Breeding for enhanced Zinc and Iron concentration in CIMMYT spring wheat

germplasm

Govindan Velu

E-mail: velu@cgiar.org

Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)- Mexico

MAZATLAN, JUNE 15, 2012

Achieving sustainable food and nutritional security

Discovery HPlus I 2004-2008

Development HPlus II2009-2013

Delivery HPlus III2014+

HarvestPlus Impact & Product Pathway

Product Development and

Delivery Plan

G8 summit supports for biofortified crops

Breeding strategy

HONG DUAN MANG

HONG HUA MAI

Potential donors for high Zn

Successful shuttle breeding

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45

50

0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

% e

ntrie

s

Zn concentration (ppm) above the checks

Mexico

Pakistan

India

Pooled

50% breeding target

100% breeding target

Performance of 1st HarvestPlus International Wheat Yield Trial in target environments for Zn, 2010-11

• >40% entries had atleast 50% target Zn (4 ppm) & 5-10% entries had full target Zn (8 ppm).

• high heritability (0.7) and high genetic correlations between locations suggests low G x E.

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5

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30

<80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100 101-105 106-110

% E

ntri

es

Grain yield (% over check)

% of 3 checks mean

% of local check

Grain yield potential of 1st HPYT across locations

• 2-3 best leads were identified in India & Pakistan with 75-100% target Zn & better grain yield potential, rust resistance and superior end-use quality.

• These leads are being evaluated in regional PVS/on-farm trials

Performance of 1st HPYT across locationsGlobal End-use quality

Zn (ppm)

ppm above checks

% target level

India (5

sites)

Pak (2

sites

Asia (7

sites)

Mex-2

sites

Fe (ppm)

9 sites

Head

Matur

PHOff-

season

GRNHRD %

GRNPRO %

435CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (210)//INQALAB 91*2/KUKUNA/3/PBW343*2/KUKUNA 38.7 8.7 109 7.7 9.5 9.3 6.9 44.4 86 78 119 107 5MSS 5 MS APR_R 45 14

412OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN/3/2*PASTOR/4/T.SPELTA PI348449/5/BAV92/3/OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN/4/

35.1 5.1 64 3.3 6.1 4.4 6.1 40.2 97 93 130 105 20MSS 30 MSS APR_MR 41 12

422FRET2/TUKURU//FRET2*2/3/T.SPELTA PI348530 35.0 5.1 63 2.4 5.9 5.7 3.2 39.4 87 94 131 115 20MSS 10 M APR_R 44 12

414

REH/HARE//2*BCN/3/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (213)//PGO/4/HUITES/5/T.SPELTA PI348599/6/REH/HARE//2*BCN/3/CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (213)//PGO/4/HUITES/7/QUAIU

35.0 5.0 63 3.6 3.2 5.7 2.4 40.7 91 96 136 105 20MSS 50 MSS MS 40 12

424WBLL1*2/TUKURU/3/T.DICOCCON PI94624/AE.SQUARROSA (409)//BCN/4/WBLL1*2/TUKURU

34.8 4.9 61 1.1 4.0 3.7 6.5 38.0 80 85 128 110 30MSS 20 M APR_R-MR 43 13

413OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN/3/2*PASTOR/4/T.SPELTA PI348449/5/BAV92/3/OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN/4/

34.7 4.8 60 3.0 7.4 4.2 4.1 39.7 96 93 130 109 20MSS 30 MSS APR_MR 36 12

432 GTO95.1.20/KIRITATI//MUU 34.6 4.6 58 1.3 5.1 4.1 5.1 38.2 79 89 131 104 5MSS 1 MSS APR_NIR 39 13

433CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (210)//PBW343*2/KUKUNA/3/PBW343*2/KUKUNA

34.3 4.3 54 4.9 4.9 4.6 2.5 42.0 86 86 128 119 5MSS 1 MS APR_NIR 40 14

434CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (210)//PBW343*2/KUKUNA/3/PBW343*2/KUKUNA

34.2 4.2 52 3.0 6.9 4.0 4.1 41.4 91 88 129 119 40MSS 30 MSS APR_MR 41 13

Checks 30.0 36.0 100 94 132 109 30MSS 47 12Mean 32.1 1.1 2.9 1.5 1.0 37.8 92 89 130 108 42.5 12.3Min 28.3 -2.6 -1.9 -1.6 -2.2 32.6 76 78 119 96 35.5 10.9Max 38.7 7.7 9.5 9.3 6.9 44.4 107 102 140 119 59.5 14.3SD 2.17 1.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.5 7.7 5.7 4.3 5.4 5.30 0.81

Agronomy Stem rust(Kenya) NJ

Main seasonEnt Cross

Across locations Zn (ppm)-Regional GY (%

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30

Grain yield (% checks mean)

% e

ntr

ies

H+ lines yield potential

Irrigated BW lines yieldpotential

Wild x Elite (N =>600)

Elite x Elite (N =>4900)

Comparison of grain yield of BWIR advanced lines with H+ improved lines

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<20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 <45

Zn concentration (mg/kg)

% e

ntri

es fr

om H

PY

T

Landraces derivative

Synthetic derivative

T Spelta derivative

High H2 across and individual environmentHigh H2 across and individual environment

