bridge manual 2012

JBridge Manual

-----

'----------------

kowalskigmTypewritten TextJanuary 2012

kowalskigmTypewritten Text

BBBBridge Manualridge Manualridge Manualridge Manual

Title Page

Prepared byPrepared byPrepared byPrepared by::::

Bureau of Bridges and StructuresBureau of Bridges and StructuresBureau of Bridges and StructuresBureau of Bridges and Structures Division Division Division Division of Highwaysof Highwaysof Highwaysof Highways

Agency: Agency: Agency: Agency:

Illinois Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois Department of TransportationIllinois Department of Transportation

Place of Publication: Place of Publication: Place of Publication: Place of Publication:

Springfield IllinoisSpringfield IllinoisSpringfield IllinoisSpringfield Illinois

2012012012012222

Bridge Manual Revision History

Archived versions are available to examine in the Bureau of Bridges and Structures.

Revision Date Description Approval

November 2006

Major Rewrite

Ralph E. Anderson May 2008 See Cover Letter Ralph E. Anderson November 2009 January 2012

See Cover Letter See Cover Letter

Ralph E. Anderson D. Carl Puzey

Bridge Manual Table of Contents and List of Figures

Jan. 2012 Page i

List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................... xiv

Section 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Bridge Policy ................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1.1 LRFD and LFD Bridge and Structure Design ............................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Seismic Design of Bridges ............................................................................................ 1-2 1.1.3 Manual Updates, All Bridge Designer Memoranda (ABD), and Other Supplemental Electronic Documents ............................................................................................................ 1-3

1.2 Organizations and Functions ......................................................................................... 1-4

1.2.1 Services Development Section .................................................................................... 1-4 1.2.2 Bridge Planning Section ............................................................................................... 1-4

1.2.2.1 Project Planning and Consultant Prequalification Units ..................................... 1-5 1.2.2.2 Hydraulics Unit ..................................................................................................... 1-5 1.2.2.3 Foundations and Geotechnical Unit .................................................................... 1-6

1.2.3 Bridge Design Section .................................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.3.1 Policy, Standards and Specifications Unit .......................................................... 1-8 1.2.3.2 Bridge Design & Review Units ............................................................................ 1-8 1.2.3.3 Construction Liaison Unit..................................................................................... 1-9 1.2.3.4 Shop Drawings & Steel Fabrication Inspection Unit ........................................... 1-9

1.2.4 Structural Services Section .......................................................................................... 1-9 1.2.4.1 Bridge Investigations and Repair Plans Unit ....................................................... 1-9 1.2.4.2 Local Bridge Unit ............................................................................................... 1-10 1.2.4.3 Structural Ratings and Permits Unit .................................................................. 1-11

1.3 Preparation of Bridge and Structure Plans ................................................................. 1-12

1.4 Consulting Engineers ................................................................................................... 1-13

1.4.1 Plan Development Outline .......................................................................................... 1-14 1.4.1.1 "Interim Plan-Review" Meeting Requirements .................................................. 1-16

1.4.2 Quality Verification Statement .................................................................................... 1-16 Section 2 Planning ................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 General Planning Process .............................................................................................. 2-1

2.1.1 Goal. ........................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Bridge and Structure Specifications ............................................................................. 2-1 2.1.3 Context Sensitive Solutions .......................................................................................... 2-2 2.1.4 Structure Types ............................................................................................................ 2-2 2.1.5 Planning Tasks ............................................................................................................. 2-3

2.1.5.1 Bridge Condition Report (BCR) ........................................................................... 2-3

kowalskigmTypewritten Text


Page ii Jan. 2012

2.1.5.2 Type Size and Location Plan ............................................................................... 2-4 2.1.5.3 Structure Geotechnical Report and Hydraulic Report ........................................ 2-5 2.1.5.4 Consultant Man Hour Evaluations ....................................................................... 2-5 2.1.5.5 Utility Attachments ............................................................................................... 2-6

2.1.6 Responsibilities ............................................................................................................. 2-7 2.1.6.1 District .................................................................................................................. 2-7 2.1.6.2 Consultant ............................................................................................................ 2-7 2.1.6.3 Bureau of Bridges and Structures Planning Section........................................... 2-7

2.1.7 Reference Manuals ....................................................................................................... 2-8 2.2 Bridge Condition Reports ............................................................................................... 2-9

2.2.1 Definition.. .............................................................................................................. 2-9 2.2.2 BCR Types.. ............................................................................................................ 2-10

2.2.2.1 Bridge Condition Report .................................................................................... 2-10 2.2.2.2 Abbreviated Bridge Condition Report ................................................................ 2-10 2.2.2.3 ISIS Master Report ............................................................................................ 2-11 2.2.2.4 Bridge Condition Report Not Required.............................................................. 2-11

2.2.3 BCR Content. .......................................................................................................... 2-11 2.2.3.1 Bridge Inspection and Documentation .............................................................. 2-11 2.2.3.2 Delamination Surveys ........................................................................................ 2-12 2.2.3.3 Bridge Condition and Geometric Analysis ........................................................ 2-12 2.2.3.4 Recommendation ............................................................................................... 2-13

2.2.3.4.1 Scope-of-Work .......................................................................................... 2-13 2.2.3.4.2 Bridge Width ............................................................................................. 2-13 2.2.3.4.3 Maintenance of Traffic .............................................................................. 2-14 2.2.3.4.4 Proposed Structure Sketch ...................................................................... 2-14

2.2.4 Hydraulic Analysis Summary ...................................................................................... 2-16 2.2.5 BCR Submittals and Timelines ................................................................................... 2-16 2.2.6 Example Bridge Condition Report Format ................................................................. 2-16

2.3 Type Size and Location Plans ...................................................................................... 2-17

2.3.1 Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 2-17 2.3.2 Submittal Requirements ............................................................................................. 2-17 2.3.3 Submittals and Timelines for TSL Plans .................................................................... 2-18

2.3.3.1 In-House TSL Plans .......................................................................................... 2-18 2.3.3.2 Consultant TSL Plans ........................................................................................ 2-18

2.3.4 Preliminary Guidelines, Investigations and Reports .................................................. 2-18


Jan. 2012 Page iii

2.3.4.1 Structure Report ................................................................................................ 2-18 2.3.4.1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 2-18 2.3.4.1.2 Content ..................................................................................................... 2-19 2.3.4.1.3 Preparation and Submittal ........................................................................ 2-19

2.3.4.2 Hydraulic Report Coordination .......................................................................... 2-22 2.3.4.3 Structure Geotechnical Report and Subsurface Investigation .......................... 2-22 2.3.4.4 Location Study Reports ..................................................................................... 2-23 2.3.4.5 TSL Guidelines .................................................................................................. 2-24

2.3.4.5.1 Bridge Length ........................................................................................... 2-24 2.3.4.5.2 Pier Location and Type............................................................................. 2-24 2.3.4.5.3 Superstructure Types ............................................................................... 2-25

2.3.5 TSL Plan Types .......................................................................................................... 2-25 2.3.5.1 Highway Bridges ................................................................................................ 2-26 2.3.5.2 Railroad Bridges ................................................................................................ 2-26 2.3.5.3 Culverts and Three Sided Structures ................................................................ 2-26 2.3.5.4 Pedestrian Bridges ............................................................................................ 2-27 2.3.5.5 Retaining Walls .................................................................................................. 2-27

2.3.6 Bridge Type Study ...................................................................................................... 2-28 2.3.6.1 Superstructure Component Selection ............................................................... 2-30

