breeding plan

8/2/2019 Breeding Plan

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GENETIC IMPROVEMENT FOR EGG PRODUCTION OF THE

PHILIPPINE NATIVE CHICKEN

BANALINAOTHE PROLIFIC CROSS OF BANABA AND BOLINAO

Presented by:

DYNA ERIKA D. ANDAM

(ANSC 266)


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INTRODUCTION

Native chicken production plays a vitalrole in augmenting the income of ruralfamilies.

Its potential as an alternative source offood especially in sudden times ofeconomic difficulties brought about byrather unpredictable amount of harvesthas been more than proven by mostfamilies in the countryside.


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The Native Chicken

The native chicken present in thecountry originated from the SoutheastAsia.

Its wild ancestors is believed to bewhite jungle fowls with four speciesnamely:

red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)

ceylones jungle fowl (Gallus layette)

gray jungle fowl (Gallus sonnerati)

black or green jungle fowl (Gallus various).


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Majority of the Philippine native chickenhad a very strong similarity in terms of

physical appearance with their wildancestral type.

The male are nervous and flighty whilethe female has a strong maternalinstinct.


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Economic Importance

They are known for the characteristicsof being hardy, can reproduce andsurvive under the local condition with aminimal care and management.

Most native chickens are raised bymany smallholder farmers as additionalsource of food.


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Through the years, the importance andeconomic value of native chicken in aniche market is slowly realized.

In addition to its common contributionin the form of eggs and meat, as a

source of additional income to the ruralfarmers during lean months of the year,it is also utilized as an object for

recreation in the form of cockfighting.


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Many people in the urban areas arenow looking at the native chicken as asource of nutritious food.

The inclination for foods which arehealthy and are organically raised orgrown is the present trend in the urbanareas.


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Their preference is now shifting from

the products of the common or exoticbreeds to the products coming fromthe native chicken (eggs or meat).


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Despite of the size, native chicken ismore expensive and more preferredcompared with the exotic breedsbecause of its unique flavour or taste,leanness, pigmentation andsustainability for special dishes.


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Industry Status

In 2010, the population of nativechicken in the Philippines wasestimated to 159 million, accounting toalmost half of the total population ofchicken in the country (PCARRD, 2011).


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With the advent of improvedtechnology, they were able to identifyand locate the different strains of thePhilippine native chicken.

In 1998, PCCARD finally characterizedthe Philippine native chicken as thecommon backyard fowl, which is amixture of different breeds.


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Strains of native chickens aredocumented:

Banaba (Batangas)

Bolinao (Pangasinan)

Camarines (Bicol)

Darag (Iloilo/Panay)

Paraoakan (Palawan)


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Candidate for GeneticConservation

To increase native chickenproduction, interventions andimprovement of its traditional

management systems were studied(Argana, 2011).

(Haitook et al., 2003) many attempts

have been made to improve theperformance of native chicken byintroducing exotic breeds for cross-

breeding and to produce hybrids with


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These animals were not accepted by apart of the consumers, because theydid not meet their expectations formeat quality, mainly taste.

The native chicken continues to be themost preferred type, with firm and low-

fat meat, and free of drug residues(Choprakarn et al., 2000).


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Upgrading of the native chicken toimprove productive performance, andeven uncontrolled mating strategies(inbreeding) may lead to geneticdilution and even loss of geneticvariation within these breeds, resulting

to their eventual extinction (Shresta,2005; Scherf, et al., 2006).


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Native vs. Commercial

Production potential of the local birdsis poor in comparison with thecommercial lines

It has been observed that nativechickens raised under scavengingsystem normally produce on average

10-15 eggs about 3-4 times a year andweigh between 1-1.5 kgs at about 18wks of age (Lambio et al. 2004).


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With the improved management andnutrition, native hens can now lay asmany as 130-200 eggs per year at 18-20wks of age compared with the 40-60eggs within the same time under thetraditional management system.

For its part, a native rooster is ready forbreeding at 20-24 wks of age.


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Attain as much as 1 kg within 12 wkswhile it normally takes 18-20 wks toattain the same weight under thetraditional management system(Argana, 2011).


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Breeding Objective

To come up with a stable genetic traitfor high egg production of thePhilippine native chicken utilizing theexisting indigenous chicken in thecountry (upon attaining the properidentification of their true genetic

characteristics).


