BrazilBrazil

DemographicsDemographics Slightly smaller than the US in land area.Slightly smaller than the US in land area. Climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south Climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south Population: 191,900,000Population: 191,900,000

– Most populous country in South America.Most populous country in South America. Median Age: 29 yearsMedian Age: 29 years

– Male: 28.3 yearsMale: 28.3 years– Female: 29.8 yearsFemale: 29.8 years

Population Growth Rate: .98%Population Growth Rate: .98% Sex Ratio: 98 males for every 100 females.Sex Ratio: 98 males for every 100 females. Life expectancy:Life expectancy:

– Male: 68.57 years.Male: 68.57 years.– Female: 76.62 years.Female: 76.62 years.

Mostly Catholic (nominally) Mostly Catholic (nominally) Federal RepublicFederal Republic Number of People with AIDS 660,000Number of People with AIDS 660,000

Culture Culture

Roman Catholic is the dominate Roman Catholic is the dominate religionreligion

Official language is Portuguese Official language is Portuguese Muslim population is comprised of Muslim population is comprised of

mostly Arab immigrantsmostly Arab immigrants

History of BrazilHistory of Brazil 1500- Brazil claimed for Portugal by Pedro Alveras 1500- Brazil claimed for Portugal by Pedro Alveras

Cabral.Cabral. 1822- Brazil claimed independence from Portugal. 1822- Brazil claimed independence from Portugal.

Pedro I ruled.Pedro I ruled. 1831- Pedro I removed in favor of five-year-old 1831- Pedro I removed in favor of five-year-old

son, Pedro II.son, Pedro II. 1865-1870- South America’s War of the Triple 1865-1870- South America’s War of the Triple

Alliance saw Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay Alliance saw Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay aligned against Paraguay. The Triple Alliance aligned against Paraguay. The Triple Alliance believed Paraguay was undermining the region’s believed Paraguay was undermining the region’s political stability. The war ended in crushing political stability. The war ended in crushing defeat of Paraguay.defeat of Paraguay.

1888- Slavery Abolished1888- Slavery Abolished

History of BrazilHistory of Brazil 1918- World War I1918- World War I 1932- Women get the right to vote.1932- Women get the right to vote. 1942- World War II1942- World War II 1964-1985-    A military dictatorship ruled 1964-1985-    A military dictatorship ruled

over Brazil. As many as 353 people died over Brazil. As many as 353 people died while under custody. The dead of the while under custody. The dead of the leftist opposition were either leftist opposition were either "disappeared" or  registered as suicides or "disappeared" or  registered as suicides or fatalities from accidents or shootouts.fatalities from accidents or shootouts.

1985- Tancredo Neves elected (First 1985- Tancredo Neves elected (First elected executive in 21 years)elected executive in 21 years)

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

President: Both Head of State and President: Both Head of State and Government.Government.

Commander-in-Chief of armed forces.Commander-in-Chief of armed forces. Vice President with President. (Written out Vice President with President. (Written out

of Constitution in 1934; Restored in 1946)of Constitution in 1934; Restored in 1946) Four-year term with possible second term.Four-year term with possible second term. Directly elected.Directly elected. Cabinet appointed by PresidentCabinet appointed by President Current President: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Current President: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

PresidentsPresidents 1889-1891: Deodoro da Fonseca1889-1891: Deodoro da Fonseca 1891-1894: Floriano Peixoto1891-1894: Floriano Peixoto 1894-1898: Prudente de Morais1894-1898: Prudente de Morais 1891-1902: Campos Sales1891-1902: Campos Sales 1902-1906: Rodrigues Alves1902-1906: Rodrigues Alves 1906-1909: Afonso Pena1906-1909: Afonso Pena 1909-1910: Nilo Peçanha 1909-1910: Nilo Peçanha 1910-1914: Hermes da Fonseca1910-1914: Hermes da Fonseca 1914-1918: Venceslau Bras1914-1918: Venceslau Bras 1918-1919: Delfim Moreira1918-1919: Delfim Moreira 1919-1922: Epitacio Pessoa1919-1922: Epitacio Pessoa

Brazilian LawBrazilian Law

Based on Roman Germanic Based on Roman Germanic TraditionsTraditions

It consists of mostly codified statutesIt consists of mostly codified statutes Civil law concepts prevail over Civil law concepts prevail over

common law practicescommon law practices Court Decisions set out interpretative Court Decisions set out interpretative

guidelines but not binding except in guidelines but not binding except in specific cases specific cases

Presidents cont.Presidents cont. 1922-1926: Artur Bernardes1922-1926: Artur Bernardes 1926-1930: Washington Luis1926-1930: Washington Luis 1930: military junta1930: military junta 1930-1945: Getulio Vergas1930-1945: Getulio Vergas 1945-1946: Jose Linhares1945-1946: Jose Linhares 1946-1951: Gaspar Dutra1946-1951: Gaspar Dutra 1951-1954: Getulio Vargas1951-1954: Getulio Vargas 1954-1955: Café Filho1954-1955: Café Filho 1955: Carlos Luz1955: Carlos Luz 1955-1956: Nereu Ramos1955-1956: Nereu Ramos 1956-1961: Juscelino Kubitschek1956-1961: Juscelino Kubitschek 1961: Janio Quadros1961: Janio Quadros 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961-1964: Joao Goulart1961-1964: Joao Goulart

