brian demarco university of illinois. 0 k supernova core 100,000,000,000 k lava 1,200 k ice 273 k...
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Ultracold Physics: Creating Quantum Matter at the Coldest Temperaturesin the Universe
Brian DeMarcoUniversity of Illinois
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0 K
supernova core100,000,000,000 K
lava1,200 K
ice273 K
Room temperature294 K
dry ice164 K
liquid nitrogen77 K
liquid He4 K dilution refrigerator
0.003 K
Universe2.7 K
triple point cell273.16 K
“absolute zero”
surface of sun
6,000 K
Temperature Scale
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lowest measured temperature
We cool to Absolute Zero, as far as we can tell
Cooling Below mK
0.000000000450 K200 mm/sec
1980s-90s: Developed techniques to cool atom gases to ultra-cold temperatures
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Practical Applications
Atomic clocks
Atom gyroscopes
Atom gradiometers
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Quantum Mechanics
Everything is a quantum wave
𝜆=h /𝑚𝑣
h=6.6×10− 34 𝐽 ⋅ 𝑠Planck’s constant
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Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics
Everything is a quantum wave
Classical Matter
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Quantum Matter
Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics
The waves overlap!
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Matter Wave Interference
Quantum degeneracy2dB
B
h
mk T
3 n
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Many-Particle Quantum Mechanics
Quantum degeneracy
We don’t understand strongly-interacting many-particle quantum matter
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The Route to Ultra-Cold
•Laser cooling and trapping•Magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling
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Our insulation: ultra-high vacuum (10-12 torr)
collection cellscience cell
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10 mK 109 atoms
Laser Cooling
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<100 nK 105 atoms
Evaporative Cooling
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Data From Imaging
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Quantum Particles
Bosons FermionsWaves overlap as much as possible
photons, W & Z bosons, 87Rb
Waves cannot overlap
electrons, protons,40K
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Bosons Fermions
Bose-Einstein condensation Superfluidity
Quantum Degenerate Matter