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compiled by Sherri Brainard

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments iii

Abbreviations v

Introduction 1

Orthography 1

Principles underlying the analysis of morphemes 2

English translation 2Analysis of verb affixes and semantic roles 2

Texts 5

Edafoan na i-Karao 7

The origin of the Karao people

Say edafoan na Karao 21

The origin of Karao

Niyana eg kedathen na oleg i i-Karao 32

Why snakes do not bite the Karao peopleSay istoriya na pahiy 42

The story of unhusked rice

Istoriya na kirol tan balat 44

The story of the thunder and the banana tree

Kotkot 46

Kotkot

Bolengen tan bahoko 47

The monkey and the turtle

Insalaknib koy biyag Pagit 60

I protected Pagits life

Biyag nontan, nagwariy kalsara 71

Life before, there was no road

Pangkep na eg kaysespa na kaybang na timpo na ani 78

About not setting down the kaybangbasket

during harvest time

Brainard, Sherri, comp. 2003. Karao texts. Studies in Philippines Languages and Cultures 13. Manila:

Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. vi, 147pp. ISSN 0119-6456 / ISBN 971-780-017-0


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Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures is a joint venture undertaken by theLinguistic Society of the Philippines and the Summer Institute of Linguistics devoted to thetimely publication of papers of an empirical or theoretical nature which contribute to thestudy of language and communicative behavior in the Philippines. A certain proportion of

the papers published will be penultimate versions of works of special interest to thePhilippine linguistic community destined for further publication in more final formelsewhere.

Scholars engaged in the study and description of Philippine languages andcultures are hereby invited to submit contributions for inclusion in this series.

Series Editor: Sherri BrainardConsulting Editor: Fe T. Otanes

For inquires and submissions, please write to:

Academic Publications ManagerSummer Institute of LinguisticsP.O. Box 2270 CPO1099 ManilaPhilippines

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 971-780-017-005032.5C

2003 Linguistic Society of the Philippines andSummer Institute of Linguistics




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Sherri Brainard

STUDIESINPHILIPPINELANGUAGES&CULTURES

Volume 13, 2003

LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES

SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS

Manila -




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iii

Acknowledgments

The texts in this volume have been collected over many years. All of them weregiven as oral texts that were recorded on audio tape and then transcribed. I would like to

thank all the Karao speakers who contributed texts and helped transcribe and edit them.

For each text included in this volume, I would also like to thank the contributor for

granting permission to publish it.




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v

Abbreviations

A the more agentive, syntactically required NP of a transitive clause

ABS absolutive

ACT action

AG Agent

AG&TH Agent and Theme

AJR adjectivizer

CAUS causative

CMPR comparative

CNTR contrast

COMP complementizer

CONT continuous

COUNTER counter expectation

D deictic

D1 deictic - near speaker

D2 deictic - near hearer

D3 deictic - far from speaker and hearer

DER derivation

DIM diminuitive

DIR directional

EMPH emphaticERG ergative

EX exclusive

EXT existential

GEN genitive

HAB habitual

IMP imperative

IMPFT imperfective

IN inclusive

INS intensive

Lit. literally

LK linker

LOC, Loc Location

NAG Nonnuclear Agent (Cause or Source)

NLOC Nonnuclear Loc (Beneficiary)

NM nominal marker

NR nominalizer

NTH Nonnuclear Theme (Instrument or Comitative/Associative)




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vi Abbreviations

OBJ object

OBL oblique

OPT optative

ORD ordinal

P the less agentive, syntactically required NP of a transitive clause

PASS passive

PAUS pause

PERF perfect

PFT perfective

PL plural

POL polite form

RQ rhetorical question

RS reported speech

S the single, syntactically required NP of an intransitive clause

SG singular

SIMUL simultaneous

ST stative

SUBJNCT subjunctive

SURP surprise

TH Theme

TI time marker

__ __ discontinuous morpheme, compound word, or phrase/ alternate meanings

. compound gloss

?? undetermined meaning or function




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1

Introduction

This volume contains a selection of Karao texts representing a variety of genre,including traditional narrative, first-person narrative, procedural, expository, and

hortatory.1 Karao is a Southern Cordilleran language of the Northern Philippines and is

most closely related to Ibaloi and Kalangoya (McFarland 1980, Himes 1998). The

language is spoken by about 1400 speakers who live in several villages located in a small

mountain valley about fifty kilometers east of Baguio in Benguet province.2 The Karaos

are not indigenous to their present location in Benguet and have an oral history that

identifies Eastern Bontoc as their place of origin.3

The main livelihood of the Karao people is farming. They grow rice for their own

consumption and vegetables to sell wholesale to the main market in Baguio. Education is

highly valued among the Karaos. In Karao itself there is an elementary school but no high

school. High school and college students attend schools outside of Karao, and a significant

number of students complete college. Those who have a college education often live

outside of Karao in cities where employment opportunities are greater.

Orthography

Texts included in this volume are written in the following orthography. Theconsonants are: b [b], ch [t], d [d], f[], g[], gw [ ], h [X], j [d], k [q][k], l [l],

m [m], n [n], ng[], r[ ], s [s], t[t], th [ ], w [w], and y[j]. The vowels are: i [i][e],

e [], o [o][u], a []. The glottal stop is a phoneme that occurs syllable initially but not

syllable finally. It is represented by a hyphen within a word when it precedes a consonant,

e.g. bo-day[budj] yard, or follows a consonant, e.g. inam-ay[inmj] easy. It is not

represented word initially or between vowels. Since all syllables in Karao are CV(C), any

1 These texts were gathered between 1988 and 2002 while the researcher was living in Karao under

the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.2 These villages are officially located in the barangays of Karao and Ekip in the municipality of

Bokod.3 Bontoc languages belong to the Central Cordilleran subgroup of Northern Philippine languages. In

his investigation of Proto-Southern Cordilleran, Himes (1998:146, 150) notes that Karao shares

several lexical innovations with Central Cordilleran languages exclusively, but suggests that these

innovations do not provide convincing proof that Karao was associated with Bontoc languages over

a long period of time. Instead Himes proposes that Karao, along with Ibaloi and Kalangoya,

developed from a single common language, namely Proto-Nuclear Southern Cordilleran, and that ithad a long period of independent development.




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2 Sherri Brainard

written word that begins with a vowel has a glottal stop preceding the vowel, e.g. aso

[so] dog, and any written word that contains a sequence of vowels has a glottal stop

between the vowels, e.g. too [too] person.4

Principles underlying the analysis of morphemes

Morphemes have been analyzed on the basis of function. Those morphemes that

have more than one function are given different labels according to their function in a

particular sentence. Thus the ubiquitous Karao morpheme na is labeled ergative when it

marks an ergative NP, oblique when it marks an oblique NP, genitive when it marks the

possessor of a genitive NP, time when it marks a temporal, complementizer when it

introduces a complement clause, and linker when it joins constituents of a phrase.5

English translation

The English translation given for each sentence is neither an idiomatic translation

nor an exact literal translation. In general the English translation follows the basic

structure of the Karao sentence, and translations of individual Karao words are fairly

literal, unless such a translation was deemed too awkward or obscure. The intent is to

provide an English translation that faithfully represents the structure and meaning of the

Karao text but avoids the worst pitfalls of an exact literal translation.

Analysis of verb affixes and semantic roles

In Karao one major function of verb affixes is to identify the semantic role of the

absolutive NP.6 Verb affixes and semantic roles do not have a one-to-one relationship; the

same verb affix may cross-reference different semantic roles, and the same semantic role

may be cross-referenced by different verb affixes. In order to identify the semantic role

cross-referenced by the verb affix, a restricted model of localist case grammar proposed by

DeLancey (1984)(1985)(1991) has been adopted. This model is based on earlier localist

4 Karao is notable for its complex phonology. A comprehensive study of Karao phonology and

morphophonology is found in Brainard (1994a).5 When na functions as a linker, it appears to be decomposing in that it rarely occurs as the form na;

instead, it takes the form a following a consonant and -n following a vowel.6 The absolutive NP is S (the single, syntactically required NP of an intransitive clause) and P (the

less agentive, syntactically required NP of a transitive clause). (Here intransitive clause is a cover

term for any single-argument clause, e.g. active intransitive clause, passive clause, antipassiveclause.)




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Karao Texts 3

case models developed by Anderson (1971), Gruber (1976), and Jackendoff (1983,

1990).7

Briefly, DeLanceys model identifies three core semantic roles: a Loc (LOC) which

is a physical site or a state, a Theme (TH) which is an element that changes location orstate, and an Agent (AG) which is the cause for a change of location or a change of state.

Generally speaking, the Loc corresponds to a Location, a Theme to a Patient, and an Agent

to an Agent. In DeLanceys model, an Agent need not be animate. Other semantic roles are

identified as noncore, or nonnuclear, semantic roles. That is, nonnuclear roles, such as

Comitative (or Associative), Instrument, and Beneficiary, are core semantic roles of

nonnuclear clauses that have been integrated into the nuclear, or main, clause. Thus

Comitatives and Instruments are Nonnuclear Themes (NTH), Beneficiaries are Nonnuclear

Locs (NLOC), and Sources are Nonnuclear Locs or Nonnuclear Agents (NAG), dependingon the verb.8

7 The application of DeLanceys model to Karao clause structure has been described in detail in

Brainard (1994b).8

Tables of nominal markers, pronouns, verb affixes, and nominalizing affixes are found in theappendices. For a more detailed analysis of the morphosyntax of Karao, see Brainard (1994b).