2.3.6.1.1 Structural Steel ......................................................................................... 2-30 2.3.6.1.2 Prestressed Concrete Deck Beams ......................................................... 2-31 2.3.6.1.3 Prestressed Concrete I-Beams and Bulb-T Beams ................................. 2-46 2.3.6.1.4 Slab Bridges ............................................................................................. 2-60 2.3.6.1.5 Bearing Type ............................................................................................ 2-60 2.3.6.1.6 Bridge Deck Expansion Joints.................................................................. 2-61 2.3.6.1.7 Bridge Railing ........................................................................................... 2-63 2.3.6.1.8 Bridge Deck Drainage .............................................................................. 2-66

2.3.6.2 Substructure Component Selection .................................................................. 2-70 2.3.6.2.1 Abutment Type ......................................................................................... 2-70 2.3.6.2.2 Pier Type................................................................................................... 2-72

2.3.6.3 Foundation Component Selection ..................................................................... 2-82 2.3.6.3.1 Foundation Type ....................................................................................... 2-82 2.3.6.3.2 Scour Consideration and Design Scour Table ......................................... 2-91 2.3.6.3.3 Slope Protection and Berms ..................................................................... 2-97

2.3.6.4 Temporary Construction Works ....................................................................... 2-105


Page iv Jan. 2012

2.3.6.4.1 Temporary Sheet Piling and Temporary Soil Retention Systems ......... 2-105 2.3.6.4.2 Cofferdams ............................................................................................. 2-105 2.3.6.4.3 Temporary MSE Walls and Temporary Geotextile Retaining Walls ...... 2-108

2.3.7 Bridge Geometry and Layout ................................................................................... 2-108 2.3.7.1 Overall Length ................................................................................................. 2-109

2.3.7.1.1 Horizontal Clearance .............................................................................. 2-109 2.3.7.1.2 Vertical Clearance .................................................................................. 2-109

2.3.7.2 Bridge Width .................................................................................................... 2-110 2.3.7.3 Skew Angle ...................................................................................................... 2-110 2.3.7.4 Cross Slopes ................................................................................................... 2-111

2.3.7.4.1 Tangent Sections .................................................................................... 2-111 2.3.7.4.2 Superelevation Development ................................................................. 2-111

2.3.7.5 Sidewalks ......................................................................................................... 2-114 2.3.7.6 Curved Alignment ............................................................................................ 2-114 2.3.7.7 Traffic Barriers ................................................................................................. 2-115 2.3.7.8 Grinding and Smoothness Criteria .................................................................. 2-116

2.3.8 Maintenance of Traffic .............................................................................................. 2-116 2.3.9 Hydraulic Issues ....................................................................................................... 2-117

2.3.9.1 IDNR-OWR ...................................................................................................... 2-117 2.3.9.2 Permit Sketches ............................................................................................... 2-118 2.3.9.3 Bridges Over Navigable Waterways ............................................................... 2-124

2.3.10 Seismic Issues ........................................................................................................ 2-126 2.3.10.1 Seismic Design of New Bridges .................................................................... 2-127 2.3.10.2 Retrofitting of Existing Bridges ...................................................................... 2-128 2.3.10.3 Seismic Data .................................................................................................. 2-129

2.3.11 Culvert and Three Sided Precast Concrete Structure Selection Process ............. 2-135 2.3.11.1 Culverts .......................................................................................................... 2-135

2.3.11.1.1 General ................................................................................................. 2-136 2.3.11.1.2 Use Limitations ..................................................................................... 2-136 2.3.11.1.3 Processing Requirements .................................................................... 2-137

2.3.11.2 Three Sided Precast Concrete Structures .................................................... 2-137 2.3.11.2.1 Use Limitations ..................................................................................... 2-138 2.3.11.2.2 Planner/Designer Responsibilities ....................................................... 2-139 2.3.11.2.3 Site Limitations ..................................................................................... 2-139 2.3.11.2.4 Plan Processing Procedures ................................................................ 2-140


Jan. 2012 Page v

2.3.11.3 Hydraulic Issues ............................................................................................ 2-140 2.3.11.4 Foundation Issues ......................................................................................... 2-141

2.3.11.4.1 Culverts ................................................................................................. 2-141 2.3.11.4.2 Three Sided Precast Concrete Structures ........................................... 2-146

2.3.11.5 Culvert Nesting Ledge Issues ....................................................................... 2-147 2.3.12 Retaining Wall Selection Process .......................................................................... 2-149

2.3.12.1 MSE Walls ..................................................................................................... 2-150 2.3.12.2 Cast-In-Place T-Type Walls .......................................................................... 2-151 2.3.12.3 Soldier Pile Walls ........................................................................................... 2-152 2.3.12.4 Permanent Sheet Piling ................................................................................. 2-153 2.3.12.5 Anchors .......................................................................................................... 2-154

2.3.13 Type Size and Location Presentation .................................................................... 2-154 2.3.13.1 Checklist for Bridges ...................................................................................... 2-154 2.3.13.2 Checklist for Culverts and Three Sided Structures ....................................... 2-162 2.3.13.3 Checklist for Retaining Walls ......................................................................... 2-167

2.3.14 Sample Type Size and Location Plans .................................................................. 2-172 2.3.15 Deliverables ....2-175

2.3.15.1 BBS Prepared TSL Plans .............................................................................. 2-175 2.3.15.2 Consultant Prepared TSL Plans .................................................................... 2-176

2.4 Structure Reconstruction/Rehabilitation ................................................................... 2-177

2.4.1 Definition and Submittal Requirements .................................................................... 2-177 2.4.2 Evaluation Process ................................................................................................... 2-177

2.4.2.1 Abutment Widening ......................................................................................... 2-177 2.4.2.2 Pier Widening .................................................................................................. 2-178 2.4.2.3 Semi-Integral Abutments ................................................................................. 2-179 2.4.2.4 Retrofit of Existing Welded Cover Plates ........................................................ 2-179 2.4.2.5 Distortion-Induced Fatigue Details .................................................................. 2-180 2.4.2.6 Re-Decking, Beam Widenings and New Superstructures on Existing Substructure Units ....................................................................................................... 2-181

2.4.3 TSL Plan Preparation and Sample TSL Plans ......................................................... 2-181 2.5 Utility Attachments ..................................................................................................... 2-181

2.5.1 Computation of Cost Assessment ............................................................................ 2-182 2.6 Permits Projects .......................................................................................................... 2-184

Section 3 Design ................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 3-1


Page vi Jan. 2012

3.1.1 Plan Presentation ......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Content of Bridge Plans ................................................................................................ 3-2 3.1.3 General Notes 3-2 3.1.4 Reinforcement Presentation ....................................................................................... 3-11 3.1.5 Reinforcement Designation ........................................................................................ 3-13 3.1.6 Total Bill of Material (General Plan & Elevation Sheet) ............................................. 3-13 3.1.7 Bill of Material (Individual Elements of Bridge) .......................................................... 3-14 3.1.8 Basic Geometry & Footing Layout.............................................................................. 3-14 3.1.9 Top of Slab Elevations ................................................................................................ 3-19 3.1.10 Designation of Roadway Crown on Plans ................................................................ 3-27 3.1.11 Boring Logs and Subsurface Data Profile Plot......................................................... 3-27 3.1.12 Table of Moments and Shears ................................................................................. 3-27 3.1.13 Checklist for Use in Final Plan Preparation ............................................................. 3-51 3.1.14 Submittals and Timelines for Final Plans ................................................................ 3-62

