BRAIN IMPLANTS

• The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is larger than any other in relation to body size. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using the encephalization quotient which compensates for body size, the human brain is almost twice as large as the brain of the bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as the brain of a chimpanzee. Much of the expansion comes from the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The portion of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision is also greatly enlarged in humans.

• Brain implants, often referred to as neural implants, are technological devices that connect directly to a biological subject's brain - usually placed on the surface of the brain, or attached to the brain's cortex.

• PURPOSE

• Brain implants electrically stimulate, block or record (or both record and stimulate simultaneously) signals from single neurons or groups of neurons (biological neural networks) in the brain. The blocking technique is called intra-abdominal vagal blocking. This can only be done where the functional associations of these neurons are approximately known. Because of the complexity of neural processing and the lack of access to action potential related signals using neuroimaging techniques, the application of brain implants has been seriously limited until recent advances in neurophysiology and computer processing power.

BRAIN IMPLANTS ARE USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSE:

For Mind Control. For depression. For seizures. For epilepsy. For Parkinson's. For hearing. For vision.

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR MEMORY

• First brain implant-1874 Ohio , U.S.A. • PMD-useful for mankind to some extent.• For old age people• Microchips are inserted into the brain• Can help to track people• PMD helps to store first memory • PMD helps to detect biometric data , pulse respiration monitor mood• Facial gestures and voice pitch can be recorded and tracked to

sense subtle emotional reaction to stimulus.

WORKING OF PMD

• Microchips are generally used to control the brain

• Specific frequencies are sent to the brain.

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR DEPRESSION

• Deep brain stimulation, or DBS -- targets a small brain structure known as Area 25, the "ringleader" for the brain circuits that control our moods.

• Electrodes can reset the mood from sad to normal.

COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL AND DEPRESSED BRAIN

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR VISION

• A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness.

• Visual prosthetics are being developed as a potentially valuable aid for individuals with visual degradation..

• The ability to give sight to a blind person via a bionic eye depends on the circumstances surrounding the loss of sight.

• Candidates for visual prosthetic implants find the procedure most successful if the optic nerve was developed prior to the onset of blindness. Persons born with blindness may lack a fully developed optical nerve, which typically develops prior to birth

BIONIC EYE

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR HEARING

• The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic nerve) is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain.

• It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve the 8th cranial nerve which is found in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the semicircular canals

• It is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the environment.

BIONIC EAR

• A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing.

• having severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment in both ears.

• having a functioning auditory nerve.• having lived at least a short amount of

time without hearing (approximately 70+ decibel hearing loss, on average) .

• having good speech, language, and communication skills, or in the case of infants and young children, having a family willing to work toward speech and language skills with therapy not benefitting enough from other kinds of hearing aids, including latest models of high power hearing instruments and FM systems

• having good speech, language, and communication skills, or in the case of infants and young children, having a family willing to work toward speech and language skills with therapy not benefitting enough from other kinds of hearing aids, including latest models of high power hearing instruments and FM systems.

• having no medical reason to avoid surgery• living in or desiring to live in the "hearing world"

• one or more microphones which picks up sound from the environment

• a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech, splits the sound into channels and sends the electrical sound signals through a thin cable to the transmitter,

• a transmitter, which is a coil held in position by a magnet placed behind the external ear, and transmits power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the internal device by electromagnetic induction,

• Internal: • The internal part of a cochlear implant (model

Cochlear Freedom 24 RE)• a receiver and stimulator

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR PARALYSIS

• Implant that directly controls a reaching and gripping robotic arm by sensing and decoding the patient's brain signals.

• The work is part of a US clinical trial of an experimental implant called Brain Gate that doctors see as a first step towards devices that can bypass damage to the nervous system and allow paralysed people to regain control of their limbs or amputees to move prosthetics.

BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR EPILEPSY

• Epilepsy causes repeated, sudden seizures, people with the condition would benefit greatly from a therapy that can detect seizures just as they are starting or, eventually, predict them before they begin and prevent them from happening.

• Closed-loop devices are considered a new frontier in epilepsy treatment because of their responsiveness.

STIMULATING: A new generation of implantable "closed-

loop" devices are designed to monitor the seizure focus, detect patterns of

electrical activity that indicate a seizure is beginning, and quickly

respond without external intervention.

Brain Implant Improves Thinking in Monkeys, First Such Demonstration in Primates

• Scientists have designed a brain implant that sharpened decision making and restored lost mental capacity in monkeys, providing the first demonstration in primates of the sort of brain prosthesis that could eventually help people with damage from dementia, strokes or other brain injuries.

NEUROETHICS

• Security• Privacy• Side effects• Cost of the implants• Uses of animals