brian gratwicke usfws biological planning an overview of the context and processes northeast region...
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Brian Gratwicke USFWS
Biological PlanningAn Overview of the Context and
Processes
Northeast Region Biologist’s Conference
Baltimore, Maryland15 February 2011
1940 1990 2030
New York
DC
Pittsburgh
Portland
Rochester
Roanoke
USFWS
Incomplete Look At Loss of Wildlife Habitat Over Time
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Biological PlanningAn Overview of the Context and
Processes
• Biological Planning – In Context of SHC
• Biological Planning Session Orientation – Parts, Pieces, and Speakers
• Biological Objectives – Why and HowPopulation
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…a conservation approach that sees the Service, as a core function to fulfilling its Mission, collaboratively defining, designing, and delivering landscapes that sustain socio-viable populations of fish and wildlife and the ecological processes on which they depend.
Biological Planning In SHCFoundational
Underpinnings
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Biological Planning In SHCFoundational
Underpinnings
BiologicalPlanning
Con
servationD
esign
Conservation Delivery
Ou
tcom
e- b
ased
M
onit
orin
g
Assumption-driven
ResearchARM
Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation Design
Conservation Actions
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Foundational ConceptsUnderpinnings of SHC
As a body of knowledge and as a method of discoveryScience:
BiologicalPlanning
Con
servationD
esign
Conservation Delivery
Ou
tcom
e- b
ased
M
onit
orin
g
Assumption-driven
ResearchARM
Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation Design
Conservation Actions
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Foundational ConceptsUnderpinnings of SHC
As a body of knowledge and as a method of discoveryScience:
Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation Design
Conservation Actions
Resource Management
• Enhances its Ability to Operate Effectively In The Face Of Increasing Uncertainties
• Learning Is An Explicit Objective of Our Management Decisions.
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Foundational ConceptsUnderpinnings of SHC
Goals and objectives of sustainable landscapes for fish and wildlife exceed the operational reach of individual programs, agencies, and organizations
Land management occurs at the site scale; yet ecological outcomes are system dependent, operating on processes manifested at broader spatial and temporal scales.
Landscapes that can sustain socio-viable populations of trust fish and wildlife resources
Interdependence:
Landscape:
Conservation Target:As a body of knowledge and as a method of discoveryScience:
2030
New York
DCPittsburgh
Portland
Rochester
Roanoke
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Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation Design
Conservation Actions
– Biological Planning Unit
– Priority Species
– Population Objectives
– Species-Habitat Models
– Limiting Factors
Biological Planning In SHCLandscapes that can sustain
socio-viable populations of trust fish and wildlife resources
Conservation Target:
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Structured Decision Making: An Integral Process In An SHC Approach to Sustaining Fish and Wildlife
Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation
Design
Conservation Actions
– Biological Planning Unit
– Priority Species
– Population Objectives
– Species-Habitat Models
– Limiting Factors
– Landscape/Habitat Assessment– Assessment of Conservation Estate
– Decision Support Tools
– Integrate Multiple Species Objectives
– Conservation Objectives
– Program Objectives
– Conservation Delivery Mechanisms
– Communication & Education Delivery Mechanisms
– Conservation Tracking System
– Habitat Inventory and Monitoring Program
– Population Monitoring Program
– Species/Habitat Model Assumptions
– Conservation Treatment Assumptions
– Key Factor/Sensitivity Analyses
– Spatial Data Analyses
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Conservation
Design
Conservation Actions
– Priority Species
– Population Objectives
– Species-Habitat Models
Structured Decision Making:
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Biological Objectives: Population & Habitat
• What are population objectives?
• Why do we need population objectives?
• Challenges in establishing objectives?
• Where do we get population objectives?
• An example of stepping-down objectives
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• “Measurable expression of a desired biological outcome”
• Conservation Target
Landscapes capable of sustaining priority species at prescribed levels range-wide
– Vital Rates
What are Population Objectives?
Defined
– Abundance
– Trend
– Population index
Ex: 7,400 kites
Ex: 10% annual increase
Ex: 2 fledglings/pair/year
Ex: 62 active territories Swallow-tailed Kite
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Why Do We Need Population Objectives?
Advantages and Benefits
• Maintains a focus on a biological outcome specific to trust resource fish and wildlife populations• Provides a common currency across geographies and habitats• Increases scientific credibility, transparency, and accountability
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Why Do We Need Population Objectives?
National Wildlife Refuges
National Forests
State Wildlife Mgt Areas
Wetland Reserve Program
Public Lands Reforested
Hydrology Restoration – Public
Hydrology Restoration – Private
Conservation Reserve Program
739,518
61,199
1,147,285
318,845
66,887
161,078
210,328
203,146
Conservation Estate
TOTAL -2,908,286
Target:
Landscapes capable of sustaining populations of
Trust species range-wide at prescribed levels.