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TEXTS




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7

Edafoan na I-Karao

e- dafo -an na i- Karao

NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN person.from- Karao

The Origin of the Karao People

Mr. John Beray

1. Sejay i istoriya na edafoan ali na i-Karao.

sejay i istoriya na e- dafo -an ali na i- Karao

D1 ABS story GEN NR.PFT- come.from -__ DIR GEN person.from- Karao

This is the story about the origin of the Karao people. 9

2. Say is-istoriya na iyangka-pos a edafoan na

say CVC- istoriya na iyangka- epos na e- dafo -an na

NM PL- story GEN AJR.PL- use.up LK NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN

i-Karao, chiwan kono did Bontoc.

i- Karao cha -man kono ali -cha Bontoc

person.from- Karao OBL -D3 RS DIR -OBL Bontoc

The stories of those who have died about the origin of the Karao people, they say it was Bontoc.

3. Chegwen kilasin istoriya i nainistoriya cha.

chegwa -na kilasi -na istoriya i na- istoriya -iy- cha

two -LK kind -LK story ABS HAB- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3PL

There are two versions of the story that they tell.

4. Say sa-ki, say edafoan kono na i-Karao, chiwan

say sa-ki say e- dafo -an kono na i- Karao cha -man

NM one NM NR.PFT- come.from -__ RS GEN person.from- Karao OBL -D3

9 It is generally agreed that the Karaos are not indigenous to the area where they now live. The Karaosthemselves have an oral history stating that they came from Bontoc. Several versions of this oralhistory exist today, each identifying a different Bontoc location as the original home of the Karaos,each giving a different explanation about how Karao got its name, and each including the story aboutthe Karao hunter who first entered the valley where the Karaos live today.

The version told here by Mr. John Beray identifies a Bontoc village called Karao as the originallocation of the Karaos. He suggests that the current location of the Karaos in Benguet might have beennamed after the village in Bontoc. Another version, which follows, is told by Mrs. Juanita Padon. This

version identifies a Bontoc village called Palingaw as the origin of the Karaos and states that thelocation where the Karaos now live is named after the Karao hunter who first came to the valley.




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kono did ma afit na Eastern Bontoc.

kono ali -cha ma afit na Eastern Bontoc

RS DIR -OBL D3 direction GEN Eastern Bontoc

In one, the origin of the Karao people, they say it was in the direction of Eastern Bontoc.

5. Gwariy engistoriya i igwa konoy dogad cha Bontoc a

gwara -i eN- istoriya i igwan kono -i dogad cha Bontoc na

EXT -ABS PFT.AG- tell.a.story COMP D3 RS -ABS place OBL Bontoc LK

ingked niman kono Karao i ngaran to ngo.

ingka -cha niman kono Karao i ngaran to ngo

until -OBL now RS Karao ABS name GEN.3SG also

There are those who tell the story that there is a place in Bontoc that up until now its name is alsoKarao.

6. Sema kono chen tood man, idi pinsak kono, bintihan

sema kono ira -na too -cha man idi pinsak kono betik -iy- -an

D3 RS PL -LK person -OBL D3 TI once RS run -PFT.LOC- -__

cha man a dogad.

cha man na dogad

ERG.3PL D3 LK place

The people there, one day, they ran away from that place.

7. No ngoy kagol a bintihan cha so, eg amta.

no nengo -i kagol na betik -iy- -an cha so eg amta

NM what -ABS reason COMP leave -PFT.LOC- -__ ERG.3PL OBJ not know

The reason why they left there, no one knows.10

8. Nem say nainistoriya cha, istay gwara konoy banay a sahit.

nem say na- istoriya -iy- cha istay gwara kono -i banay na sahitbut NM HAB- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3PL about.to EXT RS -ABS big LK illness

But what they usually say is, there was about to be a big epidemic.

10 The morphemeso appears to have been borrowed from Ibaloi. Its exact distribution has yet to beidentified, and Karao speakers disagree about whether or not it is obligatory in various constructions.In general, so occurs only in dependent clauses and only when the independent counterpart of thedependent clause would be a transitive clause. The dependent clause may or may not retain itstransitive morphosyntax. When so is present, it is coreferential with the object of the independenttransitive counterpart of the dependent clause. The NP that is the object in the independent transitive

counterpart may cooccur with so in the dependent clause, as in sentence 6 in the text The Origin ofKarao and sentence 36 in the textAdvice about Going Away to School, both in this volume.




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Karao Texts 9

9. Isonga bintihan cha man a dogad.

isonga betik -iy- -an cha man na dogad

thats.why leave -PFT.LOC- -__ ERG.3PL D3 LK place

Thats why they ran away from that place.

10. Et ingked niman, seman ngo iren tood man a gwared man na

et ingka -cha niman seman ngo ira -na too -cha man na gwara -cha man na

and until -OBL now D3 also PL -LK person -OBL D3 LK EXT -OBL D3 TI

seman, nainis-istoriya cha kono i to-moy

seman na- CVC- istoriya -iy- cha kono i to -emo -i

now HAB- CONT- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3PL RS ABS where -maybe -ABS

kimowanan da iren tan a too i.

kowan -im- -an da ira -na tan na too i

go/come -NR.PFT- -__ DIR PL -GEN D2 LK person LOC

Until now, the people who are still there today [in Eastern Bontoc], they tell a story about where

those people [the Benguet Karaos] went.

11. Et ingked niman, igwa konoy sama-samat iren ma tofing na

et ingka -cha niman igwan kono -i CVCV- samat ira -na ma tofing na

and until -OBL now D3 RS -ABS PL- remains PL -GEN D3 stone.wall GEN

iyanbalijan cha nontan den bayag.

iyanbaliy -an cha nontan da -na bayag

NR.PFT- reside -__ GEN.3PL before DIR -LK long.time

And until now, there are remains of the stone walls of the place where they lived at that time long

ago.

12. Et sejay ira, to-mo kono diy chida-chidan

et sejay ira to -emo kono da -i CVCV- chalan -iy-

and D1 PL where -maybe RS DIR -ABS CONT- follow.a.certain.route -PFT-

cha di i.

cha ali i

ERG.3PL DIR LOC

And these [people in Eastern Bontoc], [they have been wondering] where they [the Benguet

Karaos] ended up.




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13. Et say istoriya, idi piyen tawen ithan a edagwa-dagwas,

et say istoriya idi piya -na tawen i -tan na e- CVCV- dagwas

and NM story after how.many -LK year ABS -D2 LK PASS.PFT- CONT- go.ahead

simagwi ched ta Diyang kono.

sagwi -im- ira -cha ta Diyang kono

reach -PFT.TH- ABS.3PL -OBL D2 Diyang RS

And the story is, after a number of years had passed, they came to Diyang.

14. Et chitha Diyang iyan-iya-iyan ired tan.

et cha -ta Diyang iyan- CVCV- iyan ira -cha tan

and OBL -D2 Diyang PFT.AG- CONT- reside ABS.3PL -OBL D2

And there at Diyang, they stayed a while.

15. Gwariy bisak a inpesa-pesaw cha la, et

gwara -i bisak na in- CVCV- pesaw cha da et

EXT -ABS splinter LK PFT.LOC- CONT- go.south/downriver ERG.3PL DIR and

simagwi la ired Vizcaya chiya Kirang.

sagwi -im- da ira -cha Vizcaya cha -ja Kirang

reach -PFT.TH- DIR ABS.3PL -OBL Vizcaya OBL -D1 Kirang

There was a group [that separated from the main group] that kept moving south, and theycame here to Kirang in Vizcaya.

16. Iyan-iya-iyan kono ched man.

iyan- CVCV- iyan kono ira -cha man

PFT.AG- CONT- reside RS ABS.3PL -OBL D3

They stayed there a while.

17. Isonga chiwa Vizcaya, igwa iriy samat na i-Karao a

isonga cha -ma Vizcaya igwan ira -i samat na i- Karao nathats.why OBL -D3 Vizcaya D3 PL -ABS remains GEN person.from- Karao LK

aikaragwan chiwa Dupax tan Aritao.

e- i- Karao -an cha -ma Dupax tan Aritao

ST.PFT.LOC- person.from- Karao -__ OBL -D3 Dupax and Aritao

Thats why there in Vizcaya, there are remnants of the Karao people who have Karao blood in them

there in Dupax and in Aritao.




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Karao Texts 11

18. Gwara konoy samat iren tan a iyan-iya-iyan chiwan.

gwara kono -i samat ira -na tan na iyan- CVCV- iyan cha -man

EXT RS -ABS remains PL -GEN D2 LK PFT.AG- CONT- reside OBL -D3

There are remnants of those who used to live there.

19. Insedong cha kono mowan ali, et chiyed ja

insedong cha kono mowan ali et cha -ja -cha ja

PFT.LOC- go.north/upriver ERG.3PL RS again DIR and OBL -D1 -OBL D1

Owak.

Owak

Owak

They [a small group of the Dupax-Aritao group] moved north again, and they are here atOwak.

20. Isonga igwa iriy i-Karao mowan cha Owak.

isonga igwan ira -i i- Karao mowan cha Owak

thats.why D3 PL -ABS person.from- Karao also OBL Owak

Thats why there are also Karao people in Owak.

21. Hema iren i-Owak, aikaragwan ira man.

sema ira -na i- Owak e- i- Karao -an ira manD3 PL -LK person.from- Owak ST.PFT.LOC- person.from- Karao -__ PL D3

The Owak people, they have Karao blood in them.

22. Insedo-sedong cha kono mowan ali, et sibi

in- CVCV- sedong cha kono mowan ali et sagwi -iy-

PFT.LOC- CONT- go.north/upriver ERG.3PL RS again DIR and reach -PFT-

riy Bokot, et chithed ta Bokot, intoro kono na

cha -i Bokot et cha -ta -cha ta Bokot intoro kono naERG.3PL -ABS Bokod and OBL -D2 -OBL D2 Bokod PFT.TH- point.out RS ERG

i-Bokot ali jay a pan-iyanan cha.

i- Bokot ali jay na pan- iyan -an cha

person.from- Bokod DIR D1 LK NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.3PL

They kept moving northward, and then they reached Bokod, and there at Bokod, the Bokod people

showed them this place to stay.




