bridges
DESCRIPTION
Structural types Fixed or movable bridgesBridge types by useTRANSCRIPT
BRIDGES
BRIDGES
Bridges definition and History
Types of Bridges:
Structural types:
Arch Bridges
Beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Cantilever Bridges
Tied Arch Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridges
Fixed or movable bridges:
Fixes
Temporary Bridges
Moveable
Bridge types by use:
Car Traffic
Pedestrian
Double decked
Train Bridges
Pipelines
Viaducts
Commercial Bridges
Example of Bridges
References
OUTLINE:
Bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with natural or manmade materials.
DEFINITION
The first bridge in the world built above the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, It was built from woods and tones.
They start to use matal chains to build the Suspension bridges , the first one was above the tees river in Britain.
They start to use cement , the first bridge was above the Rhine River in Germany.
HISTORY
Arch bridges:
They were originally built of stone or brick but these days are built of reinforced concrete or steel.
Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is transferred to the supports at either end. These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ground which pushes back on theabutments creates aresistancewhich is passed from stone to stone, until it is eventually pushing on the key stone which is supporting the load
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
2- Beam Bridges:
A beam or "girder" bridge is the simplest kind of bridge. In the past they may have taken the form of a log across a stream but today they are more familiar to us large box steel girder bridges.
A beam bridge needs to be stiff. It needs to resist twisting and bending under load.
In its most basic form, a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
3- Truss Bridge:
Truss bridges are amongst a variety of bridge designs that are being used for road traffic. The basic shape of a truss bridge is like a right triangle, with the hypotenuse extending to the abutments. There are two similar trusses at each of the road sides.
The truss bridges consist of a grouping of triangles that are manufactured from straight and steel bars, according to the truss bridge designs.
The solid arms of the triangle are extended from the pier sides.
Trusses are organized as straight elements that are connected at the ends by hinges to develop a secure arrangement.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
4- Cantilever Bridges:
Cantilever bridges normally use pairs of cantilevers back to back with a short beam bridge in between the cantilevers.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
5- Tied Arch Bridges:
Thrust arches rely on horizontal restraint from the foundations, The vertical and horizontal reactions resolve into a force along the arch members the horizontal component is of significant magnitude.
The tied-arch offers a solution when it can be arranged that the deck is at such a level that it can carry the horizontal force as a tie member
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
6- Suspension Bridges:
Suspension bridges in their simplest form were originally made from rope and wood.
Modern suspension bridges use a box section roadway supported by high tensile strength cables.
In the early nineteenth century, suspension bridges used iron chains for cables.
Today, the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
7- Cable-Stayed Bridges:
At first glance, the cable-stayed bridge may look like just a variant of the suspension bridge, but don't let their similar towers and hanging roadways fool you. Cable-stayed bridges differ from their suspension predecessors in that they don't require anchorages, nor do they need two towers. Instead, the cables run from the roadway up to a single tower that alone bears the weight.
The tower of a cable-stayed bridge is responsible for absorbing and dealing with compressional forces.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Structural types
Fixed
Majority of bridges are fixed, with no moveable parts to provide higher clearance for river/sea transport that is flowing below them. They are designed to stay where they are made to the point they are deemed unusable or demolished.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Fixed OR Movable Bridges:
Temporary bridges
Bridges made from modular basic components that can be moved by medium or light machinery. They are usually used in military engineering or in circumstances when fixed bridges are repaired.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Fixed OR Movable Bridges:
Moveable
is a bridge that moves to allow passage (usually) for boats or barges.
Advantages and disadvantages:
An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the absence of high piers and long approaches. The principal disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened for passages.
Operational methods:
For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, others by a Bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few remotely using video-cameras and loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are powered by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Fixed OR Movable Bridges:
Draw Bridge:
the bridge is hinged on one end
Bascule Bridge:
a drawbridge hinged on pins with a counterweight to facilitate raising
Folding Bridge:
a drawbridge with multiple sections that collapse together horizontally.
Curling Bridge:
a drawbridge with multiple sections that curl vertically.