What
Where
When
How Much
How Much More
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Why Do We Need Population Objectives?
Conservation Estate
Protect and restore 200,000 acres of bottomland hardwoods in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Reestablish and maintain three viable sub-populations of the Threatened LA Black Bear in the Tensas Basin, Red River Backwater, and Atchafalaya Basin of Louisiana.
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How Are Population Objectives Used?
• Species-habitat models– Identify limiting
factors• Conservation design
– How much habitat is needed?
– What kind of habitat?
– Where?
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Establishing Population Objectives?Challenges
Institutional:
• Conjures Images of Single Species Management (SvHvE)
Cultural:
Technical:
single species management
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e.g.,DensityProductivity
PopulationResponse = Landscape Quality
FunctionSite Quality
Function
Mainly forested
Mainly forested
Mainly forested
Deciduousforest
Deciduousforest
Deciduousforest
1° and 2° streams
Large rivers
Mesic edges
Open understory
Emergent canopy
Dense understory
LandscapeComposition
Landscape Structure
ForestComposition
Forest Structure
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Establishing Population Objectives?Challenges
Institutional:
• Conjures Images of Single Species Management (SvHvE)
Cultural:
Technical:
• Traditionally A Regulatory Process
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Establishing Population Objectives?Challenges
Institutional:
• Conjures Images of Single Species Management (SvHvE)
Cultural:
• Populations Span Spatial Jurisdictions
• Need to Sustain F & W Spans Political Boundaries
Technical:
• Value-based: How to Get Society Involved?
• Traditionally A Regulatory Process
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84,000 warblers
Swainson’s warbler © Hilton Pond Center
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Establishing Population Objectives?Challenges
Institutional:
Cultural:
• Populations Span Spatial Jurisdictions
• Need to Sustain F & W Spans Political Boundaries
Technical:• The Science (e.g., Life History, Limiting Factor,
“Seeing”)
• Life Cycle
• Partitioning Populations Across Systems and Constituents
• Value-based: How to Get Society Involved?
• Conjures Images of Single Species Management (SvHvE)• Traditionally A Regulatory Process
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Establishing Population Objectives?Considerations
California Condor
– Indicator
• Benchmarks– Minimum viable population
size– Sustainable populations– Harvest
– Historic baseline
– Deep time (>200 ybp) – Historical (50-200 ybp) – Recent past (0-50 ybp) – Future conditions
• Value-based exercise
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Where Do We Get Population Objectives?
Documented Resources
• Continental Plans– Waterfowl (1986, 2004)
– Shorebirds (2000)
– Waterbirds (2002)
– Landbirds (2004)• Regional Plans
– SE Waterbird Plan (2006)
– AC Joint Venture• Recovery Plans• State Wildlife Action
Plans
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Harvey Nelson
North American Waterfowl Management Plan
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North American Waterfowl Management Plan
Prioritized The Continent
Called for“joint ventures”
Established Population Objectives
62 Million Breeding
Ducks
PublicPrivate
Partnerships
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North American Waterfowl Management Plan
Prioritized The Continent
Called for“joint ventures”
Established Population Objectives
62 Million Breeding
Ducks
Mississippi
Tennessee
KentuckyMissouri
Arkansas
Louisiana
• How do we explicitly link regional (JV) goals to the continental (NAWMP) goal?
• How many ducks is the LMVJV responsible for returning to the breeding grounds to ensure the 62 million duck objective is achieved?
