Presented by: N.SUTHARSHAN

HNDE 2011

Introduction objective Characteristics of Brick Manufacture of Brick Terminology of bricks Shape of Brick Type of Bond Field Test / Lab Test Failure of Brick protection of failure of Brick Summary

Brick work can be used in building construction for two different applications. They are as infill panels in reinforced concrete framed building and load bearing brick.There are several bond patterns available in Sri Lanka such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond and recently introduced Rat-trap bond.

1.To develop a teaching learning package for main components of brick work.

2. To validate the developed package.3. To maintain the uniform standard in main

components brick work system in COTs.

Color:- Good brick should possess a uniform colour throughout.

Standard Size ( 215 X 102.5 X 65 ) Shape:- The spaces and beds should be true and not

twisted; they should possess sharp; keen arrises. Burning:- Uniformly burn throughout, and show a

uniform texture internally when broken across Absorption:-Brick should not absorb water more then

1/6 their own weight when immersed in the water for 24 hours

Preparation of ClayMouldingDrayingBurningCooling

Selection of site for brick making. Bricks are make from quality clay that is found sufficient

available in the ground. And also sufficient quality of water is available.

Un-soiling:- This operation consists of scraping top layer of soil, about 150 to 250mm in depth, to be rejected and thrown away, since the top soil may contain a number of impurities including waste disposal materials.

Digging:- After the un-soiling, the brick earth is then dug out from the ground either manually or with the help of machinery.

Cleaning and powering:- The brick earth is cleared of stones, pebbles, lime, roots and other vegetable matter.

Clay cut usinga crook hold

Clay rolled in sand to preventit sticking to the mould

Placed in wooden mould (a strike) and smoothed down.

Clay removed from mould Hand made brick Kiln

The process of preparing the bricks of required shape and size from the tempered or plugged earth/clay is moulding which is done in timber or steel moulds. There are two methods of moulding.

01. Hand moulding:- In this, bricks are moulded manually. It is adopted where sufficient man power is available cheaply. Hand moulding is done either on the ground or on the

table, respectively known as ground, table moulding 02. Machine moulding:- when a large number of

bricks are to be manufactured at a given site in short duration, moulding of bricks can be done with the help of machine. Machine moulded bricks are heavy, strong and durable and have smooth extwrnal surfaces.

To remove water content so that both the time of burning as well as fuel consumption is reduced.

To increase the strength of bricks so that they can be handled safely without breaking or deforming.

To minimize creaking and distortion of bricks during burning.

BURNING OF BRICKSBurning of air dried bricks is a very important and essential

operation because it imparts, Strength Hardness Durability Denseness Pleasing red colour and Imperviousness.

Positions:Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.Brick Types. There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and wire cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface and a shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes through them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick. Some ‘perforated’ bricks have many smaller holes.

Brick Usage. There are three main categories of use, and both pressed bricks or wire cut brick types are used in all three categories.

Facing brickwork is the visible decorative work. Engineering brickwork, often seen in bridges and large industrial

construction but may also be hidden in ground works where maximum durability is required e.g. manhole construction.

Common brickwork is not usually seen and is used where engineering qualities are not required; below ground in domestic buildings and internal walls for instance.

Standard Brick King Closer

65215

102.5 mm

Bed side

Arises

Queen Closer

Beveller closer Quarter brick

Three Quarter

Bonding is the methods used in masonry work to avoid continuous vertical joints. which can make a wall unstable when loads are uneven. A complex bond produces a stiffer wall. Bonding also spreads the loads from joist ends and roof trusses through the wall.

A brick should be twice as long as it is wide. This allows for different methods for bonding the bricks, which can produce variations in appearance and strength.

load

Comparison between bonded and non-bonded brick work

load

Non-bondedBonded

Stretchers

Toothing

Stretcher course

Header course

Queen closer

Vertical jointBed joint

Walls build in English bonds are very strong as no straight joints occur in any part of the wall. Alternative courses of headers and stretchers it is used where strength is preferably to appearance.

First courser ( Stretcher side Brick )

Second course

Motor Bed

Queen closer

All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall. It may be used for footings in foundation s for better transverse load distribution and construction of curve walls.

Type of BondFlemish bond, always been considered the most decorative bond, It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course.

Stretcher bond is the simplest repeating pattern but it is only suitable for a wall half a brick thick, the

thinnest possible wall.

Stretcher bond

Type of Bond Rat-trap bond, also known as Chinese bond, is a type of garden wall bond similar to Flemish, but consisting of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers. This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the headers, hence the name. The main advantage of this bond is economy in use of bricks, giving a wall of one brick thickness with fewer bricks than a solid bond

Field / Lab TestField / Lab Test

2T10

Tie beam Brick work

R.R.

Cost Comparisons

No Item Unit Rate Total 9” Bond (Rs)

Total 9” Rattrap Bond (RS)

1 Cement Bag 800.00 19,600.0011,800.00

2 Brick Nos 5.00 4,475.004,000.00

3 Sand Cubes 3,500.00 700.00560.00

4 Masons Days 1000.00 2,500.003,500.00

5 Helpers Days 600.00

2,100.001,800.00

6 Scaffoldings Unit - 140.00 160.00

7 Wastage Hire - 300.00 250.00

Total Rs. 29,815.00 22,070.00

  Radon SealIon-Bond Armor LastiSeal

(plain)LastiSeal

Color Dry Way

CONCRETE BLOCKS

Concrete blocks, cinder blocks YY Y Y Y Y

Mortar, parging on concrete YY Y Y Y Y

Light-weight CMUs - Y Y Y YY

Split face blocks - Y Y Y YY

BRICKS, STONE, TILE

Clay bricks - Y YY YY Y

Pavers - Y YY YY Y

Mexican tile - y YY YY Y

Man-made stone - Y Y Y YY

Limestone YY Y Y   Y

Masonry, facades, statues - Y Y   YY

OTHER

Stucco on concrete YY Y Y Y Y

Stucco on bricks - Y YY Y Y

YY … the best choice, Y … good choice, - … not suitable

The formula for brick making has not changed for hundreds of years. The primary ingredients are clays and shale. It is these ingredients that give natural brick its colors and hue.

The natural color of concrete is gray. Inorder to give concrete bricks color, additives are necessary to create the variety of colors. Weather and the ultraviolet rays of the sun can cause concrete bricks to fade over time.

Concrete bricks have a tendency to shrink. During the concrete curing process, if the bricks are not properly cured prior to being delivered to the jobsite, shrinking and cracking will appear at the mortar joints and can allow water to enter the wall cavity.

1. What is the standard size of brick? a. 210x102.5x70 b. 215x102.5x65 c. 215x112.5x65

2. What are the more strength bond in masonry work? a. Stretcher bond b. Flemish bond c. English bond

Aggarwal J.C. Essentials of Educational Technology: Teaching and Learning Innovations in Education, Vikas Publishing House, India, 1995.

http://www.math.mrt.ac.lk/TMJAC/Papers/Paper%209.pdf.

http://www.sab.ac.lk/journal/1999/1999A13.pdf

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