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To select and improve the bestperforming Banaba and Bolinao breeds

in terms of egg number produced peryear and cross together to attain higherproductivity.

To produce the most prolific Banalinaocross which can produce 25 eggs perclutch for eight cycles per year(approximately 200 eggs/year).


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Traits for Improvement

The breeding program will focus mainly onthe improvement of egg number producedper clutch (per year).

In the process of improvement, number oflaying (clutch) in a year (from 4-5 times to 8-

10 times) and broodiness (decrease thenumber of pauses) will also be consideredsince these are the function of the hens

capability to produce more egg.


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In addition, sexual maturity (in ashorter period, say from 7-8 mos. to4.5-5 mos. only), egg weight, egg size,egg quality, hatchability, and liveabilityare also in consideration.


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Inbreeding

Will be done (3 generations) to increasehomozygosity and to reduce geneticvariation within an inbred line.

To have a concentrated population ofgenetically superior individual and toform inbred lines that will be used for

linecrossing To exploit heterosis and to benefit

from complementarity among

specialized stocks (Bondoc, 2008).


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Heterosis

Heterosis or hybrid vigor is thetendency of outbred strains to exceed

both inbred parents in fitness.

It is strongest in first generation

hybrids and gets weaker over time.


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Heterosis

Most estimates of heterosis are in the 0to 30 percent range (Bondoc, 2008).

The general combining abilities and thespecific combining abilities are two of

the ways to determine estimatedheterosis.


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General Combining Ability(GCA)

The mean performance of a line in allits crosses (expressed as a deviationfrom the mean of all crosses) is calledthe general combining ability (GCA) ofthe line.

It is the average value of all the F1shaving this line as one parent.


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In this program, it is the additivegenetic effect of males from the ith line(e.g Bolinao) and females from the jthline (e.g. Banaba).

Then, the offspring or cross will havean expected value, which is the sum

of the general combining abilities of itstwo parental lines.


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Specific Combining Ability(SCA)

It is the interaction of the additive effectof the male and female coming from

their specific lines and represents alldominance, overdominance, andepistasis effects.


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The effect of interaction may causedeviation in the expected value of thecross to its actual value.

It can be greater or lesser becausesome lines combine well (nicking) andothers do not (Bondoc, 2008).


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Selection of Genetic Material

The genetic group of Philippine nativechicken to be considered in thisbreeding program are the Bolinao andBanaba.

These are chosen because they areexcellent in the trait that is being

considered for the breeding programcompared to the other genetic groupsof Philippine native chicken.

Breed Maturity Matured Location Characteristics Ave. Egg


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Table 1. General characterization of Bolinao and Banaba native chicken.

Source: DAD-IS FAO, 2012

age(mo.) wt. (kg) prod/yrBANABA

Male 6 1.6Batangas

This breed is reported to beresistant to respiratory

diseases and fowl pox. Thehens are broody andexcellent mothers, it is very

hard to break its broodiness.The breed is very popular as

game in the Philippines.

35Female 5.5 1.5

BOLINAOMale 6 2

Pangasinan

The meat is very tasty. Thehens are broody and

excellent mothers. This breedis popularly raised by

farmers for itsaggressiveness in fighting.The animals are brave

warriors.

35Female 5.5 1.5


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BANABA


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BOLINAO


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BREEDING SYSTEMS ANDACTIVITIES

SOURCING AND SELECTION O


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SOURCING AND SELECTION OFOUNDATION STOCKS

The foundation stocks will be obtained fromvarious municipalities of Batangas (Banaba)and Pangasinan (Bolinao).

To reiterate, the stocks that will be selectedshould have been undergone, phenotypicand genotypic characterization by theProject on Phenotypic and molecularcharacterization of the Philippine native

chicken.


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Stage 1: Procurement ofFoundation Stocks

500 pullets and 100 roosters will beselected and procured.

250 banaba pullet and 50 rooster 250 bolinao pullet and 50 rooster

The selected stocks will be the Great

Grand Parent Stocks (GGPS) Will be grouped into 100 families (50 for

each breed)


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Stage 2: Selection andBackcrossing

Production and Selection of F1 250 ready-to-lay pullets (total of 500) will be mated

naturally (random mating) to 50 ready-to-breed

roosters (total of 100) 1:5 male to female ratio to produce the F1 stocks.

