breast feeding growth & development

8/13/2019 Breast Feeding Growth & Development

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Taif University

Department of Nursing

Growth & Development

(Breast Feeding)


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Physiology of lactation

During pregnancy :

- Estrogen and progesterone secreted by the

placenta preparethe breast for lactation.

- The estrogen inhibits milk production until the

end of

pregnancy.- In the third trimester of pregnancy, colostrums

is present

and remains for the first 3 days postpartum.


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Colostrums


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By 3rdstage of labor (delivery of placenta) :

- Production of milk is reduced and during the

next 48hours, the blood level of estrogen and

progesterone fall and

this stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to

produce thelactogenic hormone (prolactin hormone).

- The milk is pushed along the lactiferous ducts

and some is

stored in the lactiferous sinuses (milk reservoir


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When the child sucks:

- the child takes the nipple and areola into his\her

mouth and

partly by vacuum, which is created mostly be achewing

action of his\her jaw, milk is pushed into his

mouth and he

swallow.- As the lactiferous sinuses (milk reservoir) and

lower ducts

are emptied, milk is pushed from the alveoli by

contraction


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So the act of sucking by the baby is the stimulus,

which keeps lactation going on by some neuro-

hormonal reflex mechanism, which activates the

anterior pituitary gland to produce lactotrophin

and the posterior gland to produce oxytocin which

reaches the breast through the blood stream

leading to contraction of myoepithelial cells and

expulsion of milk results.


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Advantages of breast feeding

The infant sucking at the breast promotes

involution of the uterus after labor.

Many mothers find great satisfaction in feedingthe infant at the breast.

Save times and troubles appeals to some

women.

Breast milk is less of strain on the family budgetthan buying a fresh or even dried milk.

It fulfils the feminine role and motherly attitudes.

Lower incidence rate of cancer breast in women.


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Advantages to infant

Human milk is warm, sterile and perfectly balanced inproteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins and

doesnt cost anything.

Breast fed infants have greater immunity to certain

childhood diseases (it provide immunological factorsto certain diseases).

It is available all times.

Infants less likely to have gastrointestinal disorders,

anemia, and vitamins deficiency. Infants are less likely to acquire infections in homes

where cleanliness.

Infant is secure through constant contact with his

mother and has an affect on the childs psychology


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Technique of breast feeding

Breast should be cleaned every day when the

mother takes a shower, otherwise breast is

washed with plain water and dries thoroughly.

Mothers clothes should not be too tight over the

breast and should be clean.

The mothers should wash hands before nursing

her infant. The infant should be hungry, dry, and warm.

The mother should be in comfortable position

either in sitting or lying position.


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Technique of breast feeding

Positioning of infant :

- Cradle position.

- Crosscradle position.

- Foot- ball position.- Horizontal position.

- Backwards position.

-position for two babies.


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Cradle position


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Cross-Cradle position


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Horizontal breastfeeding


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Football breastfeeding


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Technique of breastfeeding

The mother can gently support the breast ; she

can cup her breast with her hand from

underneath using four fingers underneath and

well behind the areola, her thumb should be

resting on the top of breast ( C-hold).

Rub the nipple or a finger gently against theinfants cheek or lips to stimulates rooting reflex

So the infant focus on breast.


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Technique of breastfeeding

Touch the infants lip with a nipple to evoke oral

searching reflex where the infant opens his mouth

widely and thrusts the tongue forward and hold

nipple apart of the areola. This is what we called

latching on. Remember that the infant who

should come to the breast , not the breast to the

infant.


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How often and how long ?

Unrestricted: self-demand. Give breastfeeding

when the infant shows signs of hunger during the

day and night.. Also, letting the infant finish a feed

and come off the breast spontaneously.

Exclusive : it means that no food , no drink other

than breastfeeding is offered to breastfeedingbaby up to 6 months and he\she is fed on

demand, day and night, with no restriction on

length or frequency of breastfeeding.


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Criteria for adequate

breastfeeding

Infant is calm and satisfied after feeds.

Infant sleeps well 3 -4 hours after feeds.

Normal bowel motions. Normal amount of urine.

Normal weight gain


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Factors that lead to breastfeeding

problems

Lack of mothers knowledge.

Improper attachment of baby to breast.

Separation of mother and baby. Psychological factors:

- Anxiety.

- Concern about nipple shape and size.

- Misbelieves about colostrums and her own ( not

enough,

deficient, diluted milk).


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Bottle Feeding

Types of form ulae feedings :

- Complementary feeding: each feed, the breast is

given firstuntil it is emptied then

formulae is

given to complete the

feed.- Supplementary feeding: formulae is given to

substitute one

or more feeds, where

some feeds are


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Bottle feeding

Substitutive feeding is only

indicated in cases of :- Death of the mother.

- Institutions.

- Contraindications of breast

feeding.


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Contraindications of

breastfeeding

Mothers with HIV virus.

Mother with cancer.

Under retarded treatment.


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Disadvantages of bottle feeding

Bottlefed infants get sick easily through :

- Starvation: infant may have diluted formulae,

where

mother do not put enough milk

powder to

water as a result of their ignorance

or theexpensiveness of milk powder.

Thus, marasmus

(severe protein energy malnutrition)

often


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- Infection: pathogenic microorganisms grow

quickly in milk

when not refrigerated. It also grows

quickly in

warm and dirty feeding bottles. to kill

these

microorganisms boil the bottles and allthe

equipment used in formulae

preparation for 15

minuets.


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- Difficulty to digest: the casein cows milk is

responsible for

the hard big cruds formed in

the infant

stomach, which interferes

with digestionof milk unless it is modifies.


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Techniques of feeding

The nurse should:

- Obtain the formulae from the refrigerator and

warm it.

- Check the patency of the nipples.

- Ensure safe infants positioning.

- Burping the infant.

- Discard the unused portion of formulae.

C


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Five Common mistakes in bottle

feeding

Leaving the newborn\infant with the feeding

bottle unattended.

Too large or too narrow hole in the teat. Use of any available bottles.

Over-diluted feed.

Frequent crying of baby because ofunderfeeding.

breast feeding growth & development

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