter 22 Methods in Microbial Ecology 670 Chapter 23 Major Microbial and Diversity 697 Chapter 24 Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and
Chapter 4 Nutrition, Culture, and 726 Microorganisms 113 Chapter 25 Microbial 748
Chapter 5 Microbial Growth 8
Aaents and Molecular Biology Gene
Chapter 6 Bacteria 178 Chapter 27 Microbial Interactions with 815 Chapter 7 and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology 219 Chapter 8 Regulation of Gene Expression 237
4
9
Chapter 28 and Host Defense 844
chapter 29 Chapter 9 and 264 Chapter 30 Molecular Immunology 887 Chapter 291 Chapter 11 Genetic Engineering 319 10
chapter 12 Microbial Diseases Chapter 31 Diagnostic Microbiology and 906 Chapter 32 941
11
DiveTsity and Biocatalyses
Chapter Phototrophy, and Major
Human- and Chapter 14 400 Chapter 15 Products and Biotechnology 439
Chapter 33 Microbial Diseases 972
UNIT 6 Chapter 34 Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial
Microbial Evolution and DiveTsity
Chapter 16 Evolution and 474 Chapter 17 503 Chapter 18 Bacteria 545 Chapter 35 Water , and Waterborne Microbial Diseases 1032 Chapter 19 Archaea 584
Chapter 36 Food Preservation and Microbial Diseases 1050
Brock Biology of Microorganisms2012
digitalisiert durch:IDS Basel Bern
Contents
About the Authors 3 2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial 61 Preface 5 2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life 62
15 III Microbial Diversity 64
Diversity 64 . . 1 2.9 Bacteria 66 210 Archaea 69
Phylogenetic Analyses of Natural Microbial Chapter 1 Microorganisms and 71
2 9 71
I Introduction to Microbiology 30 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 1.1 30 in Bacteria Archaea 75
Microbial Cells 31 Microorganisms and Their Environments 32 Cell 7 6
1.4 Evolution and the Extent Microbial Life 33 3.1 Cell Morphology 76 The Impact of Microorganisms on 35 3.2 Size and the of Smallness 77
II Pathways of Discovery in II The Cytoplasmic Membrane and Microbiology 38 Transport 79
The Historical Roots of Microbiology: Hooke, 3.3 The Cytoplasmic Membrane 79 van Leeuwenhoek, and Cohn 39 3.4 Functions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 82
1.7 the Defeat of Spontaneous 3.5 Transport and Transport Systems 83 Generation 40
Koch, Infectious Disease, and Pure Culture III Cell Wal l s P roka ryOteS 8 6
Microbiology 43 The Cell Wall of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan 86 1.9 Microbial Diversity 46 The Outer Membrane 88 1.10 The Microbiology 48 Cell Archaea 91
Microbial Sidebar Solid Media, Pure Cultures, and the Birth of IV Other Cell Surface Structures Microbial Systematics 45 and Inclusions 92
3.9 Cell Surface Structures 92
Chapter 2 A Brief Journey to the Microbial 3.10 Cell inclusions W o r l d 5 2 96
3.12 Endospores 97
V Microbial 101 I Seeing the Very 53 2.1 Some of Light Microscopy 53 2.2 Microscopy 54 3.13 and 101 2.3 Cells in 57 3.14 Gliding Motility 105 2.4 Electron Microscopy 58 3.15 Microbial Taxes 106
II Cell Structure and Evolutionary History 59 Microbial Sidebar The Cell Wal): A Complex
2.5 Elements of Microbial Structure 59 Upids 99
19
20 Contents
UNIT 2 and Microbial Growth 160 Effect of Temperature on Growth 162
Chapter 4 Nutrition, Culture, and of Microorganisms
Microbial Life in the 162 5.14 Microbial Life at High Temperatures 166
V Other Environmental Factors Nutrition and Culture of Microorganisms 114 Affect.ng Growth 168