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23. Nem nonta gwara kono ched Diyang, gwara konoy sa-kin

nem nonta gwara kono ira -cha Diyang gwara kono -i sa-ki -na

but when EXT RS ABS.3PL -OBL Diyang EXT RS -ABS one -LK

ma-nop.

ma-nop

hunter

But while they were still in Diyang, there was a certain hunter.

24. Idi gwara konoy toha osi-osilen olsa

idi gwara kono -i to -ka CVCV- osil -a -na olsa

when EXT RS -ABS ERG.3SG -CONT CONT- chase -TH -LK deer

(kaosi-osila na aso thon anop), tine-tined to kono

ka- CVCV- osil -a na aso to -na anop CVCV- tened -iy- to kono

CONT- CONT- chase -TH ERG dog GEN.3SG -LK hunt CONT- follow -PFT- ERG.3SG RS

di tan a olsa et ingked insagwi to did jay Karao.

ali tan na olsa et ingka -cha insagwi to ali -cha jay Karao

DIR D2 LK deer ?? until -OBL NR.PFT- reach GEN.3SG DIR -OBL D1 Karao

When he was chasing a deer (his hunting dog was chasing it), he kept following that deer until he

came here to Karao.

25. Idi onsagwi konod toktok na chontog, iyoschongan

idi onsagwi kono -cha toktok na chontog oschong -iy- -an

when IMPFT.TH- reach RS -OBL top GEN mountain look.down -PFT.TH- -__

to kono jay Ara!

to kono jay ara

ERG.3SG RS D1 ara

When he got to the top of the mountain, he looked down here, saying Ah!

26. Aman ded man iwa olsa.

aman da -cha man i -ma olsa

D3 DIR -OBL D3 ABS -D3 deer

There is that deer down there.

27. Aman da kebolo-bologwa na ason anop.

aman da ka- CVCV- bolow -a na aso -na anop

D3 DIR CONT- CONT- bark -TH ERG dog -LK game

There was an animal that the dog was barking at.




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Karao Texts 13

28. Tine-tined to kono wa ali.

CVCV- tened -iy- to kono ma ali

CONT- follow -PFT- ERG.3SG RS PERF DIR

He kept following it.

29. Et idi metaen to kono wa iyay, mapteng konon

et idi matha -en to kono ma i -jay mapteng kono -na

and when see/look -IMPFT.TH ERG.3SG RS PERF ABS -D1 good RS -LK

kigwan to kono i Ara!

kowan -iy- to kono i ara

say -PFT- ERG.3SG RS COMP ara

And when he saw this place, it was good and so he said, Ah!

30. Sejay et mango, mapteng a panbedijan mi di jay.

sejay et mango mapteng na pan- baliy -an mi ali jay

D1 ?? ?? good LK NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.1PL.EX DIR D1

This place, this is a good place for us to live.

31. Et idi chiwan konod ma banay a boleked ma Boliniy,

et idi cha -man kono -cha ma banay na boleka -cha ma Boliniy

and when OBL -D3 RS -OBL D3 big LK big.boulder -OBL D3 Boliniy

niyemnem to kono i Kay, ispak i sikdop

nemnem -iy- to kono i kay i- sepa -ko i sikdop

think -PFT- ERG.3SG RS COMP kay IMPFT.TH- leave -ERG.1SG ABS pack.lunch

kod jay a bohi.

ko -cha jay na bohi

GEN.1SG -OBL D1 LK meat

So while he was on that big boulder at Boliniy, he thought, Ah, I will leave my meal of meathere [on the boulder].

32. Inpa-tok to kono wed ma boleka iwa sikdop

inpa-tok to kono ma -cha ma boleka i -ma sikdop

PFT.TH- put.on.top ERG.3SG RS PERF -OBL D3 big.boulder ABS -D3 pack.lunch

ton bohi.

to -na bohi

GEN.3SG -LK meat

He put his meal of meat down on top of that boulder.




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33. Inmadmad to kono i No on-ono-onong iyay

inmadmad to kono i no on- CVCV- onong i -jay

PFT.TH- say.madmad.prayer ERG.3SG RS COMP if IMPFT.TH- CONT- remain ABS -D1

a bohi a nagwariy menga-mengan a titit ono animal ono anyaman,

na bohi na nagwara -i CVCV- meN- kan na titit ono animal ono anyaman

LK meat LK EXT -ABS INS- IMPFT.AG- eat LK bird or animal or anything

on-oliak ali na mekcheng i sa-kin bolan.

on- oli -ak ali na me- kecheng i sa-ki -na bolan

IMPFT.TH- return -ABS.1SG DIR TI PASS.IMPFT- finish ABS one -LK month

He prayed saying, If this meat remains untouched and no bird or animal or anything eats any of it, I

will return here after one month.

34. Et no on-ono-onong iyay a bohi, mapteng iyay a dogad a

et no on- CVCV- onong i -jay na bohi mapteng i -jay na dogad na

and if IMPFT.TH- CONT- remain ABS -D1 LK meat good ABS -D1 LK place LK

panbedijan mi.

pan- baliy -an mi

NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.1PL.EX

And if this meat remains untouched, this will be a good place for us to live.

35. Hetan konoy madmad to.

setan kono -i madmad to

D2 RS -ABS prayer.type GEN.3SG

That was his prayer.

36. Kamo wango na maenchi iyay a bohi, ngaaw iyay a dogad a

kamo mango na me- enchi i -jay na bohi ngaaw i -jay na dogad na

if ?? LK ST.IMPFT- disappear ABS -D1 LK meat bad ABS -D1 LK place LK

panbedijan mi.

pan- baliy -an mi

NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.1PL.EX

If on the other hand this meat disappears, this will be a bad place for us to live.

37. Setan kono ngoy madmad to iy on-oli wa ded

setan kono ngo -i madmad to iy on- oli ma da -cha

D2 RS also -ABS prayer.type GEN.3SG SIMUL IMPFT.TH- return PERF DIR -OBL




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Karao Texts 15

kawad-an ched Diyang.

kawad-an cha -cha Diyang

place GEN.3PL -OBL Diyang

That was his prayer as he returned to their place at Diyang.

38. Idi mekcheng kono wiy sa-kin bolan,

idi me- kecheng kono ma -i sa-ki -na bolan

when PASS.IMPFT- finish RS PERF -ABS one -LK month

imoli di.

oli -im- ali

return -PFT.TH- DIR

After one month, he returned here.

39. Kimowan ali.

kowan -im- ali

go/come -PFT.TH- DIR

He came here.

40. Idi metaen to kono tan a bohin insepa

idi matha -en to kono tan na bohi -na insepa

when see/look -IMPFT.TH ERG.3SG RS D2 LK meat -LK PFT.TH- set.down

thod ma toktok na boleka, kaonong.

to -cha ma toktok na boleka kaonong

ERG.3SG -OBL D3 top GEN big.boulder CONT- remain

When he saw the meat that he had left on the top of the big boulder, it was still the same.

41. Piyati tho kono wa i A, ngaran ni mapteng.

pati -iy- to kono ma i a ngaran ni mapteng

believe/obey -PFT- ERG.3SG RS PERF COMP a CNTR LK good

Then he believed saying, Ah, this is a good place after all.

42. Siya, mapteng iyay a panbedijan mi.

siya mapteng i -jay na pan- baliy -an mi

all.right good ABS -D1 LK NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.1PL.EX

All right then, this is a good place for us to live.




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43. Aja a, nat ekoti-koti ja bohin insepak.

aja a nat e- CVCV- koti ja bohi -na insepa -ko

D1 D not PASS.PFT- INS- disturb D1 meat -LK PFT.TH- leave -ERG.1SG

Look here, this meat which I left was not disturbed at all.

44. Imoli kono wa ded Diyang.

oli -im- kono ma da -cha Diyang

return -PFT.TH- RS PERF DIR -OBL Diyang

Then he returned to Diyang.

45. Inistoriya to wa ded ma echom to, et

istoriya -iy- to ma da -cha ma echom to et

tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3SG PERF DIR -OBL D3 companion GEN.3SG and

iyodop to kono wa ali cha.

olop -iy- to kono ma ali ira

take/go.along -PFT- ERG.3SG RS PERF DIR ABS.3PL

He told this story to his companions, and he brought them here.

46. Seman ma iy mebonal ma ali ched jay.

seman ma iy mebonal ma ali ira -cha jay

D3 PERF SIMUL PASS.IMPFT- transfer PERF DIR ABS.3PL -OBL D1

That is when they moved here.

47. Et isonga sejay a dogad, say iyanngaranan to emo na

et isonga sejay na dogad say iyanngaran -an to emo na

and so D1 LK place NM NR.PFT- name -__ GEN.3SG maybe OBL

Karao.

Karao

Karao

And so this place, maybe thats why it was named Karao.

48. No agpayson pasiya ma nainistoriya cha i say

no agpayso -na pasiya ma na- istoriya -iy- cha i say

if true -LK very D3 HAB- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3PL COMP NM

edafoan cha, hema igwa aliy dogad a iyanngaran na

e- dafo -an cha sema igwan ali -i dogad na iyanngaran na

NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN.3PL D3 D3 DIR -ABS place LK PFT.TH- name OBL




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Karao Texts 17

Karao cha Bontoc.

Karao cha Bontoc

Karao OBL Bontoc

If it is really true what they say about the place where they came from, it is the place named Karao inBontoc.

49. Isonga impanngaran cha ngo iyay a dogad na Karao.

isonga impanngaran cha ngo i -jay na dogad na Karao

thats.why CAUS.PFT.TH- name ERG.3PL also ABS -D1 LK place OBL Karao

Thats why they also had this place named Karao.