3.2 Deck ............................................................................................................................... 3-63

3.2.1 Concrete Deck Slabs on Stringers ............................................................................. 3-63 3.2.1.1 Design Criteria Overview ................................................................................... 3-68

3.2.2 Reinforcement (Concrete Deck Slabs on Stringers) .................................................. 3-71 3.2.2.1 Reinforcement (Treatment of Decks at End Diaphragms) ................................ 3-72

3.2.3 Reinforcement (Treatment of Skewed Decks) ........................................................... 3-77 3.2.4 Parapet & Sidewalk Sections ..................................................................................... 3-77

3.2.4.1 Parapet Joints (Concrete Deck on Stringers) ................................................... 3-78 3.2.5 Raised Curb Medians ................................................................................................. 3-93 3.2.6 Longitudinal Bonded Joints (Concrete Deck on Steel Stringers) .............................. 3-96 3.2.7 Longitudinal Open Joints ............................................................................................ 3-96 3.2.8 Transverse Construction Joints .................................................................................. 3-99 3.2.9 Deck Slab Drains and Drainage Scuppers .............................................................. 3-100 3.2.10 Light Poles and Parapet Conduit............................................................................ 3-110 3.2.11 Slab Bridges (Main Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic) ........................................... 3-114 3.2.12 Bridge Approach Slabs and Approach Footings .................................................... 3-122

3.3 Structural Steel............................................................................................................ 3-125

3.3.1 Distribution of Loads to Beams and Girders ............................................................ 3-125 3.3.2 Limiting Live Load Deflection of Beams and Girders ............................................... 3-128 3.3.3 Uplift at End Reactions ............................................................................................. 3-129 3.3.4 Design of Steel Members- General .......................................................................... 3-130


Jan. 2012 Page vii

3.3.4.1 Fatigue Analysis .............................................................................................. 3-131 3.3.5 Design of Steel Beams and Girders Lateral Stresses .......................................... 3-132 3.3.6 Design of Steel Beams and Girders Moment Redistribution ................................ 3-132 3.3.7 Notch Toughness Requirements .............................................................................. 3-133 3.3.8 Cover Plates .......................................................................................................... 3-133 3.3.9 Composite Beam Design - Shear Connectors ......................................................... 3-136 3.3.10 Curved Member Diaphragms and Cross Frames .................................................. 3-139 3.3.11 Welded Girder Flange Transitions ......................................................................... 3-139 3.3.12 Camber.. .......................................................................................................... 3-144 3.3.13 Fillet Welds .......................................................................................................... 3-145 3.3.14 Intermediate Vertical Stiffeners .............................................................................. 3-146 3.3.15 Cross Frame and Diaphragm Connection Plates .................................................. 3-146 3.3.16 Bearing Stiffeners ................................................................................................... 3-147 3.3.17 Structural Steel Framing ......................................................................................... 3-147 3.3.18 Minimum Concrete Fillet Heights ........................................................................... 3-150 3.3.19 Lateral Bracing ........................................................................................................ 3-150 3.3.20 Longitudinal Stiffeners ............................................................................................ 3-151 3.3.21 Bolted Field Splices ................................................................................................ 3-151 3.3.22 Interior Diaphragms and Cross Frames ................................................................. 3-157 3.3.23 End Diaphragms and Frames ................................................................................ 3-163

3.3.23.1 End Diaphragms and Frames at Finger Plate and Modular Joints .............. 3-172 3.3.24 Erection and Holes in Diaphragms, Cross Frames & Lateral Bracing Members .. 3-177 3.3.25 Intermediate Diaphragm or Cross Frame Connections for Stage Construction .... 3-178 3.3.26 Constructability ....................................................................................................... 3-179 3.3.27 Minimum Steel Plate Thicknesses ......................................................................... 3-180 3.3.28 Computation of Structural Steel Quantities ............................................................ 3-181

3.4 PPC I-Beams and PPC Bulb T-Beams ....................................................................... 3-183

3.4.1 Distribution of Loads to Beams ................................................................................ 3-183 3.4.2 Design of PPC I-Beams and PPC Bulb T-Beams General ................................... 3-183 3.4.3 Stress Limits .......................................................................................................... 3-184 3.4.4 Strand Pattern Charts for Moment .......................................................................... 3-185

3.4.4.1 Strand Patterns for Simple and Continuous Span Applications .................... 3-185 3.4.4.2 Standard Beam Cross Sections and Typical Strand Layout........................... 3-199 3.4.4.3 Concrete Fillets over Prestressed Beams ....................................................... 3-207

3.4.5 Design for Shear ....................................................................................................... 3-209


Page viii Jan. 2012

3.4.5.1 Ultimate Strength Design of Primary Transverse Reinforcement ................... 3-209 3.4.5.2 Standard Transverse Reinforcement Patterns............................................... 3-209

3.4.6 Camber and Deflections ........................................................................................... 3-212 3.4.7 Lifting Loops .......................................................................................................... 3-212 3.4.8 Splitting Steel.. .......................................................................................................... 3-214 3.4.9 Permanent Bracing ................................................................................................... 3-216 3.4.10 Continuity Diaphragms over Piers .......................................................................... 3-220

3.5 PPC Deck Beams ........................................................................................................ 3-227

3.5.1 Design Guide.. .......................................................................................................... 3-227 3.5.2 Stress Limits .......................................................................................................... 3-228 3.5.3 Strand Pattern Tables ............................................................................................... 3-228 3.5.4 Design Properties and Standard Beam Cross Sections .......................................... 3-235 3.5.5 Design for Shear ....................................................................................................... 3-248 3.5.6 Fixed Substructures .................................................................................................. 3-248

3.5.6.1 Abutment Sections........................................................................................... 3-248 3.5.6.2 Pier Sections .................................................................................................... 3-253 3.5.6.3 Fixed Bearings ................................................................................................. 3-253

3.5.7 Expansion Substructures .......................................................................................... 3-258 3.5.7.1 Abutment Sections........................................................................................... 3-258 3.5.7.2 Pier Sections .................................................................................................... 3-258 3.5.7.3 Expansion Bearings ......................................................................................... 3-264 3.5.7.4 Expansion Joint Treatments ............................................................................ 3-264 3.5.7.5 Retainer Angles ............................................................................................... 3-264

3.5.8 Railings .......................................................................................................... 3-269 3.5.9 Miscellaneous Details ............................................................................................... 3-269

3.6 Expansion Devices ..................................................................................................... 3-277

3.6.1 Expansion Joint Limitations ...................................................................................... 3-277 3.6.2 Sealed Expansion Joints .......................................................................................... 3-277

3.6.2.1 Strip Seal Joints ............................................................................................... 3-277 3.6.2.2 Finger Plate Expansion Joint with Trough ...................................................... 3-278 3.6.2.3 Modular Joints ................................................................................................. 3-280

3.6.3 Sealed Fixed Joints .................................................................................................. 3-280 3.6.4 Substructure Treatments .......................................................................................... 3-280

3.7 Bearings ...................................................................................................................... 3-299

3.7.1 Bearing Assemblies .................................................................................................. 3-299


Jan. 2012 Page ix

3.7.1.1 Elastomeric Bearings ....................................................................................... 3-299 3.7.1.2 Fixed Bearings ................................................................................................. 3-299 3.7.1.3 High Load Multi-Rotational (HLMR) Bearings Pot and Disc ........................ 3-303 3.7.1.4 Bearings for Prestressed Beam Bridges ......................................................... 3-303 3.7.1.5 Seismic Isolation Bearings .............................................................................. 3-303 3.7.1.6 Uncommon or Historical Bearing Types ......................................................... 3-304