5.15 Acidity and Alkalinity 168 5.16 Effects 169 5.17 Microorganisms 171 5.18 Toxic of Oxygen 174
Energetics and Enzymes Microbial Sidebar
4.1 Nutrition and Cell 114 4.2 Culture Media 4.3 Laboratory Culture 118
4.4 Bioenergetics 120 Microbial Growth in Aquatic Systems: 4.5 Catalysis and Enzymes 121 Cyanobacterial Blooms 161
Oxidation-Reduction and Energy-Rich Compounds 122
4.6 Electron Donors and Electron Acceptors 122 4.7 Energy-Rich Compounds and Energy Storage 125
of Catabolism 126
and Gene Expression Chapter 6 Molecular Biology of
DNA Structure and Genetic 4.8 Glycolysis 126 4.9 Respiration and Electron Carriers 129 Information 179 4.10 The Proton Motive Force 131 6.1 Macromolecules and Genes 179 4.11 The Citric Acid 133 6.2 The Double 181 4.12 Catabolic Diversity 134 6.3 Supercoiling 183
6.4 Chromosomes and Other Genetic Elements 184 V Essentials of 136 4.13 and Polysaccharides 136 and Plasmids 185 4.14 Biosynthesis Acids and Nucleotides 137 6.5 Escherichia coli 185 4.15 and Lipids 138 6.6 Plasmids: General 187 4.16 Activity of Enzymes 139 6.7 The Biology of Plasmids 189
Microbial Sidebar DNA Replication 190 Yeast Fermentation, the Pasteur Effect, and the
127 Templates and Enzymes 190 6.9 The Replication Fork 191
_ . 6.10 Bidirectional Replication and the Replisome 193 Chapter 5 Microbial Growth 145 . ,.
The Polymerase Cham (PCR) 197 f Bacterial Cell Division 146 5.1 Cell Growth and Binary Fission 146 5.2 Fts Proteins and Cell Division 146
IV RNA Synthesis: Transcription 198 Overview of Transcription 198
, „ 6.13 Factors and Consensus Sequences 200 5.3 and Cell Morphology 148 • •
, , . • • 201 5.4 149
Population Growth 151 structure and Synthesis 202
Polypeptides, Amino Acids, and the Peptide 202
Translation and the Genetic Code 203
5.5 The Concept of Exponential Growth 151 5.6 The Exponential Growth 152 5.7 The Microbial Growth Cycle 153
5.8 Continuous Culture: The Chemostat 154 T f RNA
III GrOWth 156 Synthesis 208 The Incorporation of Selenocysteine
5.9 156 and Pyrrolysine 211 5.10 157 and Secreting Proteins 211 5.11 159
Contents 21
Chapter 7 and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology 219
I Molecular Biology Archaea 220 7.1 Archaea 220 9 2 6 4 7.2 and Archaea 221 7.3 Archaea 223 Virus 265 7.4 Shared Features Bacteria Archaea 224 9.1 General Properties 265
9.2 the Virion 266 II Eukaryotic Molecular Biology 225 9.3 The Virus Host 269 7.5 Genes and Chromosomes Eukarya 225 ofViruses 269 7.6 Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Division 226 7.7 Linear DNA 227 Viral Repl icat ion 2 7 1 7.8 RNA Processing 228 9.5 General Virus Replication 271 7.9 Transcription and Translation in Eukarya 231 9.6 Viral Attachment and Penetration 271 7.10 RNA Interference (RNAi) 233 9.7 Production of Viral Nucleic Acid and Protein 273
Regulation by MicroRNA 234
Microbial Sidebar Inteins and Protein Splicing 231
Viral Diversity 275 9.8 Overview of Bacterial Viruses 275 9.9 Virulent Bacteriophages and T4 278
. . . . . Temperate Bacteriophages, and 279 Chapter 8 Regulation of Gene Expression 237 ft11
9.12 Retroviruses 283 I Overview of Regulation 238 8.1 Regulation 238 Subviral 2 8 5
9.13 Defective Viruses 285 9.14 Viroids 285 9.15 Prions 286
II DNA-Binding Proteins and Regulation of Transcription 238
8.2 DNA-Binding Proteins 239 8.3 Negative Transcription: Microbial Sidebar