50. Et say kepatian to ira i Bontoc emo nowan

et say ke- pati -an to ira i Bontoc emo nowanand NM NR.IMPFT- believe/obey -__ GEN.3SG PL COMP Bontoc maybe EMPH

aliy edafoan na af-afo na i-Karao, ija

ali -i e- dafo -an na CVC- afo na i- Karao ijay

DIR -ABS- NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN PL- ancestor GEN person.from- Karao D1

nowan i ogadi na i-Bontoc a ogadi ngo na i-Karao a

nowan i ogadi na i- Bontoc na ogadi ngo na i- Karao na

EMPH ABS custom GEN person.from- Bontoc LK custom also GEN person.from- Karao LK

inges to ja abo-nan.

inges to ja abo-nan

same/like ERG.3SG D1 mens.house

And the things that make them believe that Bontoc might indeed be the place where the

ancestors of the Karao people came from are, there are Bontoc customs which are also Karao customs,

like the mens house.11

51. Igwa ngoy abo-nan cha Bontoc.

igwan ngo -i abo-nan cha Bontoc

D3 also -ABS mens.house OBL Bontoc

The mens house also exists in Bontoc.

11 The abo-nan is a meeting place for men only. Oftentimes it is just a simple shelter. On certain

occasions all the men in the village gather together to share a meal or discuss an issue. The custom ofthe abo-nan still exists in Karao today.




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52. Inges toy amangan, nem nagwara diy amangan.

inges to -i amangan nem nagwara da -i amangan

same/like ERG.3SG -ABS sleeping.house but EXT DIR -ABS sleeping.house

It is the same for the sleeping house, but now there is no sleeping house here [in Karao]. 12

53. Iya-tiw da.

e- athiw da

PASS.PFT- lose DIR

It [the custom of the sleeping house] has been lost.

54. Igwa ngoy amangan cha Bontoc.

igwan ngo -i amangan cha Bontoc

D3 also -ABS sleeping.house OBL Bontoc

The sleeping house also exists in Bontoc.

55. Chiya Benguet ket nagwara met ira tan.

cha -ja Benguet ket nagwara met ira tan

OBL -D1 Benguet PAUS EXT also PL D2

Here in Benguet, neither of these customs exists [among the other cultural groups].

56. Bontoc bengat tan chiyay i kawad-an to.

Bontoc bengat tan cha -jay i kawad-an to

Bontoc only and OBL -D1 ABS place GEN.3SG

It is only in Bontoc and here that they exist.

57. No kasta ngarod, setan i sa-kin memaneknek i say

no kasta ngarod setan i sa-ki -na meN- paneknek i say

if that EMPH D2 ABS one -LK IMPFT.AG- prove COMP NM

edafoan na kaapoan na i-Karao ket chiwan

e- dafo -an na ka- afo -an na i- Karao ket cha -man

NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN NR- ancestor -__ GEN person.from- Karao PAUS OBL -D3

alid Bontoc tep setan iren karawjan a man-iinges tan

ali -cha Bontoc tep setan ira -na karawjan na man- CV- inges tan

DIR -OBL Bontoc because D2 PL -LK custom LK IMPFT.AG&TH- PL- same/like and

12 The amangan was a group sleeping house. Children would leave their parents house and sleep in

the group house, the girls in one group house and the boys in another. The custom no longer exists inKarao.




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Karao Texts 19

inges toy chaha pengenop na too nontan.

inges to -i cha -ka peN- anop na too nontan

same/like ERG.3SG -ABS GEN.3PL -CONT NR.IMPFT- hunt OBL person before

If that is indeed the case, that is one piece of evidence that the place where the ancestors ofthe Karao people came from, it was Bontoc because there were those same customs and they had the

same way of hunting people before.

58. Chaha dengsoiy bokdow na too nonta bayag.

cha -ka dengso -i -i bokdow na too nonta bayag

ERG.3PL -CONT cut.off.part -TH -ABS neck GEN person TI long.time

They used to cut off the heads of people long ago.

59. Gwara ngod jay nontan da, nem nagwara da na seman.gwara ngo -cha jay nontan da nem nagwara da na seman

EXT also -OBL D1 before DIR but EXT DIR TI now

That [custom] also existed here before, but it no longer exists now.

60. Aamo wiy too.

e- amo ma -i too

PASS.PFT- tame PERF -ABS person

Now people are civilized.

61. Et setan a aramid ket aramid ngo na tood Bontoc ithan.

et setan na aramid ket aramid ngo na too -cha Bontoc i -tan

and D2 LK action PAUS action also GEN person -OBL Bontoc ABS -D2

That practice, that was also the practice of the people in Bontoc.

62. Isonga hetan i sa-kin kepatian to i Bontoc emo

isonga setan i sa-ki -na ke- pati -an to i Bontoc emo

so D2 ABS one -LK NR.IMPFT- believe/obey -__ GEN.3SG COMP Bontoc maybe

nowan i edafoan na afo na i-Karao.

nowan i e- dafo -an na afo na i- Karao

EMPH ABS NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN ancestor GEN person.from- Karao

So that is one of the reasons for believing that Bontoc might indeed be the place where the ancestors

of the Karao people came from.

63. Setan i nainistoriya cha a edafoan na

setan i na- istoriya -iy- cha na e- dafo -an na

D2 ABS HAB- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3PL LK NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN




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i-Karao.

i- Karao

person.from- Karao

That is the story they tell about where the Karao people came from.

64. Ija pay i echom, nem onkosto nin iyay.

ijay pay i echom nem onkosto nin i -jay

D1 still ABS other but IMPFT.TH- enough for.now ABS -D1

There are still other stories, but this is enough for now.

65. Asan mowan maistoriyiy echom a istoriya na pangkep na

asan mowan me- istoriya -i echom na istoriya na maypangkep na

will again PASS.IMPFT- tell.a.story -ABS other LK story OBL about OBL

edafoan na i-Karao.

e- dafo -an na i- Karao

NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN person.from- Karao

Another time another story will be told about where the Karao people came from.




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21

Say Edafoan na Karao

say e- dafo -an na Karao

NM NR.PFT- come.from -__ GEN Karao

The Origin of Karao

Mrs. Juanita Padon

1. Palingaw i ngaran cha bariyo na Bontoc.

Palingaw i ngaran cha bariyo na Bontoc

Palingaw ABS name OBL village GEN Bontoc

Palingaw is the name of a village in Bontoc.13

2. Nem idi sa-ki chen ilin gropo, say baliy cha, edibong

nem idi sa-ki cha -na ili -na gropo say baliy cha e- dibong

TI when one ERG.3PL -LK place -LK group NM house GEN.3PL PASS.PFT- encircle

na balat.

na balat

OBL banana.tree

When they were one group [of houses], their houses, they were surrounded by banana trees.

3. Nem idi onkirol, inkedis na kirol.

nem idi onkirol inkedis na kirol

TI when IMPFT.TH- thunder PFT.TH- strike ERG thunder

When it thundered, the thunder struck it [the group of houses].

4. Epoolan i balat, nem say baliy, eg

e- pool -an i balat nem say baliy eg

PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__ ABS banana.tree but NM house not

epoo-poolan iy ma-non athep.

e- CVCV- pool -an iy ma-non athep

PASS.PFT.TH- INS- burn -__ CNTR even.though grass.roof

The banana trees were burned, but the houses, they were not burned at all even though the roofs were

grass.

13 This version of the origin of Karao begins with a traditional story about thunder striking a group of

houses. The story is told in more detail in the text The Story of the Thunder and the Banana Tree, also inthis volume.




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5. Eg pay laeng epoolan i kebaliy-baliy.

eg pay laeng e- pool -an i kebaliy-baliy

not still __ PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__ ABS each.and.every.house

Not a single house was burned.

6. Isonga angken ikedis to kawi na kirol, eg

isonga angken i- kedis to kawi na kirol eg

so even.if IMPFT.TH- strike ERG.3SG ABS.1PL.EX ERG thunder not

kawi metiy tep eg epoolan i baliy cha na

kawi metiy tep eg e- pool -an i baliy cha na

ABS.1PL.EX ST.IMPFT.die because not PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__ ABS house GEN.3PL TI

inkedis so na kirol na balat.

inkedis so na kirol na balat

NR.PFT- strike OBJ GEN thunder OBL banana.tree

So even if thunder strikes us, we will not die because their houses were not burned when the

thunder struck the banana trees.

7. Ma-non iyaysongjot, eg to piyoolan i baliy.

ma-non iyaysongjot eg to pool -iy- -an i baliy

even.though PASS.PFT.TH- near not ERG.3SG burn -PFT.TH- -__ ABS house

Even though it was near, it did not burn the houses.

8. Mapteng a eg epoolan.

mapteng na eg e- pool -an

good COMP not PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__

It was good that they were not burned.

9. Sema aama konon i-Bontoc, si-kathoy iyanbilin.

sema aama kono -na i- Bontoc si-katho -i iyan- bilinD3 old.man RS -LK person.from- Bontoc 3SG -ABS PFT.AG- advise

An old man from Bontoc, he is the one who gave some advice.

10. Binidin to ira i Mesepol a onki-nan

bilin -iy- to ira i me- safol na onki-nan

advise -PFT- ERG.3SG ABS.3PL COMP ST.IMPFT- necessary COMP IMPFT.TH- move.over




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Karao Texts 23

kayod tan a ili.

kayo -cha tan na ili

ABS.2PL -OBL D2 LK place

He said to them, You must move away from that place.

11. Palingaw i ngaran to.

Palingaw i ngaran to

Palingaw ABS name GEN.3SG

Palingaw was its name.

12. Kimi-nan ired Tinek.ki-nan -im- ira -cha Tinek

move.away -PFT.TH- ABS.3PL -OBL Tinoc

They moved away to Tinoc.

13. Iyanpana-panad ira na payow cha Tinek.

iyan- CVCV- panad ira na payow cha Tinek

PFT.AG- CONT- prepare.site ABS.3PL OBL rice.field OBL Tinoc

They made rice fields at Tinoc.

14. Mangkebenaw i payow cha, et nem no onbalag i

mangka- banaw i payow cha et nem no onbalag i

AJR.PL- wide ABS rice.field GEN.3PL and TI when IMPFT.TH- mature ABS

pahiy, man-eni cha.

pahiy man- ani ira

unhusked.rice IMPFT.AG- harvest.rice ABS.3PL

Their rice fields were wide, and when the rice was mature, they harvested it.