The F1 eggs (GPS) will be identified and hatched.

Fertility and hatchability of each mating will berecorded.


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At hatching time, the chicks will bewing banded and parents will be noted.

Day old chick that weighs less than 25gwill be culled, this would be based onthe average weight of day old chicks of

Banaba (25g) (Lambio et. al., 2000). The chicks coming from the clutch of

21 will be selected; the rest will be

culled.


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Individual egg production of the henswill be recorded which includes

number of egg produced up to 40th

week of age, fertility and hatchability ofeggs.

Those hens whose hen-day eggproduction below 28% will be culled.


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Production of the F2 - F4 250 ready-to-lay pullets will be selected from

the F1 Will be then mated naturally to 50 GGPS

roosters

1:5 male to female ratio


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3 generations of back crossing will bedone to attain the positive effect ofinbreeding.

For each generation, the intensitypressure of selection for egg numberwill also be increased.


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The chicks coming from the clutch of22 will be selected (for the F2)

For the next generation (F3-F4) 23 and24 will be the basis for selection; the

rest will be culled.


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Individual egg production of the henswill be recorded which includesnumber of egg produced up to 40th wk

of age, fertility and hatchability of eggs.

For genetic improvement, those hens

whose hen-day egg production below32% will be culled.

St 3 P d ti d


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Stage 3: Production andCrossing of the Purelines

Six line groups will be established (3for each breed) out of the F4 stocks.

Each line group will be grouped into 20families with 100 females and 20 males,this time to avoid inbreeding.


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A total of 600 selected females and 120selected males will be maintained.

From the F4 stocks (Parental stocks -PS), selected ready-to-lay pullets andready-to-breed roosters from Bolinao

and Banaba will be crossed to obtainthe F5 crossbreds ( F1 of the PS).


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2 generations of inter se mating will bedone to identify the best combination oflines that will produce the most prolific

cross, Banalinao.

For the F7, the best Banalinao (female)

coming from the most appropriate cross

will be selected. The basis for selection would be 25

eggs/clutch for 8-10 cycles/yr, sexual

maturity of 4.5-5 mos.

Stage 4: On site Performanc


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Stage 4: On site Performanctesting

Production/Multiplication of theresulting cross will be done

The PS (improved Banaba rooster andBolinao hen) will be distributed to thewilling raisers/co-operators in theseveral provinces of Luzon (targeting

Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Aurora,Quezon and Batangas)


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1

3

5

4

2


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Distribution of PS

They will be the multiplier farm ofBanalinao chicks.

5 cooperators from each province (totalof 20 cooperators) will be selected.

Each farm cooperator will be providedwith 2 roosters and 5 hens.

Distribution of Banalinao


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Distribution of Banalinaochicks

Distribution of the produced geneticallyimproved Banalinao cross will be donewith the willing raisers in Luzon

(Batangas, Pangasinan, Aurora, IlocosNorte, Quezon).

10 cooperators from each province

(total of 50 cooperators) will also beselected.


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They will be the egg producer (layerfarm). Each farmer co-operator will beprovided with 20 hens.

A memorandum of agreement (MOA)will be established with thecooperators

Only the stocks will be given to them butthey have to allow the project personnel togather data for evaluation on the on-siteperformance of the native chicken.


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These cooperators will undergotraining-workshop regarding the needs

of the on-site performance testing priorto the start of the testing.


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Mating Diagram of Family 1 (Backcrossing)

Rooster A

Rooster A Hen AB

Hen ABARooster A

Hen B

Hen ABAARooster A

Hen 4AB

F1

F2

F3

F4


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Mating Diagram of Family 2 (Backcrossing)

Rooster C

Rooster C Hen CDC

Hen CDCRooster C

Hen D

Hen CDCCRooster C

Rooster4CD

F1

F2

F3

F4


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Mating Diagram (Banaba-Bolinao crossing)

RoosterBo2

Rooster Ba1 Hen Bo1

Female Babo1Male Babo1

Hen Ba2

Female Boba2Male Boba2F5

TWO GENERATIONS OF INTERSE MATING (F6-F7)

BANALINAO

F4


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Methods of Selection

The method of selection based onrecord that will be used is thecombination of individual and family

selection.

For the parent hens, they will be

selected based on the number of eggsthey will lay and hatch.