Vertical-lift Bridge:
the bridge deck is lifted by counterweighted cables mounted on towers
Table Bridge:
a lift bridge with the lifting mechanism mounted underneath it
TYPES OF MOVABLE BRIDGES:
Retractable Bridge:
the bridge deck is retracted to one side
TYPES OF MOVABLE BRIDGES:
Submersible Bridge:
also called a ducking bridge, the bridge deck is lowered down into the water
Tilt Bridge:
the bridge deck, which is curved and pivoted at each end, is lifted at an angle
Swing Bridge:
the bridge deck rotates around a fixed point, usually at the center, but may resemble a gate in its operation
Transporter Bridge:
a structure high above carries a suspended, ferry-like structure
Jet Bridge:
a passenger bridge to an airplane. One end is mobile with height, yaw, and tilt adjustments on the outboard end.
TYPES OF BRIDGES:
Types by use:
Car Traffic
The most common type of bridge, with two or more lanes designed to carry car and truck traffic of various intensities.
Pedestrian
Usually made in urban environments, or in terrain where car transport is inaccessible (rough mountainous terrain, forests, etc.).
Double-decked
Built to provide best possible flow of traffic across bodies of water or rough terrain. Most often they have large amount of car lanes, and sometimes have dedicated area for train tracks.
Train bridges
Bridges made specifically to carry one or multiple lane of train tracks.
Pipelines
Bridges made to carry pipelines across water or inaccessible terrains. Pipelines can carry water, air, gas and communication cables.
Aqueducts
Ancient structures created to carry water from water rich areas to dry cities.
Commercial bridges
Modern bridges that host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops.
EXAMPLES OF BRIDGES:
Wadi Laban Cable Stayed Bridge
Location: Saudi Arabia
Construction Period: 1995
ELEMKA Object: Post-tensioning of pillars
Project Master: MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS
Amount: 70m of joints
Millau Viaduct, France
This beauty is the worlds highest bridge for a major road, and is in fact taller than the Eiffel Tower.
It holds the A7F motorway, which connects Paris to Montpellier and is often marveled as one of the worlds most impressive achievements of all time in engineering.
Also, its concerned one of the dangerous bridges in the world.
EXAMPLES OF BRIDGES:
Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge in London, England was built by the end of the 19th century.
Construction of the Tower Bridge started in 1886, led by architect Sir Horace Jones and engineer Sir John Wolfe Barry.
Instead of the original brick facade design, the Tower Bridge had a more ornate Victorian Gothic style meant to harmonize it with the nearby Tower of London.
The Tower Bridge grew to be one of London's most recognizable landmarks.
EXAMPLES OF BRIDGES:
EXAMPLES OF BRIDGES:
Longest bridges in the world:
Longest suspension bridge span:
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Kobe, Japan
Length:6,532 ft.
Longest bridge over water (continuous):
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, Louisiana
Length:23.87 miles
Longest floating bridge:
Evergreen Point Bridge, Seattle
Length:7,580 ft.
Longest masonry arch bridge span:
Pont de la Libration, Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
Length:315 ft.
http://www.movablebridges.org.uk/
http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/types-of-bridges/
http://bridges.lib.lehigh.edu/
http://structurae.net/
http://www.elemka.gr/en-us/bearings-seismic-isolation/elemka-bearings-seismic-isolation
http://www.design-technology.org/
BRIDGE ENGINEERING: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEbyLeonardo Fernndez Troyano
BRUCKEN / BRIDGES: AESTHETICS AND DESIGNbyFritz Leonhardt.
THE SPANS OF NORTH AMERICAbyDavid Plowden
BRIDGESbyDavid J. Brown.
LANDMARK AMERICAN BRIDGESbyEric DeLony
BRIDGE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, SECOND EDITION & HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE ENGINEERINGbyW.F. Chen and Lian Duan
THE CREATION OF BRIDGESbyDavid Bennett
BRIDGE AESTHETICS AROUND THE WORLDby theTransportation Research Board and National Research Council.
THE BEAUTY OF RAILROAD BRIDGESbyRichard J. Cook
REFRENCES:
BRIDGES
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