15. Mesepol a mengayow ira na too asan

me- safol na meN- ngayow ira na too asan

ST.IMPFT- necessary COMP IMPFT.AG- go.head.hunting ABS.3PL OBL person before

ira man-eni.

ira man- ani

ABS.3PL IMPFT.AG- harvest.rice

It was necessary that they go headhunting before they could harvest their rice.




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16. Niman sema kaidian cha, ngiyaaw cha ira.

niman sema kaidian cha ngaaw -iy- cha ira

now D3 fellow.villager GEN.3PL hate -PFT- ERG.3PL ABS.3PL

Now their fellow villagers, they hated them.

17. Inilan cha mowan ira, et kimowan mowan ali

anil -iy- -an cha mowan ira et kowan -im- mowan ali

drive.away -PFT.TH- -__ ERG.3PL again ABS.3PL and go/come -PFT.TH- again DIR

ched Teboy.

ira -cha Teboy

ABS.3PL -OBL Teboy

They drove them away, and they [the Karaos] came to Teboy.

18. Iyanpana-panad mowan ira na payow, nem inges to

iyan- CVCV- panad mowan ira na payow nem inges to

PFT.AG- CONT- prepare.site again ABS.3PL OBL rice.field but same/like ERG.3SG

mowan a no onbalag i echen chen pahiy,

mowan na no onbalag i echen cha -na pahiy

again LK when IMPFT.TH- mature ABS cultivate.a.field ERG.3PL -LK unhusked.rice

mengeda ira na too asan ira man-eni.

meN- ala ira na too asan ira man- ani

IMPFT.AG- get ABS.3PL OBL person before ABS.3PL IMPFT.AG- harvest.rice

They planted rice fields again, but it was just the same as before in that when the rice that they had

cultivated had matured, they would get some people before they would harvest.

19. Igol cha mowan ira.

agol -iy- cha mowan ira

drive.away -PFT- ERG.3PL again ABS.3PL

They drove them [the Karaos] away again.

20. Inilan cha di cha et chiyed sa-pat

anil -iy- -an cha ali ira et cha -ja -cha sa-pat

drive.away -PFT.TH- -__ ERG.3PL DIR ABS.3PL ?? OBL -D1 -OBL up/above

na Bambang a Alang i ngaran to.

na Bambang na Alang i ngaran to

GEN Bambang LK Alang ABS name GEN.3SG

They drove them [the Karaos] up to a place above Bambang, the name of which was Alang.




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Karao Texts 25

21. Iyanpanad ired man.

iyanpanad ira -cha man

PFT.AG- prepare.site ABS.3PL -OBL D3

They made rice fields there.

22. Inges to mowan a mahibot ira na animal.

inges to mowan na ma- kibot ira na animal

same/like ERG.3SG again LK AJR- steal ABS.3PL OBL animal

It was the same again in that they stole animals.

23. Nem no seman a maakow, onkwan ired ma

nem no seman na maakow on- kowan ira -cha ma

but when D3 LK daytime IMPFT.TH- go/come ABS.3PL -OBL D3

kailokoan a Bambang.

ke- iloko -an na Bambang

NR.IMPFT- Ilocano -__ LK Bambang

But when it was daytime, they would go to the place of the Ilocanos [i.e. the lowlands] like Bambang.

24. Mengedok ira na banga; i-kanan cha ira.

meN- alok ira na banga i- ikan -an cha ira

IMPFT.AG- ask.for ABS.3PL OBL clay.pot IMPFT.LOC- give -__ ERG.3PL ABS.3PL

They would ask for a clay pot; they [the Ilocanos] would give them one.

25. Mengedok ira na bekas; i-kanan cha cha.

meN- alok ira na bekas i- ikan -an cha ira

IMPFT.AG- ask.for ABS.3PL OBL pounded.rice IMPFT.LOC- give -__ ERG.3PL ABS.3PL

They would ask for pounded rice; they would give them some.

26. Mengedok ira na chakom a panchait cha na baro

meN- alok ira na chakom na panchait cha na baro

IMPFT.AG- ask.for ABS.3PL OBL needle OBL NR.IMPFT- sew GEN.3PL GEN clothing

chen tiyo-to.

cha -na tiyo-to

GEN.3PL -LK clothing.made.from.bark

They would ask for a needle so they could sew their clothes which were made from bark. 14

14 Clothing made from bark is called tiyo-to, or tebak. (The Karaos say both terms are borrowed.)

Traditionally it was the Kalangoya people who made cloth from tree bark. During World War II, therewas a shortage of factory-made cloth and clothing and so the Karaos started buying bark cloth from




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27. Niman sema iren Idoko, iyaptoan cha.

niman sema ira -na Idoko apto -iy- -an cha

now D3 PL -LK Ilocano fed.up.with -PFT.NAG- -__ ERG.3PL

Now the Ilocanos, they got fed up with them.

28. Gwara gayam i bakchat cha nontan den bayag.

gwara gayam i bakchat cha nontan da -na bayag

EXT SURP ABS gun GEN.3PL TI DIR -LK long.ago

They had guns long ago.

29. In-angad ched Afo Chiyos i Si-kam a pimarsowa

in- angad cha -cha Afo Chiyos i si-kam na parsowa -im-

PFT.TH- pray ERG.3PL -OBL God __ COMP 2SG LK create -PFT.AG-

kawi so chiya dobong, niya-mona kibo-kibothan cha kawi

kawi so cha -ja dobong niya-mona CVCV- kibot -an cha kawi

ABS.1PL.EX OBJ OBL -D1 world why CONT- steal -IMPFT.LOC ERG.3PL ABS.1PL.EX

na iyanbaliy cha chontog iy no mengedok ira na banga,

na iyanbaliy cha chontog iy no meN- alok ira na banga

ERG PFT.AG- reside OBL mountain CNTR when IMPFT.AG- ask.for ABS.3PL OBL clay.pot

i-kanan mi cha; mengedok ira na bekas;

i- ikan -an mi ira meN- alok ira na bekas

IMPFT.LOC- give -__ ERG.1PL.EX ABS.3PL IMPFT.AG- ask.for ABS.3PL OBL pounded.rice

i-kanan mi cha tan chakom a penait cha

i- ikan -an mi ira tan chakom na peN- chait cha

IMPFT.LOC- give -__ ERG.1PL.EX ABS.3PL and needle OBL NR.IMPFT- sew GEN.3PL

na baro cha?

na baro chaOBL clothing GEN.3PL

They [the Ilocanos] prayed to God, You who created us here on earth, why do those who live in the

mountains keep stealing from us even though when they ask us for a clay pot, we give them one;

(even though when) they ask for rice, we give them some and a needle so they can sew their clothes?

30. Seman ma iy pimetok i bakchat.

seman ma iy petok -im- i bakchat

D3 PERF SIMUL fire -PFT.TH- ABS gun

the Kalangoyas. Today bark cloth is not used in Karao.




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Karao Texts 27

Then a gun went off.

31. Inpetok na para bakchat.

inpetok na para bakchat

PFT.TH- fire ERG one.who gun

Someone with a gun fired it.

32. Timahot ira.

tahot -im- ira

afraid -PFT.TH- ABS.3PL

They [the Karaos] were afraid.

33. Gwariy inepon i-Kabajan.gwara -i inepo -na i- Kabajan

EXT -ABS in-law -LK person.from- Kabayan

There was a man from Kabayan who was related by marriage to the Karao people.

34. Si-katho konoy engowan i Igwan et mango ali mapteng a

si-katho kono -i eN- kowan i igwan et mango ali mapteng na

3SG RS -ABS PFT.AG- say COMP D3 ?? ?? DIR good LK

iyanbina-sil i chekdan a sangko-tik.iyan- ba-sil -in- i chekdan na sangko-tik

PFT.AG&TH- side.by.side -__- ABS valley LK little.bit

He is the one who said, There is a good place beside a small valley.

35. Sejay i diya-basan ko din dogad.

sejay i da-bas -iy- -an ko ali -na dogad

D1 ABS pass.by -PFT.LOC- -__ ERG.1SG DIR -LK place

It is the place that I passed by on my way here.

36. Chakel iwa pao (paon sema nasimimit cha kilig na

chakel i -ma pao pao -na sema na- simit -im- cha kilig na

many ABS -D3 fern.type fern.type -LK D3 HAB- sprout -PFT.TH- OBL edge GEN

kolos).

kolos

river

There are lots ofpao ferns (pao ferns, the ones that usually grow along the edge of the river).




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37. Chakel iwa paon menikay para sira.

chakel i -ma pao -na me- nigay para sira

many ABS -D3 fern.type -LK PASS.IMPFT- gather.food for side.dish

There are lots ofpao ferns that we can gather for a side dish.

38. Onba-sil ali ched jay.

onba-sil ali ira -cha jay

IMPFT.TH- move.to.other.side DIR ABS.3PL -OBL D1

They will move here.

39. Enadtad ira na chon polon bohi.

eN- tadtad ira na chowa -na polo -na bohi

PFT.AG- chop.meat ABS.3PL OBL two -LK ten -LK meat

They cut up twenty pieces of meat.

40. Engapkap ira na sandasos a dokto.

eN- kapkap ira na sandasos na dokto

PFT.AG- chop.vegetables ABS.3PL OBL one.unit- hundred LK kamote

They chopped up one hundred pieces of kamote.

41. Gwariy bayengbeng a injanan cha na chanom.

gwara -i bayengbeng na ejan -iy- -an cha na chanom

EXT -ABS bamboo LK fill -PFT.TH- -__ ERG.3PL OBL water

There was a bamboo container that they filled with water.