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Waterfowl Population Objectives
Step-down Process• Reinecke and Loesch
(1996)– Simple and efficient– Premise
• Proportion of continental population utilizing MAV is constant for all N
http://www.lmvjv.org/library/WWG_literature
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Mid-Winter Inventory Data
January 1970-79
STEP 1 Winter Distribution of Ducks Among States
Harvest DataJanuary 1970-79
STEP 2
Winter Distribution of Ducks Within States
PSTATE =
species = 1
5 or 7
year = 1
10
Nyear,species
species = 1
5 or 7
state = 1
48
Nstate,year,speciesyear = 1
10
Mid-Winter Inventory DataJanuary 1970-79
Winter Distribution of Ducks Among StatesStep 1
Establish Population Targets
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ArkansasIllinoisKentuckyLouisianaMississippiMissouriTennessee
Total
322,29010,8906,710
395,860179,23026,02035,500
976,500
78,4010
194332,96544,4143,664
15,066
474,703
1,474,1893,005
12,662637,907435,15165,817
236,884
2,865,615
1,874,88013,89519,566
1,366,732658,79695,501
287,450
4,316,818
StateDabbling
DucksDivingDucks
WoodDucks Total
Targetstate = Pstate * PMAVstate * Goalcontinential
Establish Population Targets
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Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation
Design
Conservation Actions
– Biological Planning Unit
– Priority Species
– Population Objectives
– Species-Habitat Models
– Limiting Factors
Structured Decision Making: An Integral Process In An SHC Approach to Conserving Fish and Wildlife
– Landscape/Habitat Assessment– Assessment of Conservation Estate
– Decision Support Tools
– Integrate Multiple Species Objectives
– Conservation Objectives
– Program Objectives
– Conservation Delivery Mechanisms
– Communication & Education Delivery Mechanisms
– Conservation Tracking System
– Habitat Inventory and Monitoring Program
– Population Monitoring Program
– Species/Habitat Model Assumptions
– Conservation Treatment Assumptions
– Key factor/Sensitivity Analyses
– Spatial Data Analyses
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Conservation
Design
Conservation Actions
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Discern Limiting Factors
Factors Limiting Carrying Capacity
Disease
Predation
Environmental Contaminants
Disturbance
HabitatForaging
Non-foraging
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3.7 kcal/gram
Relating Food Requirements to Foraging Habitat :
292 kcal/day
Harvested Croplands Rice
SoybeansMiloCorn
752121849970
HabitatDuck-Use Days per Acre
Moist-soil Area
Forested Wetlands 50% red oaks
1,386
32180 kg/acre
Establish Objectives to Counter Limiting Factor
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ArkansasIllinoisKentuckyLouisianaMississippiMissouriTennessee
Total
40,7701,378
84950,07622,673
3,2924,491
123,527
9,9180
2542,120
5,168463
1,906
60,050
186,485380
1,60280,69555,047
8,32629,966
362,500
237,1721,7582,475
172,89283,33812,08136,362
546,078
StateDabbling
DucksDivingDucks
WoodDucks Total
Habitat Objectives = 110*Survival
winter daysTarget state
0.85
Habitat Objectives in Duck-Use Days (x1000)
Establish Objectives to Counter Limiting Factor
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Natural Flooding Public Managed Private Managed
Cropland
Moist-soil
BottomlandHardwood
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Natural Flooding Public Managed Private Managed
Cropland
Moist-soil
BottomlandHardwood
DEDPrivate = f(status, extent, reliability, disturbance, habitat)
DEDPublic= f(extent, performance, disturbance, habitat)
DEDNatural Flood = f(extent, frequency, duration, depth, habitat)
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Explain Biological Planning Process Used to SetPopulation Targets and Habitat Objectives.
Apportion Habitat Objectives
Habitat Stepdown Meetings Within States
Apportion State Level Habitat Objectives AmongResource “Categories” by:
1. Identifying Site Specific Habitat Capabilities. 2.Targeting Objectives to Address Habitat Deficits.
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Grand Cote National Wildlife Refuge, LA
0954
1,015253
2,222
Bottomland ForestMoist SoilHarvested Crop*Unharvested Crop* Total
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Catahoula NWRObjective = 629 ac
Dewey Wills WMAObjective = 0 ac
Lake Ophelia NWRObjective = 1,550 ac
Grand Cote NWRObjective = 2,222 ac
Red River WMAObjective = 558 ac
Three Rivers WMAObjective = 153 ac
Grassy Lake WMAObjective = 0 ac
Pomme de Terre WMAObjective = 2,406 ac
Spring Bayou WMAObjective = 3,200 ac
Bayou Cocodrie NWRObjective = 358 ac
Private LandsObjective = 140,000 ac
Louisiana Waterfowl Habitat Objectives
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WMA Mgt
NWR Mgt Private Mgt Natural Flood
400,000 acres121,000 acres
100,000 acres
247,000 acres
PublicManaged Lands
PrivateManaged Lands
NaturallyFlooded Lands
Sum of Foraging HabitatsMeets Needs of Wintering
Duck Populations
Return “Our Share” ofMid-Continent WinteringPopulation to Breeding
Grounds
North American WaterfowlManagement Plan Breeding
Population Objectives
Grand Cote NWR
Conservation ProgramsConnected Through Ecological Pathways
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Assumption-DrivenResearch
Monitoring & Inventory
Assumption- Driven
Research
Monitoring &
Inventory
Biological Planning
Conservation Design
Conservation Actions
– Biological Planning Unit
– Priority Species (Curt)
– Population Objectives
– Species-Habitat Models
– Limiting Factors
Biological Planning In SHCLandscapes that can sustain
socio-viable populations of trust fish and wildlife resources
Conservation Target:
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19401950196019701980199020002010202020302030
New York
DC
Pittsburgh
Portland
Rochester
Roanoke
What
Where
When
How Much
How Much More