Repression Induction 240 Did Viruses Invent DNA? 276
8.4 Positive Control of Transcription 242 8.5 Operon 244 C h a p t e r 0 G e n e t l C S 8.6 Control Transcription Archaea 245 2 9 1
III Sensing Transduction 246 Mutation 292 8.7 Regulatory Systems 246 10.1 Mutations and Mutants 292 8.8 Chemotaxis 248 10.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation 294 8.9 Quorum Sensing 249 10.3 Mutation Rates 296 8.10 The Stringent Response 251 10.4 Mutagenesis 297 8.11 Other Global Control Networks 252 10.5 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis: The Arnes Test 300
IV Regulation of Development Gene Transfer 301 in Mode l 2 5 3 10.6 Genetic Recombination 301
8.12 Sporulation in Bacillus 254 10.7 Transformation 303 8.13 Caulobacter Differentiation 255 10.8 Transduction 305
10.9 Conjugation: Essential Features 307 V Regulat ion 2 5 6 10.10 The and 8.14 RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA 256 Mobilization 309 8.15 Riboswitches 258 10.11 312 8.16 259 10.12 Gene Transfer in Archaea 313
10.13 Elements 314 Microbial Sidebar The Antiviral Defense System 257
2 2 Contents
Genetic Engineering 319 II 381 13.6 The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy 381
Methods DNA 320 382 11.1 Restriction and Enzymes 320 13.8 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds 382 11.2 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 322 13.9 Oxidation 384 11.3 Essentials of Molecular Cloning 323 13.10 Nitrification 386
Molecular Methods for Mutagenesis 325 Anammox 387 Gene Fusions and Reporter Genes 327
Major Biosyntheses: Autotrophy Gene Cloning 328 and Nitrogen Fixation 389
11.6 Plasmids as Cloning Vectors 328 The Calvin Cycle 389
Hosts for Cloning Vectors 330 Other Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophs 390 11.8 Shuttle Vectors and Expression Vectors 332 Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase 391 11.9 Bacteriophage as Vector 335 Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation 395
Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing 336
Microbial Chapter Catabolism of Organic Fluorescence Labeling 329 Compounds 400
Microbial 341 401 14.1 Energetic and Redox Considerations 401
a n d GenomiCS 3 4 2 14.2 and Mixed-Acid Fermentations 402
12.1 to Genomics 342 14.3 Clostridial and Propionic Acid Fermentations 405 12.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes 342 14.4 Fermentations Lacking Substrate-Level 12.3 Bioinformatic Analyses and Gene Distributions 346 Phosphorylation 407 12.4 The 351 14.5 Syntrophy 409
The Genomes of Eukaryotic Microorganisms 353 12.6 Metagenomics 355 Anaerobic Respiration 411
14.6 Anaerobic Respiration: General 411
Genome Function and Regulation 355 14.7 Nitrate Reduction and 412 12.7 Microarrays and the 355 14.8 Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction 414
12.8 Proteomics and the 357 14.9 Acetogenesis 416 12.9 Metabolomics 359 14.10 Methanogenesis 418
Proton Reduction 422 The Evolution Of Genomes 360 14.12 Acceptors 423
12.10 Gene Duplications, and Deletions 360 14.13 Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Linked 12.11 Horizontal Gene Transfer and Genome Stability 361 to Anaerobic Respiration 425
12.12 Transposons and Insertion Sequences 362 . 12.13 of Virulence: Islands 363 AeroblC
Processes 428
Details 348
14.15 Methylotrophy and Methanotrophy 429 UNITS 431