42. In-angad ched Afo Chiyos i Si-kam a Chiyos a

in- angad cha -cha Afo Chiyos i si-kam na Chiyos na

PFT.TH- pray ERG.3PL -OBL God __ COMP 2SG LK God LK

pimarsowa kawi so, nem no piyan mon chiyay i

parsowa -im- kawi so nem no piyan mo -na cha -jay i

create -PFT.AG- ABS.1PL.EX OBJ TI if want/like ERG.2SG -COMP OBL -D1 ABS

panbedijan mi na ingked enchokiy a akow, nat

pan- baliy -an mi na ingka -cha enchokiy na akow nat

NR.IMPFT- reside -__ GEN.1PL.EX TI until -OBL AJR- long LK day not

kakanen na kawang i bohi.

CV- kan -en na kawang i bohi

DER- eat -IMPFT.TH ERG blackbird ABS meat




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Karao Texts 29

They prayed to God, You who are God, who created us, if you want that this will be our dwelling

place forever, may the blackbirds not eat the meat.

43. Nat kakanen na othot i dokto.

nat CV- kan -en na othot i dokto

not DER- eat -IMPFT.TH ERG rat ABS kamote

May the rats not eat the kamote.

44. Nat ma-tian i chanom cha bayengbeng.

nat me- eti -an i chanom cha bayengbeng

not PASS.IMPFT.TH- dry.up -__ ABS water OBL bamboo

May the water not dry up in the bamboo container.

45. Idi gwariy mahabolan, onkwan ali cha; mapteng.

idi gwara -i mahabolan on- kowan ali ira mapteng

after EXT -ABS one- month IMPFT.TH- go/come DIR ABS.3PL good

After one month, they came here; it was good.

46. Eg pay ida na kawang i bohi.

eg pay ala -iy- na kawang i bohi

not still get -PFT- ERG blackbird ABS meat

The blackbirds still had not gotten the meat.

47. Eg esila-silak i dokto.

eg e- CVCV- silak i dokto

not PASS.PFT- INS- scatter ABS kamote

None of the kamote had been scattered.

48. Mas iyakkingan.

mas e- keking -an

more PASS.PFT.TH- dry.up -__

It was even more dried up.

49. Seman ma iy mebonal ali ched jay.

seman ma iy mebonal ali ira -cha jay

D3 PERF SIMUL PASS.IMPFT- transfer DIR ABS.3PL -OBL D1

That was when they moved here.




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30 Sherri Brainard

50. Idi manbediy ma ali ched jay, gwara diy

idi man- baliy ma ali ira -cha jay gwara da -i

when IMPFT.AG- reside PERF DIR ABS.3PL -OBL D1 EXT DIR -ABS

i-Kadasan a in-anop toy aso tho, ma-nop na olsa.

i- Kadasan na in- anop to -i aso to ma-nop na olsa

person.from- Kadasan LK PFT.NTH- hunt ERG.3SG -ABS dog GEN.3SG hunter GEN deer

When they were staying here, there was a man from Kadasan who went hunting with his

dog, a deer hunter [the dog].

51. Iyono-onod alin ta mahaaso, mahaanop.

CVCV- onod -iy- ali -na ta mahaaso mahaanop

CONT- follow -PFT- DIR -ERG D2 owner- dog one.who- hunt

The owner of the dog, the hunter, kept following it.

52. Nem ida na i-Karao iwa olsa.

nem ala -iy- na i- Karao i -ma olsa

but get -PFT- ERG person.from- Karao ABS -D3 deer

But a Karao man got that deer.

53. Ida tho liy toktok, toktok na olsa.

ala -iy- to da -i toktok toktok na olsaget -PFT- ERG.3SG DIR -ABS head head GEN deer

He [the Karao man] got the head, the head of the deer.

54. Inbaga ra kono i Siyay ngaran mo?

inbaga cha kono i siya -i ngaran mo

PFT.TH- ask ERG.3PL RS COMP who -ABS name GEN.2SG

They [the Karaos] asked him, What is your name?

55. Kigwan to kono i Konen koy ngaran ko

kowan -iy- to kono i kowan -en ko -i ngaran ko

say -PFT- ERG.3SG RS COMP say -IMPFT.TH ERG.1SG -ABS name GEN.1SG

nem i-kan jo di ja toktok niya inop na aso.

nem i- ikan jo ali ja toktok na -ja anop -iy- na aso

if IMPFT.TH- give ERG.2PL DIR D1 head GEN -D1 hunt -PFT- ERG dog

He [the hunter] said, I will tell you my name if you give me the head of what my dog caught.




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Karao Texts 31

56. Si Karao i ngaran ko.

si Karao i ngaran ko

NM Karao ABS name GEN.1SG

My name is Karao.

57. Isonga iyanngaran iyay na Karao.

isonga iyanngaran i -jay na Karao

thats.why PFT.TH- name ABS -D1 OBL Karao

Thats why this place is named Karao.




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32

Niyana Eg Kedathen na Oleg i I-Karao

niyana eg kalat -en na oleg i i- Karao

why not bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake ABS person.from- Karao

Why Snakes Do Not Bite the Karao People

Mr. John Beray

1. Istoriya na too na bayag na ngoy kagol na nat

istoriya na too na bayag na nengo -i kagol na nat

story GEN person TI long.time OBL what -ABS reason COMP not

kedathen na oleg i i-Karao.

kalat -en na oleg i i- Karao

bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake ABS person.from- Karao

It is the story of people long ago about what is the reason that snakes do not bite the Karao

people.15

2. Sejay konoy istoriya tho.

sejay kono -i istoriya to

D1 RS -ABS story GEN.3SG

This is their story.

3. Gwara konoy too na bayag a ma-nop.

gwara kono -i too na bayag na ma-nop

EXT RS -ABS person TI long.time LK hunter

There was a person long ago who was a hunter.

4. Idi onkwan konod chontog a mengenop, idi

idi on- kowan kono -cha chontog na meN- anop idi

when IMPFT.TH- go/come RS -OBL mountain LK IMPFT.AG- hunt when

chanchanin sebien to kono ma toktok na chontog, gwariy

chanchani -na sagwi -en to kono ma toktok na chontog gwara -i

nearly -LK reach -IMPFT.LOC ERG.3SG RS D3 head GEN mountain EXT -ABS

15 The story about why snakes do not bite the Karaos is one of two classic stories told by the Karaos,

the other being the story about the origin of the Karao people. When asked to relate a traditionalKarao story, a Karao speaker almost invariably starts with one of these two.




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Karao Texts 33

pool.

pool

fire

When he went to hunt on the mountain, when he had nearly reached the top of the mountain, therewas a forest fire.

5. Emangkepooli konoy chontog.

emangka- pool -i kono -i chontog

PASS.CONT.TH- burn -__ RS -ABS mountain

The mountain was burning.

6. Aga-agag to kono iy bebtihen to da iwa

CVCV- agag to kono iy betik -en to da i -maCONT- hurry.anxiously ERG.3SG RS SIMUL run -IMPFT.LOC ERG.3SG DIR ABS -D3

kawad-an na oma tho tep say sebseban

kawad-an na oma to tep say sebseb -an

place GEN kamote.field GEN.3SG so.that __ extinguish.with.water -IMPFT.TH

toy pool et say eg da mepoolan da iwa

to -i pool et say eg da me- pool -an da i -ma

ERG.3SG -ABS fire so.that __ not DIR PASS.IMPFT.TH- burn -__ DIR ABS -D3

oma tho.

oma to

kamote.field GEN.3SG

He was hurrying anxiously as he ran to his kamote field so that he could put out the fire so that his

garden would not be burned.

7. Idi towan betiha, gwara konoy chingel ton esel.

idi to -an betik -a gwara kono -i chengel -iy- to -na esel

when ERG.3SG -CONT run -ACT EXT RS -ABS hear/listen -PFT- ERG.3SG -LK voice

As he was running, he heard a voice.16

16 Regarding the verb betiha, the transitive suffix -a, an allomorph of -en, has been added to the rootbetik to run in order to focus attention on the action. When -en has this function, an overt object

cannot be added to the sentence. (Also see sentence 26 in Why the Karaos Do Not Eat the Meat of Dogs,the Meat of Horses, and Hot Peppers.)




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34 Sherri Brainard

8. Manta-ta-gway cha si-katho.

man- CVC- ta-gway cha si-katho

IMPFT.AG- CONT- call OBL 3SG

It was calling to him.

9. Idi ongwingi, mita tho konoy banay a oleg

idi ongwingi matha -iy- to kono -i banay na oleg

when IMPFT.TH- look.back see/look -PFT- ERG.3SG RS -ABS big LK snake

a epoolan a mantila-tilay.

na e- pool -an na man- CVCV- tilay

LK PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__ LK IMPFT.AG- CONT- writhe.in.pain

When he looked back, he saw a big snake that had been burned that was writhing in pain.

10. Kigwan kono na oleg i Ibeka moak.

kowan -iy- kono na oleg i i- beka mo -ak

say -PFT- RS ERG snake COMP IMPFT.TH- bury ERG.2SG -ABS.1SG

The snake said, You bury me.

11. Metijak nem engkay.

metiy- -ak nem engkayST.IMPFT.die -ABS.1SG TI soon

I will die soon.

12. Aja, ida thoak na pool.

aja ala -iy- to -ak na pool

D1 get -PFT- ERG.3SG -ABS.1SG ERG fire

Look, the fire got me.

13. Setan kono wen too, masdaaw a pasiya.

setan kono ma -na too masdaaw na pasiya

D2 RS PERF -LK person ST.IMPFT.surprised LK very

That person, he was very surprised.

14. Kigwan konon ma oleg i Manipod na seman, say eg

kowan -iy- kono -na ma oleg i manipod na seman say eg

say -PFT- RS -ERG D3 snake COMP since TI now so.that not




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Karao Texts 35

cha kayo kedathen na oleg, panbaniy kayo.

cha kayo kalat -en na oleg panbaniy kayo

ERG.3PL ABS.2PL bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake IMP.AG- wear.leg.band ABS.2PL

The snake said, From now on, so that snakes will not bite you, you wear leg bands. 17

15. Seta baniy, iiket jod ta sa-kod na poweg jo.

seta baniy i- iket jo -cha ta sa-kod na poweg jo

D2 leg.band IMPFT.TH- tie ERG.2PL -OBL D2 down/below GEN knee GEN.2PL

That leg band, you tie it below your knee.