3.7.2 Anchor Bolt Details ................................................................................................... 3-304 3.7.3 Seismic Requirements .............................................................................................. 3-304

3.7.3.2 Seismic Requirements for Deck Beam Bridges ............................................. 3-309 3.7.4 Elastomeric Expansion Bearing Assemblies ............................................................ 3-309 3.7.5 High Load Multi-Rotational (HLMR) Bearings .......................................................... 3-338

3.8 Abutments ................................................................................................................... 3-343

3.8.1 General .......................................................................................................... 3-343 3.8.2 Reinforcement .......................................................................................................... 3-343 3.8.3 Open Abutments: Integral ......................................................................................... 3-344 3.8.4 Open Abutments: Semi-Integral ............................................................................... 3-353 3.8.5 Open Abutments: Stub ............................................................................................. 3-358 3.8.6 Closed Abutments General ................................................................................... 3-366 3.8.7 Closed Abutments Restrained Top and Bottom ................................................... 3-370 3.8.8 Closed Abutments Cantilever Type ....................................................................... 3-375 3.8.9 Vaulted Abutments ................................................................................................... 3-375 3.8.10 Approach Slab Support .......................................................................................... 3-383 3.8.11 Bridge Seats 3-383 3.8.12 End of Slab Treatment ............................................................................................ 3-384 3.8.13 Electrical Conduit in Abutments ............................................................................. 3-386 3.8.14 Abutments for Deck Beams ................................................................................... 3-389

3.9 Piers ............................................................................................................................. 3-395

3.9.1 General .......................................................................................................... 3-395 3.9.2 Reinforcement .......................................................................................................... 3-395 3.9.3 Pier Design Loadings ............................................................................................... 3-395

3.9.3.1 Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact) .................................................................. 3-396 3.9.3.2 Transmission of Transverse and Longitudinal Forces .................................... 3-396 3.9.3.3 Wind ................................................................................................................. 3-396 3.9.3.4 Temperature, Shrinkage, Creep and Settlement ............................................ 3-397 3.9.3.5 Ice Forces ........................................................................................................ 3-398


Page x Jan. 2012

3.9.3.6 Vessel Collision Forces ................................................................................... 3-399 3.9.3.7 Vehicle Collision Forces .................................................................................. 3-399 3.9.3.8 Earthquake, Liquefaction and Scour ............................................................... 3-400

3.9.4 Footing Supported Piers ........................................................................................... 3-400 3.9.4.1 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam and Crashwall ....... 3-400 3.9.4.2 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents ................................................................ 3-401 3.9.4.3 Pier Footings .................................................................................................... 3-402

3.9.5 Individually Encased Pile Bent Piers and Column Drilled Shaft Bent Piers ............ 3-403 3.9.6 Solid Wall Encased Pile and Drilled Shaft Bent Piers .............................................. 3-406 3.9.7 Other Drilled Shaft Pier Types .................................................................................. 3-408

3.9.7.1 Column-Web Wall Drilled Shaft Bent Pier ....................................................... 3-408 3.9.7.2 Transfer Beam Drilled Shaft Bent Pier ............................................................ 3-408

3.9.8 Bridge Seats .......................................................................................................... 3-408 3.9.9 Piers for Deck Beams .............................................................................................. 3-409

3.10 Foundations .............................................................................................................. 3-411

3.10.1 Piles .......................................................................................................... 3-411 3.10.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 3-411 3.10.1.2 Nominal Required Bearing ............................................................................ 3-411

3.10.1.2.1 Maximum Nominal Required Bearing .................................................. 3-412 3.10.1.3 Factored and Allowable Resistance Available .............................................. 3-414 3.10.1.4 Structural Resistance .................................................................................... 3-416 3.10.1.5 Geotechnical losses (Scour, Downdrag and Liquefaction) ........................... 3-418

3.10.1.5.1 Scour ..................................................................................................... 3-418 3.10.1.5.2 Downdrag ............................................................................................. 3-419 3.10.1.5.3 Liquefaction .......................................................................................... 3-420

3.10.1.6 Estimated Pile Lengths .................................................................................. 3-421 3.10.1.7 Test Piles ....................................................................................................... 3-422 3.10.1.8 Pile Shoes ...................................................................................................... 3-423 3.10.1.9 Corrosion Protection of Piles ......................................................................... 3-423 3.10.1.10 Design for Lateral Loading .......................................................................... 3-424 3.10.1.11 Pile Spacing ................................................................................................. 3-426 3.10.1.12 Pile Connection to Abutments, Piers and Footings .................................... 3-426 3.10.1.13 Pile Data Plan Information ........................................................................... 3-426

3.10.2 Drilled Shafts .......................................................................................................... 3-428 3.10.2.1 Geotechnical Axial Resistance ...................................................................... 3-429


Jan. 2012 Page xi

3.10.2.2 Geotechnical Losses (Scour, Downdrag and Liquefaction).......................... 3-430 3.10.2.3 Lateral Resistance ......................................................................................... 3-430 3.10.2.4 Structural Resistance .................................................................................... 3-430 3.10.2.5 Shafts for Abutments, Piers, and Walls ........................................................ 3-431 3.10.2.6 Shafts for Other Structures ............................................................................ 3-432

3.10.3 Spread Footings ..................................................................................................... 3-432 3.10.3.1 Bearing Resistance ....................................................................................... 3-433 3.10.3.2 Sliding Resistance ......................................................................................... 3-434 3.10.3.3 Settlement ...................................................................................................... 3-436 3.10.3.4 Structural Resistance .................................................................................... 3-436

3.11 Retaining Walls ......................................................................................................... 3-437

3.11.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) ..................................................................... 3-437 3.11.1.1 Coping ............................................................................................................ 3-442 3.11.1.2 Load Transfer Around Drainage Structures and Pipe Pass Through ........... 3-444 3.11.1.3 Anchorage Slab and Section Thru Parapet .................................................. 3-447 3.11.1.4 Abutments ...................................................................................................... 3-450

3.11.2 Cast-In-Place T-Type ............................................................................................. 3-454 3.11.2.1 Geometry ....................................................................................................... 3-454 3.11.2.2 Loads ............................................................................................................ 3-455 3.11.2.3 Drainage and Backfill Details ........................................................................ 3-459

3.11.3 Soldier Pile .......................................................................................................... 3-462 3.11.3.1 Driven or Drilled ............................................................................................. 3-462 3.11.3.2 Facing Alternatives ........................................................................................ 3-463

3.11.3.2.1 CIP Facing ............................................................................................ 3-463 3.11.3.2.2 Treated Timber ..................................................................................... 3-470 3.11.3.2.3 Precast Facing ...................................................................................... 3-472

3.11.3.3 Anchorage Slab, Section Thru Parapet and Railing ..................................... 3-472 3.11.3.4 Drainage ........................................................................................................ 3-477

3.11.4 Permanent Sheet Pile ............................................................................................. 3-480 3.11.4.1 Facing Alternatives ........................................................................................ 3-482

3.11.5 Wall Anchorage Systems ....................................................................................... 3-482 3.11.5.1 Deadman ....................................................................................................... 3-482 3.11.5.2 Helical Ground Anchors................................................................................. 3-485 3.11.5.3 Permanent Ground Anchors .......................................................................... 3-485 3.11.5.4 Anchor Head Assemblies .............................................................................. 3-485