Presidents cont.Presidents cont. 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961-1964: Joao Goulart1961-1964: Joao Goulart 1964: Ranieri Mazzilli1964: Ranieri Mazzilli 1964-1967: Castelo Branco1964-1967: Castelo Branco 1967-1969: Costa e Silva1967-1969: Costa e Silva 1969: military junta1969: military junta 1969-1974: Emilio Medici1969-1974: Emilio Medici 1974-1979: Ernesto Geisel1974-1979: Ernesto Geisel 1979-1985: Joao Figueiredo1979-1985: Joao Figueiredo 1985-1990: Jose Sarney1985-1990: Jose Sarney 1990-1992: Fernando Collor1990-1992: Fernando Collor 1992-1995: Itamar Franco1992-1995: Itamar Franco 1995-2003: Fernando Henrique Cardoso1995-2003: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2003- : Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva2003- : Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva

ConstitutionsConstitutions Constitution of 1824 – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by Dom Pedro I. It Constitution of 1824 – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by Dom Pedro I. It

was monarchic, hereditary and highly centralized, permitting the vote only to was monarchic, hereditary and highly centralized, permitting the vote only to property-holders. property-holders.

Constitution of 1891 – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution Constitution of 1891 – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not permitted to vote. permitted to vote.

Constitution of 1934 – when Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930, he canceled the Constitution of 1934 – when Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930, he canceled the 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The Constitutionalist 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that Revolution of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was elected president by the permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was elected president by the Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933. Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933.

Constitution of 1937 – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 Constitution of 1937 – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 and used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist and used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed constitution nicknamed the polish,the polish, written by . written by .

Constitution of 1946 – after a military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Constitution of 1946 – after a military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Assembly wrote a democratic constitution. Assembly wrote a democratic constitution.

Constitution of 1967 – after the 1964 coup d'État against João Goulart, the military Constitution of 1967 – after the 1964 coup d'État against João Goulart, the military dictatorship passed the dictatorship passed the Institutional ActsInstitutional Acts, a supraconstitutional law. This strongly , a supraconstitutional law. This strongly undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts. undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts.

Constitution of 1988 – the progressive redemocratization culminated in the current Constitution of 1988 – the progressive redemocratization culminated in the current constitution. Very democratic, it is more expansive than a normal constitution – constitution. Very democratic, it is more expansive than a normal constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes. Security and taxes.

Military DictatorshipMilitary Dictatorship In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the

democratically-elected president of Brazil, João democratically-elected president of Brazil, João Goulart.Goulart.

Brazil was governed by the military, with a two-Brazil was governed by the military, with a two-party system, with a pro-government National party system, with a pro-government National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB).

Thousands of politicians had the political rights Thousands of politicians had the political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during the government of political liberalization during the government of João Figueiredo. João Figueiredo.

New RepublicNew Republic In 1985, the military were defeated in an election In 1985, the military were defeated in an election

according to the scheme they had set up -- as a according to the scheme they had set up -- as a consequence of the loss of political support among the consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. Tancredo Neves elected, but he died before he elites. Tancredo Neves elected, but he died before he could take office. His vice-president, Jose Sarney, took could take office. His vice-president, Jose Sarney, took over.over.

Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing economic recession and the soaring field. The ongoing economic recession and the soaring external debt drained the country's assets while external debt drained the country's assets while ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation) ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation) demonetized the currency and prevented any stability. demonetized the currency and prevented any stability.

Sarney attempted to fix the problems, but he failed in Sarney attempted to fix the problems, but he failed in the end.the end.

Collor government (1990-Collor government (1990-1992) 1992)

His inflation control plan was based on an His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and a complicated attempt to control prices and a complicated currency conversion process that prevented currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months. months.

All of this made him quite unpopular and denied All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false.being irrelevant or false.

LegislativeLegislative

The The National Congress of BrazilNational Congress of Brazil is a is a bicameral legislature.bicameral legislature.

– The upper-house is the Federal Senate.The upper-house is the Federal Senate.

– The lower-house is the House of The lower-house is the House of Deputies.Deputies.

Federal SenateFederal Senate

Upper HouseUpper House 81 Seats81 Seats 3 members elected from each 3 members elected from each

state/federal district by a majority.state/federal district by a majority.– 26 states and 1 federal district.26 states and 1 federal district.– One third and two-thirds elected One third and two-thirds elected

alternately every four years, meaning alternately every four years, meaning eight-year terms.eight-year terms.

Chamber of DeputiesChamber of Deputies

Lower HouseLower House Has 513 seats.Has 513 seats. Proportional RepresentationProportional Representation Deputies serve four-year terms.Deputies serve four-year terms.