Biocatalyses 14.17 Organic Acid Metabolism 434 14.18 Lipid Metabolism 434
Chapter 13 Phototrophy, Chemolithotrophy, commercial Products and Major Biosyntheses 368 and Biotechnology 439
I Phototrophy 369 Microorganisms to Work 440
, , , Industrial Products and the Microorganisms 13.2 Chlorophylls and 370 440 13.3 373 13.4 Photosynthesis 374 Photosynthesis 378
Contents 23
II Drugs, Other Chemicals, and III Microbial Systematics 491 4 4 3 16.10 Phenotypic Analysis: Acid
15.3 Antibiotics: Isolation, and 443 Methyl Esters (FAME) 491 15.4 Industrial Production Penicillins 16.11 Genotypic Analysis 493
and Tetracyclines 445 16.12 The Species Concept in Microbiology 495 15.5 Vitamins and Amino Acids 447 16.13 Classification and Nomenclature 498 15.6 Enzymes as Industrial Products 448
Chapter 17 Bacteria: The Proteobacteria 503 III Alcoholic Beverages and Biofuels 451 15.7 451 I The Phylogeny of Bacteria 504 15.8 Brewing and Distilling 453 17.1 Phylogenetic Overview Bacteria 504 15.9 Biofuels 455
II Phototrophic, and IV Products from Genetically Engineered Methanotrophic Proteobacteria 505
456 17.2 Purple Bacteria 506 15.10 Expressing Mammalian Genes in Bacteria 457 17.3 The Bacteria 509 15.11 Genetically Engineered 17.4 Bacteria 510
459 17.5 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria 513 15.12 Other Mammalian Proteins and Products 460 17.6 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs 514 15.13 Genetically Engineered Vaccines 461 15.14 Mining Genomes 463 Aerobic and Facultatively Aerobic 15.15 Engineering Pathways 463 Proteobacteria 516
17.7 Pseudomonas the Pseudomonads 517 Acetic Acid Bacteria 519 V Transgenic Eukaryotes 465
15.16 Genetic 465 Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 519 15.17 Gene Therapy in 467 17.10 Neisseria, Relatives 521 15.18 Transgenic Plants in Agriculture 467 17.11 Enteric Bacteria 522
Microbial Sidebar 17.12 Vibrio, and 524
Synthetic Biology and Microbial 526 Photography 464
IV Morphologically Unusual Proteobacteria 527 17.14 Spirilla 528
Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus and
and Diversity Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
Microbial Evolution
Chapter Evolution and
Systematics 474
I Early the and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria 538 Of U f e 4 7 5 540
16.1 Formation and Early History of Earth 475
16.2 Life Chapter 18 Bacteria 545 Microbial Consequences for Earth's Biosphere 479
16.4 Endosymbiotic Origins of Eukaryotes 480
16.3 for Earth s Biosphere 479
and Actinobacteria 546 18.1 Nonsporulating Firmic 546
Microbial Evolution 4 8 2 549
16.5 The Process 482 Mycoplasmas 553 16.6 Analyses: Aspects 483 Actinobacteria: and 16.7 Evolutionary Methods 485 Acid Bacteria 554
16.8 Microbial Phylogeny 487 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium 556
16.9 Phylogenetic
Methods 490
2 4 Contents
II Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes 560 III Crenarchaeota 598 18.7 Cyanobacteria 560 19.8 Habitats and Energy Metabolism 598
Prochlorophytes 564 Crenarchaeota from Volcanic Habitats 599 Crenarchaeota from Submarine Volcanic Habitats 602
III C h l a m y d i a 5 6 5 Crenarchaeota Nonthermal Habitats and 18.9 The Chlamydia 565 Nitrification Archaea 604
IV The 567 IV Evolution and Life at High 18.10 A Phylogenetically TemperatureS 6 0 5
Unique Stalked Bacterium 567 19.12 An Upper Temperature Limit for Microbial Life 605
