brain injury promoting neuroplasticity and neurogenesis nicole l. soiseth gustavus adolphus college...
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![Page 1: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis
Nicole L. SoisethGustavus Adolphus College
AstrocyteNeuron
Progenitor Cell
Starring:
Ogliodendrocyte
![Page 2: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Blood Vessel
Normal Brain Tissue
![Page 3: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Injured Brain Tissue
Cytokines induce local inflammatory response
Cytokines Released Upon Injury
Injury
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Injured Brain Tissue
Boundary Astrocytes Become Reactive with
Cytokine Activation
Injured Tissue
![Page 5: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Injured Brain Tissue
Reactive Astrocytes Proliferate
Injured Tissue
![Page 6: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Injured Brain Tissue
Proliferated Astrocytes form a barrier around the injured site called a Glial Scar.
Injured Tissue
![Page 7: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Injured Brain Tissue
The Glial Scar blocks the further release of cytokines from the injured tissue
Injured Tissue
![Page 8: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Injured Brain Tissue
Reactive Astrocytes attract Progenitor cells to the Glial Scar
Lets take a closer Look at the events occuring at the Glial Scar…
Injured Tissue
![Page 9: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Astrocytes emit Neurite Inhibitors to keep the progenitor cells undifferentiated until the
correct conditions are met
Blood Vessel
Injured Tissue
![Page 10: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Astrocytes increase the amount of nourishment to injured tissues to create an enriched
environment known as the ‘Neurogenic Niche.’
Blood Vessel
Injured Tissue
![Page 11: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Injured TissueFGF-2
EGF
EGF
EGF
FGF-2
FGF-2
At injury, Astrocytes emit Neurotrophic Factors to promote fate determination of neighboring cells
EGF
FGF-2EGF
![Page 12: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Injured Tissue
Different Combinations of Neurotrophic Factors promote the expression of Cell Surface Markers
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
![Page 13: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Injured Tissue
Reactive Astrocytes can de-differentiate their fate by expressing Cell Surface Markers as well.
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
![Page 14: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Injured Tissue
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
The cells continue to develop and mature into Astrocytes, Neurons, and Ogliodendrocytes using the
nutrient rich ‘neurogenic niche’.
![Page 15: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Injured Tissue
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
If new neurons are stimulated by existing neurons, they become wired into existing circuits
GABA
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Injured Tissue
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
If new neurons are NOT stimulated, then they undergo programmed cell death (Apoptosis)
![Page 17: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Injured Tissue
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
The Injured site slowly regains function with stimulation in neighboring neuron circuits and cortical
re-mapping.
![Page 18: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+GFAP+
GFAP+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
MAP2ab+
GalC+GalC+
GalC+ GalC+
Reactive Astrocytes return to their Quiescent state until they are activated once again.
![Page 19: Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103022/56649d2e5503460f94a06074/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Blood Vessel
The brain tissue may never function the same after an injury, but it attempts to return to a Normal state.
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The End!