Page xii Jan. 2012

3.11.6 Soil Nailed and Other Specialized Wall Systems .................................................. 3-488 3.12 Noise Walls ................................................................................................................ 3-489

3.13 Temporary Construction Works ............................................................................... 3-491

3.13.1 Temporary Sheet Piling, Temporary Soil Retention Systems and Braced Excavations ......................................................................................................... 3-491 3.13.2 Temporary Geotextile Walls and Temporary MSE Systems ................................. 3-496 3.13.3 Cofferdams and Seal Coats ................................................................................... 3-502

3.14 Embankment and Slopewalls ................................................................................... 3-505

3.14.1 Embankment 3-505 3.14.2 Slopewalls - General .............................................................................................. 3-505 3.14.3 Abutment Berms ..................................................................................................... 3-505 3.14.4 Slopewalls (Grade Separations) ............................................................................. 3-509

3.14.4.1 Concrete ........................................................................................................ 3-509 3.14.4.2 Bituminous ..................................................................................................... 3-513

3.14.5 Slope Protection Systems (Stream Crossing) ........................................................ 3-515 3.15 Seismic Design.......................................................................................................... 3-517

3.15.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3-517 3.15.2 Design Earthquake, and Seismic Performance Zones and Categories ................ 3-518 3.15.3 Earthquake Resisting Systems - General .............................................................. 3-519

3.15.3.1 Description ..................................................................................................... 3-519 3.15.3.2 Range of Applicability .................................................................................... 3-521

3.15.4 Earthquake Resisting Systems - Specifics ............................................................ 3-522 3.15.4.1 Superstructure to Substructure Connections: Level 1 Redundancy ............ 3-523 3.15.4.2 Support Lengths: Level 2 Redundancy ......................................................... 3-524 3.15.4.3 Substructures and Foundations: Level 3 Redundancy ................................. 3-526

3.15.4.3.1 Factors ............................................................................................... 3-526 3.15.4.3.2 Foundation Issues ................................................................................ 3-527 3.15.4.3.3 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam, Crashwall, Footing and Piles .................................................................................................. 3-527 3.15.4.3.4 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents with Footing and Piles ................ 3-528 3.15.4.3.5 Individually Encased and Solid Wall Pile Bent Piers ........................... 3-529 3.15.4.3.6 Drilled Shaft Piers ................................................................................. 3-529 3.15.4.3.7 Abutments ............................................................................................. 3-530

3.15.5 Overview of Seismic Detailing Requirements for Substructures and Foundations 3-530


Jan. 2012 Page xiii

3.15.5.1 Circular and Trapezoidal Column Bents with Cap Beam and Crashwall ..... 3-531 3.15.5.2 Solid Wall and Hammerhead Bents with Footings ........................................ 3-538 3.15.5.3 Individually Encased and Solid Wall Pile Bent Piers .................................... 3-543 3.15.5.4 Drilled Shaft Piers .......................................................................................... 3-543 3.15.5.5 Piles ............................................................................................................... 3-551 3.15.5.6 Spread Footings ............................................................................................ 3-553 3.15.5.7 Closed Abutments ......................................................................................... 3-553

3.15.6 Overview of Global Analysis and Design Methods ................................................ 3-553 3.15.6.1 Fundamental Period and Base Shears ......................................................... 3-554 3.15.6.2 Transverse Models ........................................................................................ 3-554 3.15.6.3 Longitudinal Models ....................................................................................... 3-556

3.15.7 Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Bridges ................................................................. 3-556 3.15.8 Local Bridge Flexible Design Option for 1000 Year Return Period Earthquake ... 3-563

3.16 Design Guides ........................................................................................................... 3-565

3.17 Miscellaneous Details ............................................................................................... 3-567

Section 4 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Design Aids ..................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Base Sheets ................................................................................................................... 4-27


Page xiv Jan. 2012

List of Figures and Tables

Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1-1 Figure 1.4.1-1 Plan Development Outline Format ..................................................... 1-15 Figure 1.4.2-1 Quality Verification Statement Format ................................................ 1-17

Section 2 Planning ............................................................................................................... 2-1 Table 2.1.2-1 Structural Design Specification Selection Table .................................. 2-2 Figure 2.2.3.4.4-1 Proposed Structure Sketch ................................................................. 2-15 Figure 2.3.4.1.3-1 Structure Report Format ..................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-1 LRFD 11x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-34 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-2 LRFD 11x52 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-35 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-3 LRFD 17x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-36 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-4 LRFD 17x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-37 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-5 LRFD 21x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-38 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-6 LRFD 21x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-39 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-7 LRFD 27x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-40 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-8 LRFD 27x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-41 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-9 LRFD 33x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-42 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-10 LRFD 33x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-43 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-11 LRFD 42x36 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-44 Figure 2.3.6.1.2-12 LRFD 42x48 Deck Beam Span Limits ................................................ 2-45 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-1 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ............................................ 2-48 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-2 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ............................................... 2-49 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-3 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ............................................ 2-50 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-4 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ............................................... 2-51 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-5 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ........................................... 2-52 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-6 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits .............................................. 2-38 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-7 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Simple Span Limits ............................................ 2-39 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-8 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Limits ............................................... 2-55 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-9 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Limits .................................. 2-56 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-10 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Limits ..................................... 2-57 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-11 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Limits .................................. 2-58 Figure 2.3.6.1.3-12 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Limits ..................................... 2-59 Figure 2.3.6.1.6-1 Limits of Expansion Joint Seals .......................................................... 2-62 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-1 Grade Separation Piers #1 ................................................................. 2-75


Jan. 2012 Page xv

Figure 2.3.6.2.2-2 Grade Separation Piers #2 ................................................................. 2-76 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-3 Grade Separation Piers #3 ................................................................. 2-77 Figure 2.3.6.2.2-4 Height of Crashwall of Multi-Column Piers ......................................... 2-78 Table 2.3.6.3.2-1 Design Scour Elevation Table (Bridge) .............................................. 2-96 Table 2.3.6.3.2-2 Design Scour Elevation Table (Culvert) ............................................. 2-97 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-1 Typical Stream Crossing Slope Protection Layout ............................. 2-99 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-2 Toe Stone Riprap Treatment at Stream Crossings .......................... 2-100 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-3 Flank Stone Riprap Treatment at Stream Crossings ....................... 2-101 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-4 Abutment Cap Geometry Policy ....................................................... 2-102 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-5 Berm Width Details #1 ...................................................................... 2-103 Figure 2.3.6.3.3-6 Berm Width Details #2 ...................................................................... 2-104 Figure 2.3.7.4.1-1 Bridge Crown Policy.......................................................................... 2-112 Figure 2.3.7.4.2-1 Method of Attaining Superelevation ................................................. 2-113 Table 2.3.7.6-1 Structure Layout Guidelines for Horizontally Curved Alignments .... 2-115 Figure 2.3.9.2-1 USCG Permit Sketch #1 ................................................................... 2-119 Figure 2.3.9.2-2 USCG Permit Sketch #2 ................................................................... 2-120 Figure 2.3.9.2-3 USCG Permit Sketch #3 ................................................................... 2-121 Figure 2.3.9.2-4 USCG Permit Sketch #4 ................................................................... 2-122 Figure 2.3.9.2-5 USCG Permit Sketch #5 ................................................................... 2-123 Table 2.3.9.3-1 USCG Permit Waterways ......................................................... 2-124, 125 Figure 2.3.10-1 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class B Soil (LRFD) ... ........................................................................................................... 2-130 Figure 2.3.10-2 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class C Soil (LRFD) . ........................................................................................................... 2-131 Figure 2.3.10-3 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class D Soil (LRFD) . ........................................................................................................... 2-132 Figure 2.3.10-4 Spectral Acceleration at T=1.0 Sec. (SD1) for Site Class E Soil (LRFD) . ........................................................................................................... 2-133 Figure 2.3.10-5 Acceleration Coefficient at T=0.0 Sec. (A) Map of Illinois (LFD) ..... 2-134 Figure 2.3.11.4.1-1 Unsuitable Material Removal and Replacement Example ............... 2-144 Figure 2.3.11.5-1 Phoebe Nesting Site on Box Culvert ................................................ 2-148