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For the parent roosters, they will be selectedbased on their own performance (BW andconformation) as well as on the performanceof their female siblings.

For the male offspring, they will be selectedbased on the performance of their parents

(e.g. if they came from a hen which can lay21 eggs/clutch), on the performance of theirfemale siblings, and on their ownperformance (BW).


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Independent culling level method will beused for the selection procedure.

There is a minimum standard set for ananimal to be saved for breedingpurposes.

For this project the goal is to increaseegg number and maintaining a certain

body weight at sexual maturity (4.5-


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Assumptions

F1, 21 eggs/clutch with 1.3 kg bodyweight at sexual maturity (4.5-5mos).

F2, 22 eggs/clutch with 1.3 kg bodyweight at sexual maturity.

F3 and F4, 23 and 24 eggs/clutchwith 1.3 kg body weight at sexualmaturity, respectively.


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F5 25 eggs/clutch with 1.3 kg bodyweight at sexual maturity.

The predetermined level on the 5thgeneration ( 25 eggs/clutch and with

1.3 kg body weight at sexual maturity)will be maintained for the 6th until 7th

generation.


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COMPUTATIONS

Estimated Genetic Change (EGC)


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g ( )

gi = (generation interval) In poultry,generation interval is 8-12 months (Lopez,2012).

H = (heritability) estimates of eggproduction traits varies from 0.17 0.01 to0.43 0.01. In this project, assumption forheritability is equal to 0.20 (20%)


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SD = (selection differential) it is thedifference between the performance on aparticular trait of the selected individuals

and the average performance of the flock.


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Assumptions on EN of F1

F1 EN in a clutchROOSTER (selected animals) 21

HEN (selected animals) 21

FLOCK AVERAGE 18

S l i


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Solutions:

SD = 21 eggs- 18 eggs = 3 eggs

H*SD = 0.20 x 3 eggs = 0.6

Genetic Contribution (rooster

)= 0.6/2 = 0.30

Genetic Contribution (hen) = 0.6/2 = 0.30

G = (0.3+0.3)/1

G =0.6


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Both parents would contribute only halfto the genetic materials to be passedon to the next generation.

Genetic change for the number of cycle(number of clutch in a year), sexual

maturity, hatchability etc. will also bedone in the same manner as theprevious computations to determine of

these traits.


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MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES

Id tifi ti f th St k


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Identification of the Stocks

Metal leg bands with different colorswill be used to identify the selectedbreeders.

The breeding rooster will have a red legband with letters at the end

The hens will have different colors

(e.g. blue, yellow and green) andnumbers.

This will facilitate identification and

recording and will also serve as a guide

R d K i


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Record Keeping

Proper record keeping managementwill be employed to accurately identify

the selected breeders. This will help keep tract on specific

individuals and mating performance.

Production performance of the animalswill be recorded to determineimprovements of the flock.

Production System for Breeder


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Production System for BreederStocks

Semi-confinement production systemwill be applied for the Breeder.

Similarly, the intention of this programis to develop an improved Banaba and

Bolinao as well as to produce a crossthat would perform best in this type ofproduction system.

H i M t


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Housing Management

Provided with a holding shed that iselevated and situated in a well drainedarea.

Floor space allowance of 0.5 m2/bird Made of low-cost and locally available

materials such as nipa (for roofing), wood

(poles, thrushes, and beam), bamboo (forflooring) and buho (for side enclosures).

All sheds or houses will be provided with

sufficient feeders (6.5cm/bird) and

Management of Breeder


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Stocks

A 1:5 rooster to hen ratio will bemaintained and will be considered as onefamily unit.

This ratio is done to achieve optimumfertility in hatching eggs and to be able tomonitor family productivity.

Nest boxes or baskets made fromlocally available will be made availablewhen the hens start to lay eggs at 18

weeks of age



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a age e t o eede

Stocks

Appropriate litter material will be placed inthe nest boxes and will serve as nest ofthe laying hen.

Fresh leaves of lemongrass will also beplaced in the nest boxes to inhibit mites,ticks, and insects proliferating in the nests.

Perches will be installed in the upperportion of the houses except in the placeswhere the direction of feeding and

watering troughs are located to avoid


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Feeding Management

The breeder hen will be provided with commercialpoultry ration, corn, palay, or other available feedmaterials or in a mixture of these materials.

Approximately 50g of feed will be provided to eachbreeder hen per day.

