breast cancer

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The Normal Breast

Terminal duct lobular unit

Lactiferous ducts and sinuses

Intralobular stroma

Interlobular stroma

Nipple areola complex

Diagram of normal breast

Normal breast tissue

Terminal duct lobular unit

Pathology of breast

Disorders of development and growth

Inflammations

Fibrocystic change or nonprolifrative disease

Proliferative breast disease

Tumours

TUMORS OF THE BREAST Benign

FibroadenomaPhyllodes tumourIntraduct papilloma

MalignantCarcinoma

Noninvasive Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; intraductal carcinoma) Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

• Invasive (infiltrating) Invasive ductal carcinoma ("not otherwise specified") Invasive lobular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Colloid carcinoma (mucinous carcinoma) Tubular carcinoma Other types

Breast cancer When it occure

Benign or malignant

metastas

statistics

Risk factors

Age

Personal history of breast cancer

Family history of breast cancer

Inherited risk/Genetic predisposition

Personal history of ovarian cancer

Hormone replacement therapy after menopause

Oral contraceptives or birth control pills

Race and ethnicity

Atypical hyperplasia of the breast

Lifestyle factors

Socioeconomic factors

Radiation

Breast density

Estrogen and progesterone exposure

Pathogenesis

Genetic Changes

Hormonal Influences

Environmental Variables

The locations of the tumors within the breast

Upper outer quadrant 50%

Central portion 20%

Lower outer quadrant 10%

Upper inner quadrant 10%

Lower inner quadrant 10%

بسیاری از خانم ها بدون عالئم

عالئمی که باید با پزشک در میان گذاشته شود:

برآمدگی در پستان یا زیر بازو

تغییر در سایز و شکل پستان

Nipple dischargeتان به صورت ناگهانی که میتواند خونی باشد یا در یک پس.اتفاق بیفتد

ه تغییرات فیزیکی شامل فرورفتن نوک پستان به داخل یا درد پایدار در ناحیnipple

Skin irritation or changes, such as puckering,

dimpling, scaliness, or new creases

Warm, red, swollen breasts with or without a rash

resembling the skin of an orange, called peau d'orange

Pain in the breast, particularly breast pain that doesn’t

go away. Pain is not usually a symptom of breast

cancer, but it should be reported to a doctor.

Noninvasive (in Situ) Carcinoma (including Paget Disease) DCIS

Paget disease of the nipple

LCIS

Invasive (Infiltrating) Carcinoma Invasive ductal carcinoma

Inflammatory carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Medullary carcinoma

Colloid (mucinous) carcinoma

Tubular carcinomas

Features Common to All Invasive Cancers certain local morphologic features

adherent to the pectoral muscles or deep fascia of the chest wall

retraction or dimpling of the skin or nipple(important sign)

Involvement of the lymphatic pathways

peau d'orange

peau d'orange

Imaging tests

MRI:اندازه گیری سایز تومور و تشخیص مقدار پیشرفت

Ultrasound:افتراق توده جامد سرطانی از کیست مایع

Diagnostic mammography

Surgical tests

Biopsy

fine needle aspiration

core needle biopsy

Image-guided biopsy

surgical biopsy

تستهای استاندارد برای ارزیابی بیشتر سرطانinasive به منظور انتخاب درمان مناسب وکاهش شانس ابتالی مجدد

بررس ی وجودER،PR ،HER2وki67(بررس ی سرعت تقسیم)

تومور هایhormone receptor+:رشد آهسته، ریسک کم برگشت در صورت هورمون تراپی

تومورهایtriple negative وHER2+ : سرعت باالی تقسیم وکموتراپی وHER2 target

therapy یک نوع بسیار شایع در خانم های با موتاسیونBRCA1و شایع در خانمهای جوان به ویژه سیاه پوستان

CBC :برای ارزیابی عملکرد مغز استخوان

ارزیابی مواد معدنی نظیر پتاسیم ، کلسیم و آنزیم ها

وان ومجاری صفراوی خمتاستاز به کبد ، است: آلکالین فسفاتاز

در گیری استخوان: کلسیم باالی خون

بیلی روبین کامل و آنزیمALT وAST :ارزیابی عملکرد کبد

Hepatitis tests :ارزیابی کبد از نظر وجود هپاتیتBوC اکتیو و درمان آن قبلاز کموتراپی

Blood tumor market test

درموردDCIS وearly stage invasive breast cancer :جراحی

برای تومورهای بزرگlarge cancer :neoadjuvant therapy

Adjuvant therapy

radiation therapy

chemotherapy

targeted therapy

and/or hormonal therapy

درصد در سال0.5درخانم هایی که دچار سرطان در یک پستان شده اند ریسک سرطان پستان مقابل-باعث کاهش بروز این نوع سرطانtamoxifenدادن

STARTamoxifen

نگهداری دانسیته ماده معدنی استخوان کاهش کلسترولافزایش ریسک سرطان رحمافزایش ریسک کاتاراکت

Raloxifenمناسب برای پیشگیری از سرطان پستان باخطر کمتر حوادث ترومبوآمبولیک وسرطان اندومترعدم کاهش دادن ریسک سرطان غیر مهاجم

Iasofoxifeneاستفاده از مهارکننده آروماتاز

The unfolded-protein response (UPR) pathway protects cells from stress and initiates the production of "chaperone proteins.

The activation of the UPR prepares the cell for growth, division and survival under stress.

As well as protecting cells, though, the UPR can also trigger apoptosis - a kind of "cellular suicide" - in cases where a normal cell is exposed to too much stress. However, when the UPR is activated by estrogen, this cell-suicide response is "blunted," allowing cancer cells to survive and resist drugs.

UPR-related gene expression as prognostic marker among women with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer who received

tamoxifen as a treatment, those with "overexpressed" UPR were 3.7 times more likely to have breast cancer recurrence.

Copyright: Medical News Today Last updated: 29 September 2014 at 8am PST

Prof. Garland says that vitamin D metabolites increase communication between cells by activating a protein that halts aggressive cell division.

As long as vitamin D receptors are present, tumor growth is prevented and kept from expanding its blood supply," he adds.

"Vitamin D receptors are not lost until a tumor is very advanced. This is the reason for better survival in patients whose vitamin D blood levels are high."

Copyright: Medical News Today