Section 3 Design ............................................................................................................... 3-1 Figure 3.1.8-1 Sample Footing Layout #1 .................................................................. 3-16 Figure 3.1.8-2 Sample Footing Layout #2 .................................................................. 3-17 Figure 3.1.8-3 Sample Footing Layout #3 .................................................................. 3-18


Page xvi Jan. 2012

Figure 3.1.9-1 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #1 ........................................... 3-21 Figure 3.1.9-2 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #2 ........................................... 3-22 Figure 3.1.9-3 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #3 ........................................... 3-23 Figure 3.1.9-4 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #4 ........................................... 3-24 Figure 3.1.9-5 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #5 ........................................... 3-25 Figure 3.1.9-6 Sample Top of Slab Elevation Layout #6 ........................................... 3-26 Figure 3.1.12-1 LRFD Design Data Tables .................................................................. 3-29 Figure 3.1.12-2 LRFD Design Data Table for Curved Girders .................................... 3-33 Figure 3.1.12-3 LRFD PPC I-Beam Design Data Tables ............................................ 3-41 Figure 3.1.12-4 Load Factor Design Data Tables ........................................................ 3-43 Figure 3.1.12-5 Load Factor Design Data Tables for Curved Girders ......................... 3-46 Figure 3.1.12-6 PPC I-Beam Load Factor Design Data Tables .................................. 3-49 Figure 3.2.1-1 Traditional LRFD Slab Design w/ FWS = 50 psf ................................ 3-65 Figure 3.2.1-2 Design Span Definitions for LRFD Slab Design ................................. 3-66 Figure 3.2.1-3 Ultimate Strength LFD Slab Design w/ FWS = 50 psf ....................... 3-67 Figure 3.2.2.1-1 Edge Beam at Expansion Joint for Steel Beams ............................... 3-74 Figure 3.2.2.1-2 Edge Beam at Expansion Joint for PPC Beams ................................ 3-75 Figure 3.2.2.1-3 Edge Beam Main Reinforcement........................................................ 3-76 Figure 3.2.4-1 34 in. F-Shape Concrete Parapet Configuration ................................ 3-80 Figure 3.2.4-2 Deck and Parapet Reinforcement for 34 in. F-Shape Parapet .......... 3-81 Figure 3.2.4-3 42 in. F-Shape Concrete Parapet Configuration ................................ 3-82 Figure 3.2.4-4 Deck and Parapet Reinforcement for 42 in. F-Shape Parapet .......... 3-83 Figure 3.2.4-5 Deck Reinforcement for Prestressed I and Bulb-T Beams ................ 3-84 Figure 3.2.4-6 Deck Reinforcment and Joints in Parapet for Steel Beams at Piers . 3-85 Figure 3.2.4-7 Deck Reinforcement and Joints in Parapet for Concrete Beams at Piers ............................................................................................................. 3-86 Figure 3.2.4-8 Sidewalk Configuration and Dimensions ............................................ 3-87 Figure 3.2.4-9 Sidewalk Reinforcement ..................................................................... 3-88 Figure 3.2.4-10 Parapet Joint Detail............................................................................. 3-89 Figure 3.2.4-11 Fillets for Steel Beams ........................................................................ 3-90 Figure 3.2.4-12 Fillets for Concrete Beams ................................................................. 3-91 Figure 3.2.4-13 Alternate Parapet Reinforcement for Interior Deck Parapet Locations .... ............................................................................................................. 3-92 Figure 3.2.5-1 Median Details .................................................................................... 3-94 Figure 3.2.5-2 Voided Median .................................................................................... 3-95


Jan. 2012 Page xvii

Figure 3.2.7-1 Longitudinal Deck Joint ....................................................................... 3-97 Figure 3.2.7-2 Longitudinal Joint Seal at Median Barriers ......................................... 3-98 Figure 3.2.8-1 Deck Pouring Sequence Design Aid .................................................. 3-99 Figure 3.2.9-1 Floor Drain for Steel Beams ............................................................. 3-101 Figure 3.2.9-2 Floor Drain for Concrete Beams ....................................................... 3-102 Figure 3.2.9-3 Alternate Floor Drain ......................................................................... 3-103 Figure 3.2.9-4 Drainage Scupper DS-11 Outside Fascia Beam ............................. 3-104 Figure 3.2.9-5 Drainage Scupper DS-11 Inside Fascia Beam ................................ 3-105 Figure 3.2.9-6 Drainage Scupper DS-12 Outside Fascia Beam ............................. 3-106 Figure 3.2.9-7 Drainage Scupper DS-12 Inside Fascia Beam ................................ 3-107 Figure 3.2.9-8 Drainage Scupper DS-12M10 .......................................................... 3-108 Figure 3.2.9-9 Drainage Scupper DS-33 .................................................................. 3-109 Figure 3.2.10-1 Light Pole Mounted on Concrete Parapet #1 ................................... 3-111 Figure 3.2.10-2 Alternate Light Pole Mounted on Concrete Parapet ........................ 3-112 Figure 3.2.10-3 Light Pedestal Reinforcement .......................................................... 3-113 Figure 3.2.11-1 LRFD Slab Bridges ........................................................................... 3-116 Figure 3.2.11-2 LRFD Two Span Slab Bridges .......................................................... 3-117 Figure 3.2.11-3 LRFD Three Span Slab Bridges ....................................................... 3-118 Figure 3.2.11-4 LFD Slab Bridges .............................................................................. 3-119 Figure 3.2.11-5 LFD Two Span Slab Bridges ............................................................ 3-120 Figure 3.2.11-6 LFD Three Span Slab Bridges .......................................................... 3-121 Figure 3.3.8-1 Cover Plates...................................................................................... 3-135 Figure 3.3.9-1 Typical Detail of Shear Connectors .................................................. 3-138 Figure 3.3.11-1 Flange Plate Butt Welds (Joint Width = 12 in.) ................................ 3-140 Figure 3.3.11-2 Flange Plate Butt Welds (Joint Width = 14 in.) ................................ 3-141 Figure 3.3.11-3 Flange Plate Butt Welds (Joint Width = 16 in.) ................................ 3-142 Figure 3.3.11-4 Flange Plate Butt Welds (Joint Width = 18 in.) ................................ 3-143 Figure 3.3.12-1 Camber Diagram ............................................................................... 3-145 Figure 3.3.17-1 Curved Girder Layout ....................................................................... 3-149 Figure 3.3.21-1 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configurations Outside Flange Splice Plates .............................................................................................. 3-154 Figure 3.3.21-2 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configurations Inside and Outside .... Flange Splice Plates ........................................................................ 3-155 Figure 3.3.21-3 Standard Beam and Girder Splice Configuration Notes and Definitions .. ........................................................................................................... 3-156