The amount of feed may be adjusted depending onthe availability of naturally occurring feed materials

present in the area. The birds will be provided with fresh drinking water at

all times.

Health Management


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Health Management

Utilization of ethnoveterinary medicationand practices.

The breeder stocks will be dewormed at

17 weeks old (before laying) with the useof Quisqualis indica(Yesterday, Today,and Tomorrow).

As a supplement, honey will be providedin the drinking water for three consecutivedays in a week at a dosage of one

teaspoon for every gallon of drinking

Production system forDay-old and


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y yGrowing Chickens

HOUSING MANAGEMENT

The construction of a brooder house willconsider the comfort and protection of the

chicks.

The ease of management and movementof the caretakers will also be considered.

Housing Management


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Housing Management

The housing will be made from locallyavailable materials such as bamboos,nipa, wood poles and mesh wires.

Roll-up-roll-down curtains along the sidesof the brooder house will be installed to

protect the chicks form increment weatherconditions.

Brooding Management


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Brooding Management

A brooder box will be constructed.

The day-old chicks will be placed inthese brooder boxes up to 21 days ofage where they will be kept warmed with

incandescent bulb according to thetemperature required for their stage ofgrowth.

Brooding Management


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Brooding Management

Age (days) Brooder Temperature(oC)1-7 32.2 35.0

8-14 29.4 32.214-21 26.7 29.4

Table 3. Brooder temperature for the various ages of the chicks.

F di M


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Feeding Management

The chicks will be provided with commercialchick ration or a mixture of corn, rice bran,soybean, meal or other available feedmaterials.

When the chicks are 21-days old, they will behardened by gradually introducing them torange conditions by letting them loose in thefield until 45 days.

F di M


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Feeding Management

The chicks are trained to search for food byspreading their ration in different locationswithin the fenced range area. The ranging

area will be increased during growing period.

The birds will be provided with fresh drinking

water at all times. Bamboo poles or used tires(split in half) will be used as feeders andwaterers.


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Age(wks)

%CP Feed Type

Amt. To begiven

Feedingperiod

0 2 22 Booster 10452 4 20 Starter 20

4 6 18 Grower 1 5081 12 17 Grower 2 50

12 -18 15 Finisher 50

Table 4. Type of feed, amount to be given and numberof days to give the feed for particular age of the chicks.

H lth M t


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Health Management

Quisqualis indicawill be also used todeworm the birds on a monthly basis.

Leaves of this plant will be decocted andprovided in the water at a rate of 10 ml perbird.

Just like the breeders, honey will besupplemented and ethnoveterinarymedication will be implemented.

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION


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The first three stages of the breedingprogram will be done here in theUniversity of the Philippines Los

Baos, Laguna. The university will provide the use of

existing facilities, technical and

support staff for the implementation ofthe project.


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The fund allocation will includeconstruction of the poultry houses andfencing, transport vehicle, incubators,

tools and equipments, labours, feeds,and other farm supplies for themaintenance of the stocks


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Unselected and culled birds will besold and the income will be utilized forthe continuity of the project and

improvement of the facilities. All the data gathered from all phases of

the breeding program will be used as

bases for the promotion and marketingstrategies as well as commercializationof the final product of this project.


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The stage 4 of the breeding programwill be undertaken at 75 selectedfarmer-cooperators from the chosen

provinces. The project will only provide the stocks

to the co-operators while the co-

operator will shoulder the expensesneeded for the performance testingsuch as food, shelter, water etc.

INITIAL COSTS


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INITIAL COSTS

Cost of stocks Php

Breeder hen 100,000

Breeder rooster 20,000

Initial housing costs 60,000

Utility expenditure (electricity and water) 600

Farm Tools and Equipment 10,000

Incubator (1,500 capacity) 50,000

Total Feed Costs 9,600Construction of poultry house (Labor) 5,600

Direct Labor 12,000

INITIAL COSTS


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INITIAL COSTS

Costs of Biologics and Medicine 480

Repair and Maintenance Cost 3,000

Sundries 290

TOTAL INITIAL CAPITAL 271,570.00

TARGET MARKET


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TARGET MARKET

Niche Market

Grocery stores Could possibly displayed beside the

commercial chicken products (eggs)

BANALINAO CROSS


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BANALINAO CROSS

breeding plan

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