Molecular Adaptations to Life at High Temperature 606 V T h e VerrUCOmicrobia 5 6 8 19.14 Archaea, Microbial
and Prosthecobacter 568 Evolution 608
VI Flavobacteria Acidobacteria 569 Chapter 20 Eukaryotic Cell Biology and 18.12 Bacteroides 569 6 1 2 18.13 Acidobacteria 569
I Eukaryotic Cell Structure and VII The Cytophaga Group 570 Function 613 18.14 Cytophaga Relatives 570 20.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and the Nucleus 613
. 20.2 The Mitochondrion and the 614
VIII Green Sulfur Bacteria 571 and Other Green Sulfur Bacteria 571 20.4 Relationships of Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts to Bacteria 616 IX T h e SpirOCheteS 5 7 3 20.5 Other Organelles and Eukaryotic Cell Structures 617
Spirochetes 573 II Eukaryotic Microbial Diversity 619
X T h e DeinoCOCCi 5 7 6 20.6 Eukarya 619 18.17 Deinococcus and Thermus 576
III Protists 621 XI T h e NonSUlfur Bacteria: 20.7 Parabasalids 621
ChlOrOflexi 5 7 7 20.8 Euglenozoans 622
18.18 Chloroflexus and Relatives 577 20.9 Alveolates 622 624
XII Hyperthermophi l i c Bacter ia 5 7 8 20.11 Cercozoans and Radiolarians 626 18.19 and 578 20.12 Amoebozoa 626
Aquifex, Thermocrinis, and Relatives 579
IV Fungi 6 2 9
XIII a n d 5 8 0 20.13 Physiology, and 629
18.21 Nitrospira Deferribacter 580 20.14 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny 631 632
1 9 5 8 4 Zygomycetes and Glomeromycetes 632 20.17 Ascomycetes 633
I Diversity 5 8 5 20.18 and the Life Cycle 635
19.1 Phylogenetic and Diversity Archaea 585 _
V Red and Green 635 II Euryarchaeota 586 20.19 Red Algae 636 19.2 Extremely Archaea 586 Green Algae 636 19.3 Methanogenic Archaea 590 19.4 593 Chapter 21 Viral Diversity 641 19.5 Thermococcales 595
19.6 5% Bacteria Archaea 642 19.7 Nanoarchaeum 597 21.1 RNA Bacteriophages 642
21.2 DNA Bacteriophages 643
Contents 2 5
21.3 D N A Bacteriophages 646 II T h e Microbial Environment 7 0 0
21.4 The Transposable Phage Mu 648 23.3 Environments and Microenvironments 700 21.5 Viruses Archaea 650 23.4 Surfaces and Biofilms 702 21.6 Viral Genomes in Nature 651 23.5 Microbial Mats 705
II RNA Viruses of Eukaryotes 651 III Terrestrial Environments 706 21.7 Plant RNA Viruses 652 23.6 706 21.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses 652 23.7 The Subsurface 709
Negative-Strand RNA Animal Viruses 655 21.10 Doubie-Stranded RNA Reoviruses 657 IV Env ironments 21.11 Retroviruses and Hepadnaviruses 658 23.8 Freshwaters 711
23.9 Coastal and Ocean Waters: Phototrophic III DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes 661 Microorganisms 713 21.12 Plant DNA Viruses 661 23.10 Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses 715 21.13 SV40 663 23.11 The Deep Sea and Deep-Sea Sediments 718 21.14 Herpesviruses 664 23.12 Hydrothermal Vents 721 21.15 Viruses 665
21.16 Chapter 24 Cycles, Biodegradation, Microbial and Bioremediation 726
and Viral Evolution 662
Microbial Ecology I Nutrient Cycles 727 24.1 The Carbon Cycle 727 24.2 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis 729
Chapter 22 Methods in Microbial Ecology 670
I
6 7 1 The Calcium, and Silica Cycles 737
22.1 Enrichment 671 Biodegradation and Bioremediation 739 22.2 Isolation 675
II Transformations . . . . . . 24.9 Petroleum Biodegradation and Bioremediation 742
of Microbial Communities 677 ,. . . . . . 24.10 Biodegradation and Bioremediation 743
