breathing patterns
TRANSCRIPT
Choithram Institute of Health Sciences
PRESENTATION ON-
BREATHING PATTERNSBREATHING PATTERNS
Guided By- Submitted By- Dr. Kiran P. S. Aparna Bhagwat B.P.T. 3rd year
CONTENTS :
PHYSIOLOGY OF BREATHING INFLUENCING FACTORS PARAMETERS OF ASSESSMENT ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS
PHYSIOLOGY OF BREATHING:• Breathing is a process by which Oxygen
is taken in and Carbon dioxide is given out of the body.
• It is the process of gas exchange that occurs in alveoli by passive diffusion of gases between the alveoli and blood.
• The normal rate of breathing is 12-20/min. (in adults) and 30-50/min. (in infants).
• The normal relaxed breathing is called as EUPNEA.
• There are two phases of breathing-1. Inspiration/Inhalation2. Expiration/Exhalation
INFLUENCING FACTORS:
1. AGE• New born- 30-50 breath/min• 3 years - 20-30 breath/min• 10 years – 16-22 breath/min• Adults - 12-20 breath/min 2. Body size and stature3. Exercise4. Body position
ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS:
1. Apnea2. Tachypnea3. Bradypnea4. Hyperventilation5. Kussmaul breathing6. Cheyne-Stokes breathing7. Biot’s/Ataxic breathing8. Sighing breathing9. Obstructed breathing
APNEA : Suspension of breathing. No movement of muscles of
resp. and volume of lungs remains same.
No airflow into or out from the lungs.
Gaseous exchange & cellular resp. is not affected.
Apnea can be achieved _1. Voluntarily (breath holding)2. Mechanically-strangulation/
choking3. From neurological trauma
Prolonged apnea leads to severe lack of oxygen in circulation, b’coz under normal conditions body cannot store much oxygen.
A person cannot sustain voluntary apnea for more than 1-2 min. (This is much more decreased in smokers)
This is to maintain constant values of CO2 conc. & pH of blood.
Here CO2 is not removed out of lungs, it accumulates in blood, leading to stimulation of resp. centers in brain c stops apnea.
Apneic oxygenation Apnea test in determining
brain death: The 3 diagnostic criteria of brain death are as follows-
1. Coma2. Absence of pulse3. Apnea
TACHYPNEA :
o Increased rate of breathing , i.e. >20 breaths/min.
o Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing.
It is seen in following conditions-
1. Fever2. Pneumonia3. Compensatory resp.alkalosis4. Respiratory insufficiency5. Lesions to resp. centers in brain6. Salicylate poisoning7. Elevated diaphragm
Transient tachypnea of newborns
BRADYPNEA :
Decreased rate of breathing , i.e. <12 breaths/min.
Characterized by slow, shallow breathing.
The rate at c bradypnea is diagnosed depends on the age –
• 0-1 years - <30 breaths/min.• 1-3 years - <25 breaths/min.• 3-12 years - <20 breaths/min.• 12 & above - <12 breaths/min. It is see secondary to following
conditions-• Diabetic coma• Respiratory depression• Increased intra-cranial pressure
Other causes include –• Anxiety or pain• Excessive use of aspirin• Obstructive disorders- COPD,
asthma, & pulmonary embolism.
• Infections – pneumonia• Congestive heart failure• Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperventilation leads to following symptoms-
• Dizziness• Light headedness• Weakness• Shortness of breath• Muscle spasm in hands & feet. All these symptoms are the
result of increased CO2 in blood caused by over-breathing.
KUSSMAUL BREATHING :
Rapid, gasping & very deep type of labored breathing.
Commonly called as “air hunger”.
It is been named for - “Adolph Kussmaul”, a German doctor who first noted it among patients with advanced diabetes mellitus.
It is associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis.
CHEYNE-STOKES BREATHING: Also called as “periodic
breathing”. This condition was named after
“John Cheyne & William Stokes”, the physicians who first described it in 19th century.
Characterized by alternate periods of tachypnea and apnea.
Occurs as a compensation for changing serum pO2 & pCO2, and classically seen in damage to pons where resp. centers are located.
Mechanism Conditions in c it is seen are-• Stroke• Traumatic brain injury• Brain tumors• Heart failure• Toxic metabolic
encephalopathy
BIOT’S BREATHING :
Also called as “cluster breathing" or “ataxic breathing”.
It is named for a French Physician “Camille Biot” who characterized it in 1876.
It is periodic in nature & is characterized by unpredictable irregularities in breathing that alternates with periods of apnea.
It is a group of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.
Causes include-• Lesion to brainstem (sp.
Medulla)• Cervical spine injury – leading
to resp.depression.
In ataxic breathing, there is complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses & increasing periods of apnea.
As the breathing pattern deteriorates, it merges with the Agonal breathing.
AGONAL BREATHING :
shallow & very slow inspirations (about 3-4 breaths/min.) followed by irregular pauses of apnea.
Characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations.
Causes include-• Cerebral ischemia• Severe hypoxia/anoxia• Cardiac arrest
SIGHING RESPIRATION :• Is is the breathing punctuated
by frequent sighs.• Alerts you for possibility of
hyperventilation syndrome.• Common cause of dyspnea &
dizziness.
Here, expiration is prolonged because of increased airway resistance.
As the respiratory rate increases patient lacks sufficient time for full expiration. Hence the chest over-expands i.e. air trapping occurs and the breathing becomes more shallow.