Page xviii Jan. 2012

Figure 3.3.22-1 Interior Diaphragm (Depths up to 42 in.) .......................................... 3-159 Figure 3.3.22-2 Interior Diaphragm (Depths up to 48 in.) .......................................... 3-160 Figure 3.3.22-3 Interior Cross Frame Away from Support (Depths Greater Than 48 in.) .. ........................................................................................................... 3-161 Figure 3.3.22-4 Bottom Lateral Bracing ..................................................................... 3-162 Figure 3.3.23-1 End Diaphragm Connections for Wide Flange Sections .................. 3-165 Figure 3.3.23-2 End Diaphragm Connections for Shallow Plate Girders .................. 3-166 Figure 3.3.23-3 End Cross Frame for Skew Less Than 45 Degrees ........................ 3-167 Figure 3.3.23-4 End Cross Frame for Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45 Degrees #1 ..... ........................................................................................................... 3-168 Figure 3.3.23-5 End Cross Frame for Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45 Degrees #2 ..... ........................................................................................................... 3-169 Figure 3.3.23-6 End Cross Frame for Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45 Degrees #3 ..... ........................................................................................................... 3-170 Figure 3.3.23-7 End Diaphragm Stage Construction Sequence ............................... 3-171 Figure 3.3.23.1-1 Diaphragm Connection for Finger Plate and Modular Joints ........... 3-173 Figure 3.3.23.1-2 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Less Than 45) ............................................ 3-174 Figure 3.3.23.1-3 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45) #1 ................ 3-175 Figure 3.3.23.1-4 End Cross Frame for Finger Plate and Modular Joints(Depths Greater .. Than 48 in. and Skew Greater Than or Equal to 45) #2 ................ 3-176 Table 3.3.27-1 Minimum Steel Plate Thicknesses.................................................... 3-180 Table 3.4.3-1 Table of Standard Prestressing Load (Low Relaxation) .................. 3-184 Figure 3.4.4.1-1 Strand Patter Naming Conventions .................................................. 3-186 Table 3.4.4.1-1 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns .......................... 3-187 Table 3.4.4.1-2 LRFD 36 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ............................. 3-188 Table 3.4.4.1-3 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns .......................... 3-189 Table 3.4.4.1-4 LRFD 42 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ............................. 3-190 Table 3.4.4.1-5 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns .......................... 3-191 Table 3.4.4.1-6 LRFD 48 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ............................. 3-192 Table 3.4.4.1-7 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns .......................... 3-193 Table 3.4.4.1-8 LRFD 54 in. I-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ............................. 3-194 Table 3.4.4.1-9 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns ................ 3-195 Table 3.4.4.1-10 LRFD 63 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ................... 3-196


Jan. 2012 Page xix

Table 3.4.4.1-11 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Simple Span Strand Patterns ................ 3-197 Table 3.4.4.1-12 LRFD 72 in. Bulb T-Beam Multi-Span Strand Patterns ................... 3-198 Table 3.4.4.2-1 I-Beam and Bulb T-Beam Design Properties ................................... 3-199 Figure 3.4.4.2-1 36 in. I-Beam ..................................................................................... 3-200 Figure 3.4.4.2-2 42 in. I-Beam ..................................................................................... 3-201 Figure 3.4.4.2-3 48 in. I-Beam ..................................................................................... 3-202 Figure 3.4.4.2-4 54 in. I-Beam ..................................................................................... 3-203 Figure 3.4.4.2-5 63 in. Bulb T-Beam ........................................................................... 3-204 Figure 3.4.4.2-6 72 in. Bulb T-Beam ........................................................................... 3-205 Figure 3.4.4.2-7 Typical Layout of Prestressing Strands ............................................ 3-206 Figure 3.4.4.3-1 Fillet Reinforcement for Fillets over 2.5 in. ....................................... 3-208 Table 3.4.5.2-1 LRFD Standard Transverse Reinforcement Table ........................... 3-211 Figure 3.4.7-1 Lifting Loop ........................................................................................ 3-213 Figure 3.4.8-1 Bottom Plate Details of the Splitting Steel Assembly ....................... 3-215 Figure 3.4.9-1 Permanent Bracing Details for 36 in. and 42 in. PPC I-Beams ....... 3-217 Figure 3.4.9-2 Permanent Bracing Details for 48 in. and 54 in. PPC I-Beams ....... 3-218 Figure 3.4.9-3 Permanent Bracing Details for Bulb T-Beams ................................. 3-219 Figure 3.4.10-1 Diaphragm over Expansion Piers ..................................................... 3-221 Figure 3.4.10-2 Expansion Pier Details ...................................................................... 3-222 Figure 3.4.10-3 Diaphragm over Fixed Piers ............................................................. 3-223 Figure 3.4.10-4 Fixed Pier Details .............................................................................. 3-224 Figure 3.4.10-5 Diaphragm Dimensions at Piers ....................................................... 3-225 Figure 3.4.10-6 Side Retainer at Fixed Piers ............................................................. 3-226 Table 3.5.3-1 LRFD 11 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-229 Table 3.5.3-2 LRFD 17 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-230 Table 3.5.3-3 LRFD 21 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-231 Table 3.5.3-4 LRFD 27 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-232 Table 3.5.3-5 LRFD 33 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-233 Table 3.5.3-6 LRFD 42 in. Deck Beam Strand Patterns ........................................ 3-234 Table 3.5.4-1 Deck Beam Design Properties ......................................................... 3-235 Figure 3.5.4-1 11x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-236 Figure 3.5.4-2 11x52 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-237 Figure 3.5.4-3 17x36 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-238 Figure 3.5.4-4 17x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-239 Figure 3.5.4-5 21x36 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-240


Page xx Jan. 2012

Figure 3.5.4-6 21x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-241 Figure 3.5.4-7 27x36 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-242 Figure 3.5.4-8 27x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-243 Figure 3.5.4-9 33x36 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-244 Figure 3.5.4-10 33x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-245 Figure 3.5.4-11 42x36 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-246 Figure 3.5.4-12 42x48 PPC Deck Beam .................................................................... 3-247 Figure 3.5.6.1-1 Fixed Abutment Sections 11 in. Beams ........................................... 3-249 Figure 3.5.6.1-2 Fixed Abutment Sections 17 in. 21 in. Beams .............................. 3-250 Figure 3.5.6.1-3 Fixed Abutment Sections 27 in. 42 in. Beams .............................. 3-251 Figure 3.5.6.1-4 Fixed Abutment Sections 11 in. 42 in. Beams No Approach Pavement ........................................................................................................... 3-252 Figure 3.5.6.2-1 Fixed Pier Sections 11 in. 42 in. Beams ....................................... 3-254 Figure 3.5.6.3-1 Alternate Fixed Bearings at Abutment .............................................. 3-255 Figure 3.5.6.3-2 Alternate Fixed Bearings at Pier ....................................................... 3-256 Figure 3.5.6.3-3 Alternate Fixed Bearings Section ..................................................... 3-257 Figure 3.5.7.1-1 Expansion Abutment Sections 11 in. Beams ................................... 3-259 Figure 3.5.7.1-2 Expansion Abutment Sections 17 in. 21 in. Beams ...................... 3-260 Figure 3.5.7.1-3 Expansion Abutment Sections 27 in. 42 in. Beams ...................... 3-261 Figure 3.5.7.1-4 Expansion Abutment Sections 11 in. 42 in. Beams No Approach

