brainspine coverings of the brain- meninges skin skull dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater cerebral...
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brain
spine
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Coverings of the Brain- Meninges
skin
skulldura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater
cerebral cortex
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Menenges:
1.Covers and protects CNS
2.Protects blood vessels and
encloses venus sinuses
3.Contains CSF
4.Forms partition within the skull
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Cerebruspinal Fluid
Brain
Ventricles
CSF
Spinal Cord
Anterior View Saggital View
Rt. Ventricle Lf. Ventricle
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Ventricles
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CSF • 150 ml in adult• contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid,
urea, cations, anions, WBC Functions:
1.Reduces wt. of brain by 97%2.Prevents head injury3.Supplies brain with nutrition4.Transports hormones along
ventricular channels
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The BrainThe Brain
The CerebrumFrontal Lobe Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
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cerebrum corpus callosum
thalamus
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
pituitary
pons
spinal cord
Pineal gland
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Cerebrum
• Involved with higher brain functions.
• Processes sensory information.
• Initiates motor functions.
• Integrates information.
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Cerebrum Cross-SectionCerebrum Cross-Section
basal ganglia ventricles
corpus callosum
white matter
cerebral cortex
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Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
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Primary Sensory Cortex
Primary Sensory Cortex
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Primary Motor Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex
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Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum
left side– language development– mathematical & learning capabilities– sequential thought processes
right side– visual spatial skills– musical and artistic activities– intuitive abilities
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Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus
• Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
• Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.
• Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.
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The Reticular Formation
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Hypothalamus
• autonomic control center- blood pressure, autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behaviorfor emotional response and behavior
• body temperaturebody temperature• water balance and thirstwater balance and thirst• sleep/wake cyclessleep/wake cycles• appetiteappetite• sexual arousalsexual arousal• control of endocrine functioning:control of endocrine functioning:Acts on the pituitary gland through the Acts on the pituitary gland through the
release of neurosecretions.release of neurosecretions.
Regulates:Regulates:
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Hypothalamus
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The Limbic SystemThe Limbic SystemThe Limbic System
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Midbrain
• Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.
• Reflex center for eye muscles.• Also involved with processing visual
and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).
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Pons
• Connects the two halves of the cerebellum.
• Regulates breathing.
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Medulla Oblongata
• Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left)
• May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord
• Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region
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Medulla Oblongata
Contains control centers for Contains control centers for many subconscious activitiesmany subconscious activities• Respiratory rateRespiratory rate• Heart rateHeart rate• Arteriole constrictionArteriole constriction• SwallowingSwallowing• HiccuppingHiccupping• CoughingCoughing• SneezingSneezing
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Cerebellum
• Controls and coordinates muscular activity.
• Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.
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On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fat Voracious German Viewed A Hop
1. Olfactory- smell2. Optic- vision3. Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles 4. Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles5. Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to
the chewing muscles6. Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye
laterally7. Facial- facial expression8. Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance9. Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx10.Vagus- from medulla- acetylcholine slows heart &
breathing11.Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve12.Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue
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Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
VestibulocochlearGlossopharyngeal
VagusAccessory Hypoglossal
Facial
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Olfactory bulbOlfactory tract
Olfactory receptor cell
Filaments of olfactory nerve
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Traumatic Brain Injuries
• Concussion• Contusion• Subdural or subarachnoid
hemorrhage• Contrecoup injury
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Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
• Ischemia• Thrombus• Embolism• Arteriosclerosis• Stroke
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Degenerative brain diseases
• Alzheimer’s• Down’s • Parkinson’s• Huntington’s Chorea• MS• Epilepsy• Schizophrenia
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PET Scans
F-Dopa deficiency