16. Dobid ono danchok i ibaniy jo, ono egwiy.

dobid ono danchok i i- baniy jo ono egwiy

string or wire ABS IMPFT.NTH- wear.leg.band ERG.2PL or rattan

String or wire is what you will use as a leg band, or rattan.

17. Setan i metaen iren ma oleg, et no metaen

setan i matha -en ira -na ma oleg et no matha -en

D2 ABS see/look -IMPFT.TH PL -ERG D3 snake and when see/look -IMPFT.TH

cha tan a baniy, nat kedathen cha kayo.

cha tan na baniy nat kalat -en cha kayo

ERG.3PL D2 LK leg.band not bite -IMPFT.TH ERG.3PL ABS.2PL

That is what the snakes will see, and when they see that leg band, they will not bite you.

18. Inges to, nem maydaw-an a kedathen cha

inges to nem maydaw-an na kalat -en cha

same/like ERG.3SG if PASS.IMPFT.TH- do.accidently LK bite -IMPFT.TH ERG.3PL

kayo na oleg, kowan jo i I-Karagwak ngo et say

kayo na oleg kowan jo i i- Karao -ak ngo et say

ABS.2PL ERG snake say ERG.2PL COMP person.from- Karao -ABS.1SG also so.that __

eg jo ipathiy i kalat na oleg.

eg jo i- pathiy i kalat na oleg

not ERG.2PL IMPFT.NAG- die.from ABS bite GEN snake

In the same way, if those snakes accidentally bite you, you say, Im a Karao so that you will not diefrom the snakes bite.

17 Leg bands were worn only by men. A leg band could be a piece of string, wire, rattan, or cloth. Itwas tied so that no ends were left hanging.




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19. Setan kono wa iy metiy itha oleg a ari na oleg.

setan kono ma iy metiy i -ta oleg na ari na oleg

D2 RS PERF SIMUL ST.IMPFT.die ABS -D2 snake LK king GEN snake

After that that snake who was the king of the snakes died.

20. Inbeka wen ta ma-nop.

inbeka ma -na ta ma-nop

PFT.TH- bury PERF -ERG D2 hunter

Then the hunter buried it.

21. Manipod ma nontan kono wa, inistoriya wen ta ma-nop cha

manipod ma nontan kono ma istoriya -iy- ma -na ta ma-nop cha

since PERF then RS PERF tell.a.story -PFT- PERF -ERG D2 hunter OBL

echom ton daleki.

echom to -na CV- dahi

companion GEN.3SG -LK PL- man/boy

After that, the hunter told the story to his companions who were elders.

22. Manipod kono nowan nontan ma, naiyanbaniy ma iriy

manipod kono nowan nontan ma na- iyan- baniy ma ira -i

since RS EMPH then PERF HAB- PFT.AG- wear.leg.band PERF PL -ABS

tood ja Karao nontan.

too -cha ja Karao nontan

person -OBL D1 Karao then

From that time on, people here in Karao wore leg bands.

23. Setan i kagol na naiyanbanejan na too tep

setan i kagol na na- iyan- baniy -an na too tep

D2 ABS reason GEN HAB- NR.PFT- wear.leg.band -__ GEN person because

chingjas to say eg kedathen ira na oleg.

chingjas to say eg kalat -en ira na oleg

sign GEN.3SG so.that not bite -IMPFT.TH ABS.3PL ERG snake

That is the reason why people wore leg bands because it was a sign so that the snakes would

not bite them.

24. No metaen na oleg a ebaniyan i

no matha -en na oleg na e- baniy -an iwhen see/look -IMPFT.TH ERG snake COMP PASS.PFT.LOC- wear.leg.band -__ ABS




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Karao Texts 37

seki ra, eg cha cha kedathen.

seki cha eg cha ira kalat -en

leg/foot GEN.3PL not ERG.3PL ABS.3PL bite -IMPFT.TH

When the snakes saw that their legs had bands around them, they would not bite them.

25. Nem angken kedathen na oleg, gwariy

nem angken kalat -en na oleg gwara -i

but even.if bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake EXT -ABS

maydaw-anan a kedathen na oleg a i-Karao,

maydaw-an -an na kalat -en na oleg na i- Karao

PASS.IMPFT.LOC- do.accidently -__ LK bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake LK person.from- Karao

nat nadimarag; nat nainpathiy cha, agdalo nem

nat na- darag -im- nat na- in- pathiy cha agdalo nem

not HAB- swell -PFT.TH- not HAB- PFT.NAG- die.from ERG.3PL especially if

konen cha i Iyaydaw-an a kidat

kowan -en cha i iyaydaw-an na kalat -iy-

say -IMPFT.TH ERG.3PL COMP PASS.PFT.TH- do.accidently LK bite -PFT-

moak.

mo -akERG.2SG -ABS.1SG

But even if a snake bites them, even if there is a Karao person who is accidentally bitten by a snake, it

[the wound] does not swell; they do not die from it, especially if they say, You have accidentally

bitten me.

26. I-Karagwak ngo.

i- Karao -ak ngo

person.from- Karao -ABS.1SG also

I am a Karao.

27. Nat nainpathiy chiy kalat na oleg.

nat na- in- pathiy cha -i kalat na oleg

not HAB- PFT.NAG- die.from ERG.3PL -ABS bite GEN snake

They do not die from the snakes bite.

28. Say nat i-Karao pay, no gwariy kedathen na oleg a echom

say nat i- Karao pay no gwara -i kalat -en na oleg na echom

NM not person.from- Karao also if EXT -ABS bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake LK other




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38 Sherri Brainard

a toon nat i-Karao chiyay, no imadmaran

na too -na nat i- Karao cha -jay no i- madmad -an

LK person -LK not person.from- Karao OBL -D1 if IMPFT.NLOC- say.madmad.prayer -__

cha i I-Karao iya kidat mo; kidat jo,

cha i i- Karao i -ja kalat -iy- mo kalat -iy- jo

ERG.3PL COMP person.from- Karao ABS -D1 bite -PFT- ERG.2SG bite -PFT- ERG.2PL

naiya-kal i darag to.

na- e- ekal i darag to

HAB- PASS.PFT- remove ABS swelling GEN.3SG

Someone too who is not a Karao, if a snake bites a person here who is not a Karao, if they [the

Karaos] pray for him saying, This one that youve bitten is a Karao; you bit him, the swelling goes

down.

29. Nakimepes, et nat nainpathiy cha.

na- kepes -im- et nat na- in- pathiy cha

HAB- decrease.swelling -PFT.TH- and not HAB- PFT.NAG- die.from ERG.3PL

The swelling goes down, and they do not die from it.

30. Chakel i i-Karao a kide-kidat na oleg chiwa

chakel i i- Karao na CVCV- kalat -iy- na oleg cha -ma

many ABS person.from- Karao LK CONT- bite -PFT- ERG snake OBL -D3

echom a dogad, nem kaasi tho.

echom na dogad nem kaasi to

other LK place but pity/compassion ERG.3SG

There are many Karao people who have been bitten by snakes in other places, but they have

been fortunate.

31. Nagwariy engipathe-pathiy na kalat na oleg tep seman emo

nagwara -i engi- CVCV- pathiy na kalat na oleg tep seman emo

EXT -ABS PFT.TH- INS- die.from OBL bite GEN snake because D3 maybe

nowan i tolakan na apo na oleg tan sa-kin i-Karao den

nowan i tolakan na apo na oleg tan sa-ki -na i- Karao da -na

EMPH ABS agreement GEN leader GEN snake and one -LK person.from- Karao DIR -LK




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Karao Texts 39

ma-nop.

ma-nop

hunter

No one has ever died from a snake bite because perhaps that was the agreement between the leader of

the snakes and that Karao hunter.

32. Tolakan cha i eg cha ipathiy i kalat na oleg la

tolakan cha i eg cha i- pathiy i kalat na oleg da

agreement GEN.3PL ABS not ERG.3PL IMPFT.NAG- die.from ABS bite GEN snake DIR

kitdi no manbaniy ira tep say eg ira kedathen

kitdi no manbaniy ira tep say eg ira kalat -en

as.long.as if IMPFT.AG- wear.leg.band ABS.3PL so.that __ not ABS.3PL bite -IMPFT.TH

na oleg.

na oleg

ERG snake

Their agreement was that they [Karaos] would not die from a snake bite as long as they wore leg

bands so that the snakes would not bite them.

33. Isonga say i-Karao nontan, naiyanbaniy ira.

isonga say i- Karao nontan na- iyan- baniy ira

thats.why NM person.from- Karao before HAB- PFT.AG- wear.leg.band ABS.3PL

Thats why the Karaos before, they used to wear leg bands.

34. Nem nagwara da na seman.

nem nagwara da na seman

but EXT DIR TI now

But that is not done now.

35. Nagwara diy naiyanbaniy.

nagwara da -i na- iyan- baniy

EXT DIR -ABS HAB- PFT.AG- wear.leg.band

No one wears leg bands now.

36. Iya-kal da.

e- ekal da

PASS.PFT- remove DIR

It has been done away with.




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37. Setan i istoriya no niyana eg kedathen na oleg i i-Karao.

setan i istoriya no niyana eg kalat -en na oleg i i- Karao

D2 ABS story NM why not bite -IMPFT.TH ERG snake ABS person.from- Karao

That is the story about why the snakes do not bite the Karao people.

38. Isonga seja iren i-Karao, nat ontahot chiy oleg.

isonga seja ira -na i- Karao nat en- tahot cha -i oleg

thats.why D1 PL -LK person.from- Karao not AJR- afraid ERG.3PL -ABS snake

Thats why these Karao people, they are not afraid of snakes.