22.3 General Staining Methods 677 22.4 Situ (FISH) 679 Microbial Sidebar 22.5 PCR Microbial Community Analysis 680 735 22.6 Microarrays and Microbial Diversity: Phylochips 683 22.7 Environmental and Related Methods 684 C h a p t e r 2 5 S y m b l O S e S 7 4 8
III Measur ing Activities between Microorganisms 749 in Nature 686 25.1 Lichens 749
22.8 Assays, Methods, 750
and Microelectrodes 686
22.9 688 Plants as Habitats 751 22.10 Linking Specific Genes and Functions 25.3 The Nodule 751
to Specific 690 25.4 and Crown Disease 757 25.5 Mycorrhizae 758
Chapter 23 Major Microbial Habitats III Mammals as Microbial Habitats 760
and Diversity 697 25.6 The Mammalian Gut 760
I Microbial ECOlogy 6 9 8 Rumen and Ruminant Animals 762
23.1 Concepts 698 The Human 766
23.2 Service: and Nutrient 699
26 Contents
IV InsectS Microbial 769 27.1 816
25.9 Heritable Insects 769 Normal Microflora of the Skin 818 25.10 Termites 772 Normal Microflora Cavity 819
27.4 Normal Microflora the Gastrointestinal Tract 821 V AquatiC Microbial 27.5 Normal Other Body Regions 825
Habitats 773 Microbial Virulence and Pathogenesis 826 25.11 Hawanan Bobtail 774
25.12 Marine Hydrothermal Measuring Virulence 826 Vents and Gas Seeps 775 27.7 Pathogen 827
25.13 Leeches 777 Colonization and Infection 829 25.14 Corals 778 Invasion 830
Exotoxins 832 835 The Multiple Microbial Symbionts
771 Host Factors in Infection 836 27.12 Host Risk Factors for Infection 837
8 27.13 Innate Resistance to Infection 839
*'" Microbial Sidebar Bacteriophages and Infectious Diseases 824
Microbial Growth Control 783 Microbial sidebar
Physical Control 784 26.1 Heat Sterilization 784 26.2 Radiation Sterilization 787 26.3 Filter Sterilization 788
Virulence in Salmonella 838
Chapter 28 and Host Defense 844 Chemical Antimicrobial Control 790
26.4 Chemical Growth Control 790 845 26.5 Chemical Use 791 Cells and the Immune System 845
28.2 Innate Immunity 848 Antimicrobial Agents 795 28.3 Adaptive immunity 849
26.6 795 Antibodies 850 26.7 Drugs: Antibiotics 798 28.5 852 26.8 ß-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins and
Cephalosporins 799 Prevention Diseases 854 26.9 Antibiotics from Prokaryotes 800 28.6 Natural 854
28.7 and 855 Control and 28.8 Strategies 857 Eukaryotic Pathogens 802
26.10 Antiviral Drugs Immune Diseases 858 26.11 Drugs 804 28.9 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity 858
28.10 Cells 862 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Drug Discovery 806
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 806 26.13 The Search for New Antimicrobial Drugs 810
Microbial Sidebar The Promise of New Vaccines 859
Sidebar I Overview of Immunity 867
Tuberculosis 794 29.1 Innate Response 867 29.2 Adaptive Response Mechanisms 870
Microbial Interactions with 815 H Antigens and Antigen Presentation 871
Microbial 871 Cells 872 Humans 816
Contents 27
III T LymphOCyteS a n d Immuni ty 8 7 5 31.7 In Vitro Serology 923 29.5 and Cells 875 31.8 Agglutination 925 29.6 Cells 876 31.9 926
31.10 Enzyme Immunoassay and Radioimmunoassay 928 IV Antibodies and Immunity 877 31.11 933 29.7 Antibodies 878 . 29.8 Antibody Production 880 Diagnostic 29.9 Antibodies, and Pathogen 934
Destruction 883 31.12 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 934
Chapter 30 Molecular Immunology 887 31.13 Nucleic Acid 936
Chapter 32 941 I Receptors and Immunity 888 30.1 Innate Immunity and 888 Of 942 30.2 Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin 32.1 The Epidemiology 942
