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Startup Legal 101: Employment Law Issues
Brian K. Nagatani([email protected])
May 31, 2011Palo Alto, CA
Overview
When will you be covered by California’s employment laws?
Appropriate compensation of early hires Appropriate classification of contractors and
consultants
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Employment Law Coverage Wage and hour laws: all employers• Minimum wage
• Overtime
• Meal and rest periods
Fair Employment & Housing Act: 5 or more employees• Harassment
• Discrimination
• Retaliation
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Employment Law Coverage Leaves of Absence• FMLA/CFRA: 50 employees within 75 mile radius
• Pregnancy disability leave: 5 or more employees
• Other disability leaves: 5 or more employees
• Other forms of leave: various coverage thresholds
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Wage and Hour Laws
Common Mistakes:• Classifying employees as contractors/consultants
• Classifying all employees as exempt
• Compensating employees only with stock options
• Deferred compensation
Potential Exposure:• Class action liability
• Four year statute of limitations
• Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees
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Wage and Hour Laws
Recommendations:• Regardless of employer size, ensure that
employees are appropriately classified for overtime purposes
• Observe all minimum wage, overtime, and meal and rest period requirements for non-exempt employees
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Exemption Test
2 Requirements (Must Satisfy Both)
• Salary Test
• Duties Test
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“Salary” Requirement
Federal: $23,660/year California: $33,280/year• Must Equal or Exceed Monthly Salary for Full-
Time Employment at Two Times the California Minimum Wage
Generally No Deduction for Missing Time During the Week (Some Exceptions)
Federal: $23,660/year California: $33,280/year• Must Equal or Exceed Monthly Salary for Full-
Time Employment at Two Times the California Minimum Wage
Generally No Deduction for Missing Time During the Week (Some Exceptions)
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Key Duties Tests
Executive Administrative Professional
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The Executive Exemption
California “Duties” Requirements
• Primarily Engaged in Management of the Enterprise or Recognized Department or Subdivision
• Supervises At Least 2 Full Time Employees (or Equivalent)
• Authority to Hire or Fire (or Strong Recommendation Authority)
• Discretion and Independent Judgment
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The Administrative Exemption California “Duties” Requirements
• “Back-Office” Duties
oNot “Production” Work
• Discretion and Independent Judgment
oDistinction: Exercise of Skill
• Work Involves Either:
oAssisting Owner/Executive
oHighly Specialized Technical Tasks, or
oSpecial Projects
California “Duties” Requirements
• “Back-Office” Duties
oNot “Production” Work
• Discretion and Independent Judgment
oDistinction: Exercise of Skill
• Work Involves Either:
oAssisting Owner/Executive
oHighly Specialized Technical Tasks, or
oSpecial Projects
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The Professional Exemption
Can Cover Employees Performing “Production” Work (Unlike Administrative Exemption)
Exempt Professionals Include:
• Formally Licensed Professionals (Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Optometry, Architecture, Engineering, Teaching, or Accounting)
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Computer Professionals: Special Exemption Duties Test: Same as For Computer
Workers Under the General Professional Exemption• Excludes entry-level employees, and those who
do not primarily exercise independent judgment and discretion.
What it Adds: Exception to the Rule that Hourly-Paid Employees Are Non-Exempt• Minimum Pay Rate: $27.63/Hour
California Computer Professionals:• $37.94/hour, or
• $79,050/year
• Caution: the California rate may increase each year!
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Other Commonly Used Exemptions Outside Sales Certain Commissioned Employees
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Important Classification Issues: Employee Versus Contractor Common Mistake: Retaining a
Worker as a “Contractor,” But Treating the Worker More Like an Employee.
One Misclassification Results in Simultaneous Violation of Numerous Laws
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Why It’s Important
BreachOf Contract
ADAViolation
FMLAViolation FLSA
Violation
WorkersComp
Violation
UnemploymentViolation
ERISAViolation
TaxViolation
ONEMISCLASSIFICATION
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The Main Test: “Right to Control” The worker is a contractor only if
he/she retains the “right to control the manner and means by which the product is accomplished” Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)
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Key Factors Amount of Supervision Discretion Over When/How Long to
Work Location of Work Right to Discharge/Quit Duration of Relationship• Is the Contractor a Former Employee?o How Similar is the Work?
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Key Factors
Right to Assign Additional Project Method of Payment Skill Required• How Different than Skills Possessed by
Employees?
Intent of the Parties• Is There a Signed Contractor Agreement?
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Key Factors
Is Work Part of Company’s Regular Business?• Do Employees Perform Same Type of
Work?
Does the Worker Own/Come From a Separate Business?• Does Worker Perform Work for More
than One Company?
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Key Factors
Is Worker Subject to Risk of Profit or Loss?• Are the Workers’ Expenses Reimbursed?
• Who Pays for Assistance?
• Source of Instrumentalities/Tools?
What Support Does the Company Provide?• E-mail?
• Voice Mail?
• Business Cards?21
Conclusion
Thank You!
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