BRAIN DRAIN FROM PAKISTAN

HIRA NOORZOHA NAEEMSAMEER AHAD HAQ

CONTENTS• What is Brain Drain

• History of brain drain

• Reasons for brain drain

• Brain drain in Pakistan

• Reasons of brain drain from Pakistan

• Effects of brain drain

Positive effects

Negative effects

• Measures to stop brain drain

• Conclusion

WHAT IS BRAIN DRAIN?• The loss of skilled, intellectual and technical labour through

their movement to more favourable geographic, economic, or professional environments.

• It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of technically skilled people from one country to another country.

• Brain-drain is also termed as “human capital flight” because it resembles the case of capital flight.

HISTORY OF BRAIN DRAIN

• The term originated about 1960.

• In 1960, many British scientists and intellectuals emigrated to the United States for a better working climate.

• Its meaning has broadened into: the departure of educated or professional people from one country.

Neil Bohr

Albert Einstein

WHY BRAIN DRAINS?

• Lack of better opportunity

• Political instability

• Health risks

• Personal conflicts

• Poor Conditions of Service

• Disregard for Local Talent

• Economic under development.

WHY BRAIN DRAINS?

• Lack of research and other facilities

• Lack of freedom

• Poor working facilities

• Unsuitable institution.

• Desire for a better urban life

• Desire for higher qualification and recognition

• Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

• Started in 70’s after economic market reforms.

• Pakistan and Philippines are the main countries of the origin of brain drain. (UNESCO)

• Nearly six million have left the country for good.

• Even unskilled people are trying to leave.

• Frustrated villagers use illegal tracks to go abroad.

BRAIN DRAIN FROM PAKISTAN

• According to Pakistan's Overseas Employment Corporation, close to 36,000 professionals (reg.) have migrated to other countries in the last 30 years.

• This number in recent years had increased to around 45,000.

• 85,668 students have moved from Pakistan for their studies.(OECD)

• This estimate makes Pakistan the 4th most effected country by brain drain.

BRAIN DRAIN FROM PAKISTAN

• Europe as “GREEN PASTURES” for doctors

• Lack of variety in specializations

• Disregard for local degrees

• Lack of job opportunities

• Merit systems

• Lack of infrastructure

• High corporate tax rate

REASONS FOR BRAIN DRAIN

• Lack of scientific tradition and culture

• Over production and under utilization of HQM.

• Discrimination in appointment and promotion.

• Lack of research and other facilities

• Income inequalities

• Ten times more earning than home country.

REASONS FOR BRAIN DRAIN

• Receiving of millions of dollars in shape of remittance sent back to Pakistan every year.

• Creating space for freshmen here.

• Population decrease.

• People bring technology, skills and new ideas from abroad.

• Higher rate of people starting capital intensive enterprises.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

• Money remittance has reduced the severity of poverty to some extent.

• Money sent are invested in education, housing and health.

• Improved quality of education by insuring international standards and training.

• Improved competitiveness in home country as international degrees are held in higher esteem.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• The loss of high quality manpower.

• Huge loss of foreign exchange due to hiring of foreign experts.

• Government spends billions of rupees for education of experts.

• Rampant corruption, poor administrations, lack of motivation and fast diminishing nationalism.

• Loss of Health Services.

MEASURES TAKEN

• National Research Program for Universities (NRPU)

• TTU performance based pay system by HEC

• Foreign faculty members of Pakistani origin are encouraged to come and transfer their expertise

• Transfer of knowledge through expatriate nationals (TOKTEN) (UNDP)

• Initiative for 11 foreign universities

• Delaying emigration For example : Doctors may be asked to stay on for some years.

• Tax proposals For example :

Native professionals pay a percent of income earning abroad.

• Fix govt. policies

MEASURES TO STOP BRAIN

DRAIN

MEASURES TO STOP BRAIN

DRAIN• HEC

Build more new universities

Conduct evening classes in all campuses.

• PIA should allow a 50% discount for all Pakistani students on international routes.

• Entering into international agreements

For not to recruit skilled people from

developing countries.

• Our leaders often deliver lengthy speeches but no worthy positive steps have been taken.

• Our government has not even asked Pakistani professionals to return back and serve their country.

“Reversing the brain drain is a key priority for us.”

CONCLUSION