Superfamily 890 32.2 The Epidemiology 942 32.3 Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics 944
II T h e Major HistOCOmpatibility 32.4 Infectious Disease Transmission 947 Complex (MHC) 892 32.5 The Host Community 949
30.3 MHC Protein Structure 892 30.4 and Binding 894 Current 950
32.6 The 950 III Antibodies 894 32.7 Infections 953
Epidemiology and Public Health 954 30.6 Antibody Genes and Diversity 895
32.8 Public Health Measures for the Control of Disease 954 IV T Cell Receptors 897 Health Considerations 957 30.7 Cell Receptors: Proteins, Genes and Diversity 897 and Infectious Diseases 959
Biological Warfare and Biological 964 V Switches in Immunity 899 Weapon 967 30.8 Tolerance 899 Microbial Sidebar 30.9 T Cell and B Cell Activation 901 Swine 2009 Influenza 951 30.10 902 Microbial Sidebar
Microbial Sidebar SARS as a Model of Epidemiological Success 966 Leucine-Rich Repeats and the Immune
Infectious 10 and
Microbial Diseases
Chapter 33 Chapter 31 Diagnostic Microbiology Microbial Diseases 972
and immunology 906 Growth-Dependent Diagnostic Methods 907
I Airborne of Diseases 973 33.1 Airborne Pathogens 973
Streptococcal Diseases 974 31.1 907 333 Pertussis 977 31.2 Growth-Dependent Identification Methods 912 Mycobacterium, Hansens 31.3 Antimicrobial Drug Testing 916 Disease 979 31.4 916 Neisseria and
Meningococcemia 982 920
for Disease 920 33.7 985 31.6 Antibodies 922 33.8 Influenza 986
28 Contents
II Direct-Contact Transmission II Waterborne Microbial Diseases 1040 D i seases 989 35.4 Waterborne Infection 1040
33.9 Staphylococcus 989 35.5 Cholera 1041 33.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Ulcers 991 35.6 Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis 1043
Hepatitis Viruses 992 35.7 Legionellosis 1045 35.8 Typhoid Fever and Other Waterborne Diseases 1046
III Sexually Transmitted 993 33.12 Syphilis 994 Chapter 36 Food Preservation and Foodborne 33.13 Chlamydia, Herpes, Trichomoniasis, 1050
and Human 997 33.14 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: I Food Preservation and Microbial
HIV 999 GrOWth 1051
36.1 Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage 1051 Chapter 34 and Soilborne Preservation 1052
1009 36.3 Foods and 1055
I Pathogens 1010 II Foodborne Disease, Microbial 34.1 Rabies 1010 Sampling, and Epidemiology 1058 34.2 Hantavirus 1012 4 Foodborne Disease and Microbial Sampling 1059
. . . . _ . 36.5 Foodborne Disease Epidemiology 1060 II Pathogens 1014 34.3 Rickettsial Pathogens 1014 III Food PoiSOning 1061 34.4 Borrelia 1017 Food Poisoning 1061 34.5 Plasmodium 1019 Food Poisoning 1062 34.6 West Nile Virus 1023
34.7 Plague and Yersinia 1024 IV Food 1064 ... 36.8 1064
III Soilborne Pathogens 1026 34.8 Fungal Pathogens 1026 1066 34.9 Clostridium tetani 1028 36.11 Listeriosis 1067
Microbial Sidebar 36.12 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases 1068 Special Pathogens and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 1013 Appendix 1 Energy Calculations in Microbial
Bioenergetics 1073 Common-SouTce
Appendix 2 Bacteriology, Second Edition:
Chapter 35 Water of Genera and Higher-Order
and Waterborne
Microbial Diseases 1032 Glossary 1087
I Wastewater Microbiology and Water Purification 1033 Photo Credits 1105
35.1 Public Health and Water Quality 1033 35.2 Wastewater and Sewage Treatment 1035 35.3 Water Purification 1038
1109