39. Eg cha tekothan i oleg.

eg cha tahot -an i oleg

not ERG.3PL afraid -IMPFT.NAG ABS snake

They are not afraid of snakes.

40. Tep angken kedathen ira na oleg, nat ipathiy cha

tep angken kalat -en ira na oleg nat i- pathiy cha

because even.if bite -IMPFT.TH ABS.3PL ERG snake not IMPFT.NAG- die.from ERG.3PL

kono.

kono

RS

Because even if a snake bites them, they will not die from it.

41. Setan i istoriyen man-elba-elbat a

setan i istoriya -na man- CVCCV- elbat na

D2 ABS story -LK IMPFT.TH- CONT- pass LK

nainis-istoriya na iyangkaama na ingked niman, pati

na- CVC- istoriya -iy- na iyangka- awa na ingka -cha niman pati

HAB- CONT- tell.a.story -PFT- ERG AJR.PL- old.man TI until -OBL now including

aanak.

CV- anak

PL- offspring

That is the story that the old men have been telling which has been passed down from

generation to generation until today, including to our children.




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Karao Texts 41

42. Amta re tan a istoriya.

amta cha tan na istoriya

know ERG.3PL D2 LK story

They [the grandchildren] know that story.

43. Setan konoy kagol na naiyanbanejan na i-Karao.

setan kono -i kagol na na- iyan- baniy -an na i- Karao

D2 RS -ABS reason GEN HAB- NR.PFT- wear.leg.band -__ GEN person.from- Karao

That is the reason why the Karao people wore leg bands.

44. Nem nagwara da na seman i naiyanbaniy.

nem nagwara da na seman i na- iyan- baniybut EXT DIR TI now ABS HAB- PFT.AG- wear.leg.band

But no one wears leg bands now.

45. Setan bengat.

setan bengat

D2 only

Thats all.




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42

Say Istoriya na Pahiy

say istoriya na pahiy

NM story GEN unhusked.rice

The Story of Unhusked Rice

Mrs. Mary Quedy

1. Gwariy sambaliy a gwared chontog a gwariy payow

gwara -i san-imbaliy na gwara -cha chontog na gwara -i payow

EXT -ABS married.couple LK EXT -OBL mountain LK EXT -ABS rice.field

cha.

chaGEN.3PL

There was a married couple who were in the mountains who had a rice field.

2. Say pahiy nonta bayag, iyangkamolimol a babenay.

say pahiy nonta bayag iyangkamolimol na CV- banay

NM unhusked.rice TI long.time AJR.PL- round LK PL- big

Unhusked rice long ago, they were round and big.

3. Et no medom, si-kara ngon onkwan chiwa alang, nem

et no me- edom si-kara ngo -na on- kowan cha -ma alang nem

and when ST.IMPFT- ripe 3PL self -LK IMPFT.TH- go/come OBL -D3 granary but

ngaaw tep otik i imag niwa mahaalangen.

ngaaw tep otik i amag -iy- na -ma maha- alang -en

bad because small ABS do/make -PFT- ERG -D3 owner- granary -__

And when they [the unhusked rice] were ripe, they would go to the granary by themselves, but there

was a problem because the owner of the granary had made it too small.

4. Iyaskot ira, et sema echom, gwared bo-day.

e- sekot ira et sema echom gwara -cha bo-day

ST.PFT- crowded ABS.3PL and D3 some EXT -OBL yard

They were crowded, and some, they were outside in the yard.

5. Idi gwara di ta dahi, bimonget, piyegpeg-as to

idi gwara ali ta dahi bonget -im- CVC- peg-as -iy- to

when EXT DIR D2 man/boy get.angry -PFT.TH- CONT- hit -PFT- ERG.3SG




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Karao Texts 43

ira ma pahiy, et ebola-bolak.

ira ma pahiy et e- CVCV- bolak

PL D3 unhusked.rice and ST.PFT- CONT- scatter

When the man arrived, he got angry, he whipped and whipped the rice, and then they werescattered.

6. Isonga niman say pahiy tayo, babechis.

isonga niman say pahiy tayo babechis

thats.why now NM unhusked.rice GEN.1PL.IN small.pieces

Thats why now our unhusked rice, they come in small pieces.

7. Seman i istoriya na pahiy.

seman i istoriya na pahiyD3 ABS story GEN unhusked.rice

That is the story of unhusked rice.




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44

Istoriya na Kirol tan Balat

istoriya na kirol tan balat

story OBL thunder and banana.tree

The Story about the Thunder and the Banana Tree

Mrs. Petra Catores

1. Idi nonta kaotikel ko, sejay i istoriyen

idi nonta ke- otikel ko sejay i istoriya -na

when TI NR.IMPFT- little GEN.1SG D1 ABS story -GEN

afok den bii.

afo -ko da -na bii

grandparent -GEN.1SG DIR -LK woman/girl

When I was little, this was a story of my grandmothers.

2. Inistoriya to i nonta bayag kono gwariy baliy a kidat

istoriya -iy- to i nonta bayag kono gwara -i baliy na kalat -iy-

tell.a.story -PFT- ERG.3SG COMP TI long.ago RS EXT -ABS house LK bite -PFT-

na kirol.

na kirol

ERG thunder

She told a story that long ago there was a house that the thunder nearly bit.

3. Nem salamat seman a baliy, gwariy intanem cha konon

nem salamat seman na baliy gwara -i intanem cha kono -na

but fortunately D3 LK house EXT -ABS PFT.TH- plant ERG.3PL RS -LK

balat cha askang na baliy.

balat cha askang na baliy

banana.tree OBL beside GEN house

But fortunately for the house, there were some banana trees that they had planted beside the house.

4. Et imbis komen sema baliy i kedathen na kirol, sema balat

et imbis koma -na sema baliy i kalat -en na kirol sema balat

and instead OPT -LK D3 house ABS bite -IMPFT.TH ERG thunder D3 banana.tree




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Karao Texts 45

i kidat to.

i kalat -iy- to

ABS bite -PFT- ERG.3SG

And instead of the house being what the thunder bit, the banana trees are what it bit.

5. Et sema baliy, nat epoolan.

et sema baliy nat e- pool -an

and D3 house not PASS.PFT.TH- burn -__

And the house, it was not burned.

6. Idi metaen cha kono ma balat na ingkakcheng

idi matha -en cha kono ma balat na ingka- kecheng

when see/look -IMPFT.TH ERG.3PL RS D3 banana.tree TI NR.PFT- finish

na kirol, gwara konoy sangi na kirol a mita red ma

na kirol gwara kono -i sangi na kirol na matha -iy- cha -cha ma

GEN thunder EXT RS -ABS teeth GEN thunder LK see/look -PFT- ERG.3PL -OBL D3

pohel na balat a ekalo-kalotan na dowit.

pohel na balat na e- CVCV- kalot -an na dowit

trunk GEN banana.tree LK PASS.PFT.TH- CONT- tie -__ OBL banana.fiber

When they looked at the banana trees after the thunder was over, there were the teeth of thethunder which they saw in the trunk of the banana tree, which were tied with banana fibers.

7. Sema balat konoy engisalakan na baliy.

sema balat kono -i engisalakan na baliy

D3 banana.tree RS -ABS PFT.AG- save OBL house

The banana trees are what saved the house.

8. Isonga ontahot kono na kirol i balat.

isonga en- tahot kono na kirol i balatthats.why AJR- afraid RS ERG thunder ABS banana.tree

Thats why the thunder is afraid of the banana tree.

9. Setan i istoriya tho.

setan i istoriya to

D2 ABS story GEN.3SG

That was her story.




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46

Kotkot

kotkot

dig.a.hole

Kotkot

Mrs. Mary Quedy

1. Nonta bayag, sema chontog a Kotkot, nagwariy chanom.

nonta bayag sema chontog na kotkot nagwara -i chanom

TI long.time D3 mountain LK dig.a.hole EXT -ABS water

Long ago, the mountain Kotkot, there was no water there.

2. Idi iyangjow ira, gwariy ason intahin cha.

idi eN- kejow ira gwara -i aso -na intahin cha

when PFT.AG- gather.firewood ABS.3PL EXT -ABS dog -LK PFT.TH- take.along ERG.3PL

When they went to get firewood, they took a dog with them.

3. Et sema aso, engotkot na bo-day.

et sema aso eN- kotkot na bo-day

and D3 dog PFT.AG- dig.a.hole OBL yard

And the dog, he dug a hole in a yard.

4. Idi kiyotkothan to, bimo-day i chanom.

idi kotkot -iy- -an to bo-day -im- i chanom

when dig.a.hole -PFT.LOC- -__ ERG.3SG go.out -PFT.TH- ABS water

When he had dug a hole in it, water came out.

5. Isonga seman a chontog, iyanngaran na Kotkot.

isonga seman na chontog iyanngaran na kotkot

thats.why D3 LK mountain PFT.TH- name OBL dig.a.hole

Thats why that mountain, it is named Kotkot.




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47

Bolengen tan Bahoko

bolengen tan bahoko

monkey and turtle

The Monkey and the Turtle

Mr. John Beray

1. Gwariy istoriya na bolengen tan bahoko.

gwara -i istoriya na bolengen tan bahoko

EXT -ABS story OBL monkey and turtle

There is a story about the monkey and the turtle.18

2. Sankajem ira.

sankajem ira

related- friend ABS.3PL

They were friends.

3. Idi enafol i bahoko na balat, kigwan na bolengen i

idi eN- safol i bahoko na balat kowan -iy- na bolengen i

when PFT.AG- find ABS turtle OBL banana.tree say -PFT- ERG monkey COMP

Mankagachowa kiya.

mankagachowa kiya

IMPFT.AG- divide ABS.1PL.IN

When the turtle found a banana tree, the monkey said, Lets divide it.

4. Et kigwan na bahoko i Tiwa ngarod, ahow, mankaga

brainard-karao texts 2003

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