Pavement .......................................................................................... 3-262 Figure 3.5.7.2-1 Expansion Pier Sections 11 in. 42 in. Beams ............................... 3-263 Figure 3.5.7.4-1 Expansion Joint Treatment ............................................................... 3-265 Figure 3.5.7.4-2 End of Deck Beam Treatment at Expansion Joint with HMA Overlay 17

in. 42 in. Beams #1 ........................................................................ 3-266 Figure 3.5.7.4-3 End of Deck Beam Treatment at Expansion Joint with HMA Overlay 17

in. 42 in. Beams #2 ........................................................................ 3-267 Figure 3.5.7.5-1 Retainer Angle at Expansion Joint ................................................... 3-268 Figure 3.5.9-1 Wearing Surface Profiles .................................................................. 3-271 Figure 3.5.9-2 Shear Key Clamping Detail at Stage Construction Joint ................. 3-272 Figure 3.5.9-3 End Block Details .............................................................................. 3-273 Figure 3.5.9-4 Lifting Loop Details for Deck Beams ................................................ 3-274 Figure 3.6.2.1-1 Strip Seal Expansion Joint #1 ........................................................... 3-281 Figure 3.6.2.1-2 Strip Seal Expansion Joint #2 ........................................................... 3-282 Figure 3.6.2.1-3 Strip Seal Details (Expansion and Fixed) ......................................... 3-283


Jan. 2012 Page xxi

Figure 3.6.2.1-4 Strip Seal Joints for Wearing Surface Over Deck Beams ................ 3-284 Figure 3.6.2.1-5 Point Block and Sliding Plate Detail ................................................. 3-285 Figure 3.6.2.1-6 Point Block and Sliding Plate Detail 3-286 Figure 3.6.2.2-1 Finger Plate Dimensions ................................................................... 3-287 Figure 3.6.2.2-2 Finger Plate Design Table ................................................................ 3-288 Figure 3.6.2.2-3 Finger Plate at Abutment #1 ............................................................. 3-289 Figure 3.6.2.2-4 Finger Plate at Abutment #2 ............................................................. 3-290 Figure 3.6.2.2-5 Trough Detail at Abutment ................................................................ 3-291 Figure 3.6.2.2-6 Finger Plate at Pier #1 ...................................................................... 3-292 Figure 3.6.2.2-7 Finger Plate at Pier #2 ...................................................................... 3-293 Figure 3.6.2.2-8 Trough Detail at Pier ......................................................................... 3-294 Figure 3.6.2.2-9 Finger Plate and Sliding Plate Details .............................................. 3-295 Figure 3.6.2.2-10 Trough Splice Detail.......................................................................... 3-296 Figure 3.6.2.3-1 Modular Joint Configurations ............................................................ 3-297 Figure 3.7.1.2-1 Low Profile Fixed Bearing ................................................................. 3-300 Figure 3.7.1.2-2 Integral Abutment Bearing for Steel Beams ..................................... 3-301 Figure 3.7.1.2-3 Non-Elastomeric Bearing Plate Design ............................................ 3-302 Table 3.7.2-1 Anchor Bolt Details ........................................................................... 3-304 Table 3.7.3-1 Allowable Anchor Bolts Shear for Seismic Loading ......................... 3-307 Table 3.7.3-3 Pintle Allowable Shear for Seismic Loading ..................................... 3-309 Figure 3.7.4-1 Elastomeric and PTFE Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ................ 3-311 Figure 3.7.4-2 Types I and II Plan Dimensions vs. Loading .................................... 3-316 Figure 3.7.4-3 Type III Plan Dimension vs. Loading ................................................ 3-317 Figure 3.7.4-4 Type of Bearing vs. Expansion Length ............................................. 3-318 Figure 3.7.4-5 Type I Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Expansion Length ............. 3-319 Figure 3.7.4-6 Type II Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Expansion Length ............ 3-320 Figure 3.7.4-7 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #1 ................ 3-321 Figure 3.7.4-8 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #2 ................ 3-322 Figure 3.7.4-9 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #3 ................ 3-323 Figure 3.7.4-10 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #4 ................ 3-324 Figure 3.7.4-11 Type II and III Minimum Bearing Thickness vs. Slope #5 ................ 3-325 Figure 3.7.4-12 Slope Limitations for Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ................... 3-326 Figure 3.7.4-13 Type I Elastomeric Expansion Bearing ............................................ 3-327 Figure 3.7.4-14 Type II Elastomeric Expansion Bearing .......................................... 3-328 Figure 3.7.4-15 Type III Elastomeric Expansion Bearing .......................................... 3-329


Page xxii Jan. 2012

Figure 3.7.4-16 Elastomeric Bearing Details for Steel Beams on New Semi-Integral ....... Abutments ........................................................................................ 3-330 Figure 3.7.4-17 Elastomeric Bearing Details for PPC Beams on New Semi-Integral ........ Abutments ........................................................................................ 3-331 Figure 3.7.4-18 Miscellaneous Details for Elastomeric Expansion Bearings ............ 3-332 Figure 3.7.4-19 Elastomeric Bearing Plate Design .................................................... 3-333 Figure 3.7.4-20 Load Capacity and Shape Factor for Type I, II, and III Bearings ..... 3-334 Figure 3.7.4-21 Table of Dimensions for Type I Bearings ......................................... 3-335 Figure 3.7.4-22 Table of Dimensions for Type II and III Bearings ............................. 3-336 Figure 3.7.4-23 Table of Dimensions for Type III Bearings ....................................... 3-337 Figure 3.7.5-1 Fixed Pot Bearing ............................................................................. 3-340 Figure 3.7.5-2 Guided Expansion Pot Bearing ........................................................ 3-341 Figure 3.8.3-1 Integral Abutment Wingwall Embankment ....................................... 3-345 Figure 3.8.3-2 Typical Section Thru Integral Abutment ........................................... 3-347 Figure 3.8.3-3 Integral Abutment Plan ..................................................................... 3-348 Figure 3.8.3-4 Integral Abutment for Steel Beams .................................................. 3-349 Figure 3.8.3-5 Integral Abutment for Steel Beams 27 in. and Smaller .................... 3-350 Figure 3.8.3-6 Integral Abutment for PPC I-Beams ................................................. 3-351 Figure 3.8.3-7 Integral Abutment Beam Location .................................................... 3-352 Figure 3.8.4-1 Typical Section Thru Semi-Integral Abutment .................................. 3-354 Figure 3.8.4-2 Semi-Integral Abutment Details ........................................................ 3-355 Figure 3.8.4-3 Semi-Integral Abutment for Plate Girders and Steel Beams ........... 3-356 Figure 3.8.4-4 Semi-Integral Abutment for PPC I-Beams ....................................... 3-357 Figure 3.8.5-1 Pile Supported Stub Abutment ......................................................... 3-359 Figure 3.8.5-2 Wingwalls for Stub Abutments .......................................................... 3-360 Figure 3.8.5-3 Alternate Pile Supported Stub Abutment.......................................... 3-361 Figure 3.8.5-4 Pile Supported Stub Abutment for Fixed Slab Bridges .................... 3-362 Figure 3.8.5-5 Typical Section Thru Pile Supported Stub Abutment ....................... 3-363 Figure 3.8.5-6 Expansion Bearing Location at Stub Abutments for PPC Beams ... 3-364 Figure 3.8.5-7 End Diaphragm at Fixed Bearing for PPC Beams at Sealed Fixed Joint . ........................................................................................................... 3-365 Figure 3.8.6-1 Dimensions for Closed Abutments ................................................... 3-367 Figure 3.8.6-2 Typical Section Thru Closed Abutment with Weep Hole Outlet ...... 3-368 Figure 3.8.6-3 Typical Section Thru Closed Abutment with Pipe Underdrain Outlet ....... .....................................................