Judicial SystemJudicial System

The legal system is based on continental The legal system is based on continental European principles European principles

Jury system has been used in criminal cases for Jury system has been used in criminal cases for more than 100 years but now they tend to stray more than 100 years but now they tend to stray away from juries away from juries

The Supreme Federal Court is composed of 11 The Supreme Federal Court is composed of 11 justices, chosen by the president with Senate justices, chosen by the president with Senate approval, who can serve until age 70 approval, who can serve until age 70

Judges are appointed for life and may not Judges are appointed for life and may not accept other employment.accept other employment.

Has final jurisdictionHas final jurisdiction

Judicial SystemJudicial System

The Federal Appeals Court deals with cases The Federal Appeals Court deals with cases involving the federal government.involving the federal government.

There is also a system of specialized courts There is also a system of specialized courts dealing with police, juveniles, and family dealing with police, juveniles, and family matters.matters.

The judiciary is independent from the The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches.executive and legislative branches.

Criminal defendants have a right to counsel.Criminal defendants have a right to counsel. Brazilian legal system is the coexistence of Brazilian legal system is the coexistence of

decentralized and centralized modelsdecentralized and centralized models

Politcal PartiesPolitcal Parties

Worker’s PartyWorker’s Party: Left-wing party: Left-wing party– De Silva’s partyDe Silva’s party

Brazilian Social Democracy PartyBrazilian Social Democracy Party: center-: center-leftleft– Calls “left/right” labels outdated.Calls “left/right” labels outdated.

Brazilian Democratic Movement partyBrazilian Democratic Movement party: no : no fixed ideology; mostly center/ liberal.fixed ideology; mostly center/ liberal.

DemocratsDemocrats: center-right: center-right

Political CulturePolitical Culture

Citizens of the north vote more often for Citizens of the north vote more often for the Workers’ Party; the South votes more the Workers’ Party; the South votes more for the Social Democracy Party.for the Social Democracy Party.

Compulsary voting: Voters age 18-70 are Compulsary voting: Voters age 18-70 are required to vote.required to vote.

Many favor a military rule over democracy.Many favor a military rule over democracy. High migration into urban areas.High migration into urban areas. Amount of registered voters increasing Amount of registered voters increasing

since mid-1900’ssince mid-1900’s

Styles of PoliticsStyles of Politics

11stst:: Coronelismo Coronelismo : local “colonels”, in an : local “colonels”, in an alliance with farmers, control the votes of alliance with farmers, control the votes of rural workers.rural workers.

22ndnd: Clientellistic politics. Politicians receive : Clientellistic politics. Politicians receive migrants to improve their lives in migrants to improve their lives in exchange for votes.exchange for votes.

33rdrd: Direct populist appeal by politicians: Direct populist appeal by politicians Voters most influenced by second and Voters most influenced by second and

third styles, along with peer groups, third styles, along with peer groups, opinion leaders, and soap operas.opinion leaders, and soap operas.

BureaucracyBureaucracy

Ministries include: Ministry of Finance, Ministries include: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, etc.Ministry of Education, etc.

The bureaucracy is massive; Considered The bureaucracy is massive; Considered to be bloated, overreaching, etc.to be bloated, overreaching, etc.

Many unnecessary officials in the Many unnecessary officials in the system.system.

Bureaucracy in need of reform.Bureaucracy in need of reform.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Brazil has an active role in the Brazil has an active role in the politics of South America.politics of South America.

Characterized by an aggressive Characterized by an aggressive foreign policy approach.foreign policy approach.

Relations with U.S. strong Relations with U.S. strong historically; have been weaker lately historically; have been weaker lately due to economic downturn.due to economic downturn.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Well established International Well established International Economic Relations Economic Relations

Part of the WTO and UNPart of the WTO and UN Open Economy (10Open Economy (10thth largest in the largest in the

World)World) Social and Economic problems Social and Economic problems

prevent them from becoming a major prevent them from becoming a major world powerworld power

Armed ForcesArmed Forces

The Armed forces of Brazil comprise The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Forceand the Brazilian Air Force

The Military Police (States' Military The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by constitution, but force of the Army by constitution, but under the control of each state's under the control of each state's governorgovernor

The Brazilian armed forces are the The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. largest in Latin America.

Learning Learning Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, students should be able to:After studying this chapter, students should be able to:

describe the major elements of diversity associated describe the major elements of diversity associated with Brazilwith Brazil

identify five major historic influences on the current identify five major historic influences on the current regime and political cultureregime and political culture

describe three major recent changes to political describe three major recent changes to political culture in Brazil and assess their importanceculture in Brazil and assess their importance

explain how Brazil's "open list proportional explain how Brazil's "open list proportional representation" system differs from most representation" system differs from most proportional elections systems and assess the proportional elections systems and assess the effects of that system on the political systemeffects of that system on the political system

identify the major political parties and describe their identify the major political parties and describe their policy differencespolicy differences

identify and describe the major elements of the identify and describe the major elements of the Brazilian regimeBrazilian regime

identify the primary policy goals of governments identify the primary policy goals of governments over the past 20 years and assess the degree of over the past 20 years and assess the degree of success in achieving those goalssuccess in achieving those goals