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Breaking the Ice on How to Crack the Glass Ceiling
Toni Schmader, Department of Psychology
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Reflective system for controlled processing• Conscious, explicit• Effortful, requires motivation• Takes more time
Reflexive system for automatic processing• Often unconscious, implicit• Requires little effort• Fast
• Different neural structures distinguish the two• Satpute & Lieberman (2006)
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• Cognitive links between concepts that co-vary
• Bring one to mind, others are activated
• Activation can happen unconsciously…can be at odds with conscious goals…can influence attention, perception,
judgment and behavior
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• The Implicit Association Test (IAT)Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz (1998)
• Measures strength of association between concepts• Based on premise that associated concepts will be easier to categorize together
• Find more IAT’s at Project Implicit:https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Microsoft
PowerPoint Presentation
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Association of math = male & arts = female
Nosek et al. (2002)
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Association of men = independent & women = communal
Rudman & Glick (2001)
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Implicit Biases Correlate with Gender Differences in Behavior
Nosek B A et al. PNAS 2009;106:10593-10597
©2009 by National Academy of Sciences
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Perceptions of Others
Behavior toward Others
Behavior/Performance
Perceptions of Self
MATH = MALE
Logel et al., 2009
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ImplicitBiases
Judgment &Behavior
Change ImplicitAssociations
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Dasgupta & Asgari, 2004
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ImplicitBiases
Judgment &Behavior
ReflectivelyOverrideBiases
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• Implicit bias is distinct from conscious motivation
• We all have these biases due to cultural exposure
• They can be changed with education, exposure, and establishment of situations that minimize their effects