BREAST BREAST CANCERCANCER

Breast cancerBreast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the commonest Breast cancer is one of the commonest causes of death in many developed causes of death in many developed countries in middle-aged women, and is countries in middle-aged women, and is becoming frequent in developing countries becoming frequent in developing countries as well.as well.

Screening for breast cancerScreening for breast cancer

There is evidence that screening for breast There is evidence that screening for breast cancer has a favourable effect on mortality cancer has a favourable effect on mortality from breast cancerfrom breast cancer. .

TECHNIQUES OF SCREENINGTECHNIQUES OF SCREENING

The basic techniques for early detection of The basic techniques for early detection of breast cancer are : breast cancer are :

(a) breast self examination (BSE) by the (a) breast self examination (BSE) by the patientpatient

(b) palpation by a physician(b) palpation by a physician (c) thermography and (c) thermography and (d) mammography.(d) mammography.

RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS The established risk factors of breast The established risk factors of breast

cancer include the following:cancer include the following: AGEAGE FAMILY HISTORYFAMILY HISTORY PARITYPARITY AGE AT MENARCHE AND AGE AT MENARCHE AND

MENOPAUSEMENOPAUSE

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

HORMONAL FACTORSHORMONAL FACTORS PRIOR BREAST BIOPSYPRIOR BREAST BIOPSY DIETDIET SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUSSOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OTHERSOTHERS

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

PRIMARY PREVENTION:PRIMARY PREVENTION:The aims of primary prevention are towards The aims of primary prevention are towards elimination of risk factors.elimination of risk factors.

Promotion of cancer education.Promotion of cancer education.

SECONDARY PREVENTIONSECONDARY PREVENTION

Breast screening leads toBreast screening leads to Early diagnosis of breast cancer, Early diagnosis of breast cancer, It will influence the treatment and, hopefully, It will influence the treatment and, hopefully,

mortality.mortality.

LUNG LUNG CANCERCANCER

Lung cancerLung cancer Lung Cancer is directly associated with Lung Cancer is directly associated with

smokingsmoking In countries where cigarette smoking has In countries where cigarette smoking has

only recently begun, lung cancer deaths still only recently begun, lung cancer deaths still remain low, it will rise with the passage of remain low, it will rise with the passage of time if the smoking has not been stoped.time if the smoking has not been stoped.

Screening for Lung CancerScreening for Lung Cancer At present there are only two techniques At present there are only two techniques

for screening of lung cancer, for screening of lung cancer, Chest radiographChest radiograph Sputum cytology.Sputum cytology. Mass radiography has been suggested for Mass radiography has been suggested for

early diagnosis at six monthly intervals, early diagnosis at six monthly intervals,

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURESEPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES AGE :AGE : About a third of all lung cancer deaths About a third of all lung cancer deaths

occur below the age of 65. occur below the age of 65. SEX:SEX: In many industrialized countries, the In many industrialized countries, the

incidence of lung cancer is at present incidence of lung cancer is at present increasing more in females than in males increasing more in females than in males due to increased rate of smoking.due to increased rate of smoking.

RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS Smoking:Smoking: Air pollution, radioactivity,Air pollution, radioactivity, Occupational exposure to asbestos, Occupational exposure to asbestos,

arsenic and its compounds,arsenic and its compounds, Chromates, particles containing polycyclic Chromates, particles containing polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons and certain nickel-aromatic hydrocarbons and certain nickel-bearing dusts. bearing dusts.

PREVENTIONPREVENTIONPrimary prevention:Primary prevention:

Broadly these methods include:Broadly these methods include: a.a. Public information and educationPublic information and education b.b. Legislative and restrictive measuresLegislative and restrictive measures c.c. Smoking cessation activitiesSmoking cessation activities d.d. National and international National and international

coordination.coordination.

SECONDARY PREVENTIONSECONDARY PREVENTION

This rests on This rests on Early detection of cases Early detection of cases Active treatment.Active treatment.

STOMACH STOMACH CANCERCANCER

Stomach cancersStomach cancers Stomach cancer is the world's second Stomach cancer is the world's second

most common cancer, with over 1 million most common cancer, with over 1 million new cases per year.new cases per year.

Most gastric cancers are Aden Most gastric cancers are Aden carcinomas. In contrast to the overall carcinomas. In contrast to the overall decreasing trend, there has recently been decreasing trend, there has recently been a rapid increase of cancers localized to the a rapid increase of cancers localized to the cardia (the upper part of the stomach). cardia (the upper part of the stomach).

Causative AgentsCausative Agents

Infection with the bacterium Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori pylori contributes to the risk, probably by contributes to the risk, probably by interacting with the other factors.interacting with the other factors.

Preventive FactorsPreventive Factors The constant decline of stomach cancer is The constant decline of stomach cancer is

linked to linked to Improved food preservation practices; Improved food preservation practices; Better nutrition more rich in vitamins from Better nutrition more rich in vitamins from

fresh vegetables and fruits; and fresh vegetables and fruits; and Less consumption of preserved, and Less consumption of preserved, and

salted foods. salted foods.

SymptomsSymptoms

These are nonspecific, which explains why These are nonspecific, which explains why most of the cases are diagnosed when the most of the cases are diagnosed when the disease is at an advanced stage. disease is at an advanced stage.

Patients may complain of weight loss, Patients may complain of weight loss, fatigue or gastric discomfort. fatigue or gastric discomfort.

Diagnosis is performed by barium X-rays Diagnosis is performed by barium X-rays and with biopsy.and with biopsy.

TreatmentTreatment This cancer is treated by surgical removal This cancer is treated by surgical removal

of the tumour, with or without adjuvant of the tumour, with or without adjuvant chemotherapychemotherapy

PrognosisPrognosis

Stomach cancer cases have a generally Stomach cancer cases have a generally poor survival prognosis, averaging no more poor survival prognosis, averaging no more than 20% survival after five years. than 20% survival after five years.

If the tumour is localized to the stomach, If the tumour is localized to the stomach, 60% of patients survive five years or more. 60% of patients survive five years or more. However, only 18% of all cases are However, only 18% of all cases are diagnosed at this early stage. diagnosed at this early stage.