Trait SitesEntry Variance

Residual Variance

Grand Mean

LSD CV Heritability

E1 2.5 1.7 26.8 2.7 5.0 0.74E2 6.7 4.2 34.0 4.3 6.2 0.76E3 5.5 9.4 34.2 6.4 9.2 0.54E4 5.5 8.8 29.3 6.3 10.6 0.56E5 8.7 14.5 28.5 8.2 14.1 0.54E6 20.5 18.5 32.1 9.2 14.1 0.69E7 0.8 19.7 31.3 9.2 14.4 0.07E8 1.6 11.0 32.3 6.7 10.2 0.22E9 18.1 10.6 44.1 6.5 7.2 0.77Across locations

3.70 11.50 32.5 2.90 4.60 0.78

E1 9.6 3.6 32.6 3.8 5.8 0.84E2 17.3 7.7 42.7 6.1 7.0 0.82E3 7.2 10.1 34.8 7.0 9.8 0.59E4 16.8 8.7 37.8 6.4 8.3 0.79E5 2.1 2.5 32.4 3.3 5.0 0.62E6 11.3 3.7 37.3 4.0 5.3 0.86E7 1.6 4.5 35.5 4.3 6.0 0.42E8 0.1 13.8 41.3 7.9 9.4 0.01E9 7.1 2.5 38.9 3.3 4.1 0.85Across locations

5.10 6.60 37.0 2.40 3.30 0.88

Grain Zn

(mg/kg)

Grain Fe

(mg/kg)

Associations y = 1.1761xR² = 0.59

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50

20 25 30 35 40

Gra

in F

e c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(p

pm

)

Grain Zn concentration (ppm)

y = 1.3384x + 15.704R² = 0.2491

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25

30

35

40

10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

Zn concentration

(ppm)

Protein %

y = 31.918xR² = 0.06

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120

130

140

150

160

170

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Zn

yiel

d (k

g ha

-1)

Grain yield (tons ha-1)

y = 37.645xR² = 0.33

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190

200

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Fe y

ield

(kg

ha-1

)

Grain yield (tons ha-1)

Positive association of Zn/Fe yield with grain yield

PH XRF-CIM

ICP-WAS

XRF-CIM

ICP-WAS

t/ha%

checkscm

Mean 33.9 41.1 31.0 31.7 6.8 101 102Min 22.9 29.3 23.5 27.5 6.3 96 79Max 65.4 58.7 41.2 37.6 7.5 114 116SE 0.37 0.4 0.14 0.12 0.27 0.19 0.37

Zn ppm Fe ppm GY

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25 30 35 40 45 50 >55

% e

ntrie

s

Zn and Fe concentration, ppm

Zn ppm

Fe ppm

Zn and Fe concentration of Candidate lines (C2HPYT) Y10-11

N =420

Special emphasize on rust resistance

Singh et al., 2011

• Luckily some of the 1st HPYT best bets possess Ug99 resistance

• 2nd HPYT entries were selected considering Ug 99 data

R² = 0.7367

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70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70XR

F Zn

(CIM

MYT

)

ICP Zn (WAS)

R² = 0.684

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50

15 20 25 30 35 40 45

XRF

Fe (C

IMM

YT)

ICP Fe (WAS)

N >200 samples

Sets No of samplesCorrelation b/n ICP

& XRF (r2)

Set 1 570 0.9

Set 2 800 0.8

Set 3 1204 0.7

Set 4 180 0.7

Set 5 140 0.6

Total 2894  

New opportunities within CIMMYT initiatives(SeeD, “WHEAT CRP”)

New opportunities within CIMMYT initiatives(SeeD, “WHEAT CRP”)

PVS: one of the ways for faster seed deliveryPVS: one of the ways for faster seed delivery

Product Testing & Release Schedule

Positive correlation between Fe and Zn - range for crops: r = 0.3 to 0.8 - allows simultaneous improvement

Molecular approachAssociation mapping

Diverse origin of spelts, dicoccon, synthetic and landraces derived

COP confirms good enough diversity in the panel Phenotyping: 3 reps randomized trial (Alpha lattice-incomplete blocks) in Cd. Obregon

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

COP - value

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% o

bser

vatio

ns

Genotyping: SNP 90K illumina platform – Largest consortium covering diverse material

Mapping/map position of SNP will be available in mid 2012

Also SSR genotyping with Dr Klaus, SARDI, Australia

Genotyping: SNP 90K illumina platform – Largest consortium covering diverse material

Mapping/map position of SNP will be available in mid 2012

Also SSR genotyping with Dr Klaus, SARDI, Australia

Challenges

● Soil Zn heterogeneity● Applied common ZnSO4

100 kg/ha● Soil Sampling in each check

plots (Waxwing)● Spatial experimental design

& grid check approach

Wolfgang H PFEIFFER

Product Attributes - Breeding Objectives

Goal: micronutrient density as core trait in future breeding

will lead to Biofortification of all future varieties

micronutrients are not subject to genetic erosion

Conclusion Multi-location HPYT results were encouraging –

Moderately high H2, high genetic correlations Leads were identified with high Zn and desirable yield

potential Time to promote biofortified products in target countries

and additional G x E testing in other countries Increasing trend for yield potential (and other desirable

traits) over the years from new set of materials (with high Zn)

Expanding breeding operations (↑ no. of crosses, double the size of YT)

Second cycle of breeding enhance possibility of obtaining high Zn improved lines with good agronomy

XRF allows fast-track screening of Zn and Fe